CONJUNCTIONS (LIÊN TỪ)

Liên từ (conjunctions) là những từ dùng để nối các từ, cụm từ, mệnh đề hoặc
các câu với nhau.

I. Hình thức của liên từ (Forms of conjunction)

1. Liên từ có thể là những từ đơn: and, but, or,

because, although,...

Ex: He came to see me because he felt happy.

You or I must tell him the truth.

2. Liên từ có thể là một ngữ: in order that, as soon

as, as if, as though,...

Ex: We will leave as soon as he comes.

3. Liên từ có thể là từng cặp một: either... or, neither... nor, not
only... but also, both... and Ex: What he said was neither kind nor
true.

He both writes English and speaks it well.

II. Phân loại liên từ (Kinds of conjunction)

Dựa vào vai trò của liên từ trong câu, ta có thể chia liên từ làm 2 loại:

1. Liên từ kết hợp (Co-ordinate conjunctions): nối các từ, nhóm từ, mệnh đề hoặc
các câu độc lập với

nhau. Loại liên từ này được chia làm 4 nhóm:

a. Nhóm and (và) - chỉ sự thêm vào

Ex: On the table for tea there were biscuits and sandwiches.

The fur coat was soft as well as warm.

Nhóm này gồm các liên từ: and, both ... and, not only ... but also, as well as,
furthermore, besides, moreover, in addition,...

b. Nhóm but (nhưng) – chỉ sự mâu thuẫn hoặc trái ngược

 Ex: The car was quite old but in excellent condition.

Nhóm này gồm các liên từ: yet, still, however; nevertheless, ...

c. Nhóm or (hay, hoặc là) - chỉ sự lựa chọn hoặc đoán chừng

Ex: Take this book or that one.

You must work harder or else go into

another class.

Nhóm này gồm có các liên từ: either...or, orthewise, or else, neither... nor,...

d. Nhóm so (nên) - chỉ hậu quả, kết quả

Ex: The rain began to fall, so we went home.

Nhóm này gồm có các liên từ: therefore, consequently, as a result,...

2. Liên từ phụ thuộc (subordinate conjunctions): dùng để mở đầu một mệnh đề

phụ (mệnh đề danh từ hoặc mệnh đề trạng từ).

Ex: He said that he

would help us.
Ask him when
he can come.

- Một số liên từ mở đầu cho một mệnh đề danh từ: that, who, what, when, how,
whether, if,...

- Một số liên từ mở đầu cho một mệnh đề trạng ngữ: when, whenever.; while,
as soon as, since, until, before, after, where, if, though, as if, ...

EXERCISES

I. Fill in each blank with an appropriate conjunction.

1. He drinks neither beer nor wine.

2. I’m going out for a short time, so you can get supper ready.

3. Those who are not prepared to study should either change their ways or
make room for those who will work.
 4. She can’t hope to pass the exam in December, so she’ll have to wait till June.

5. He is very seriously ill, so doctors have almost given up hope of his recovery.

6. They go to concerts of modern music because they really like it.

7. Although I do not like him very much, I can appreciate his qualities.

8. Find out whether they are going this evening and ask if we may join them.

9. When I walked into the room, the phone started ringing.

10. We’ll be late unless we hurry.

II. Join each pair of sentences, using a subordinate conjunction.

1. Nam will pass the exam. He studies hard.

Nam will pass the exam if he studies hard.

2. Mary came to class late. Her motorbike had a puncture.

Mary came to class late because her motorbike had a puncture.

3. Her mother was very sick. She couldn’t come to class.

Because her mother was very sick, she couldn’t come to class.

Her mother was very sick, so she couldn’t come to class.

4. Tom was very lazy. He passed the final examination as well.

Although Tom was very lazy, he passed the final examination as well.

5. Daisy is very nice. All her friends love her very much.

Because Daisy is very nice, all her friends love her very much.

Daisy is very nice, so all her friends love her very much.

6. Daisy is a very intelligent girl. She always gets the scholarships.

Daisy is a very intelligent girl, so she always gets the scholarships.

7. We will take the trip. It is stormy.

We will take the trip unless it is stormy.

8. I had forgotten locking the door. I drove to the office this morning.
 Before I drove to the office this morning, I had forgotten locking the door.

9. We study hard. We want to pass the final examination.

We study hard in order that we will/can pass the final examination.

10. She earned her living by selling newspapers. She got a B.A degree.

Although she earned her living by selling newspapers, she got a B.A degree.

III. Join each pair of sentences. Use the words on brackets.

1. She is in London. She is in Berlin, too. (either ... or)

She is in either London or Berlin.

2. He wasn’t an idler. He wasn’t a gambler. (neither ... nor)

He was neither an idler nor a gambler.

3. He isn’t likely to be present at the meeting. I’m not either. (neither ... nor)

Neither he nor I is likely to be present at the meeting.

4. The computer can gather facts. It can store them. (not only ... but also)

The computers can not only gather but also store facts.

5. This prize will mean an honour for him. It will mean an honour for us. (not
only ... but also)

This prize will mean an honour/ honor for not only him but also us.

(MỆNH ĐỀ DANH TỪ)

Mệnh đề danh từ (noun clause) là một mệnh đề phụ có chức năng của một danh
từ. Mệnh đề danh từ được nối với mệnh đề chính bằng THAT hoặc các từ WHO,
WHAT, WHICH, WHERE, WHEN, HOW, WHETHER.

Khi dùng các từ nối trên, động từ trong mệnh đề danh từ (noun clause) chia ở thể
xác định, không chia

ở thể nghi vấn.

1. Mệnh đề danh từ làm chủ ngữ trong câu (Subject of a sentence)

Ex: What he said was not true.

Whether the weather will change or

not is difficult to tell.

What you think is not my problem.

(Where/ When/ What … + S + V) S

O

2. Mệnh đề danh từ làm tân ngữ trong câu (Object of a sentence)

Ex: I’ll tell you where she is.

I didn’t believe what he said.

He said that he had seen me before.

3. Mệnh đề danh từ làm bổ ngữ (Complement)

Ex: I consider him what a man should be.

Money is what she needs.

Happiness is what she wants.

4. Mệnh đề danh từ làm túc từ cho giới từ (Object of a preposition)

Ex: It all depends on when you come.

You are responsible for what you have done.

EXERCISES

1. Whether you pass your exam or not depends largely on yourself.

2. I can’t guess whether she’ll agree or not.

3. Why his wife died is still a secret.

4. The boy wonders why ice floats on water.

5. He said that he had made a mistake.

6. Where I went last night does not concern you.

7. The teacher asked me why I had been absent (a) vắng học from class the day before.

8. I wonder how I can repair this machine.

9. The boy wonders how many stars there are in the sky.

10. I don’t know where she is living now.

11. He wants to know who his wife talked to yesterday.

12. I hope that he’ll pass his exam.

13. When he’ll return is not sure.

14. He refused to do what I asked him.

refuse to V-infi: từ chối làm gì đó

15. Which career you choose is an important problem.

16. He wants to know why/when I moved to this city.

17. He wants to know how long I have lived here.

18. The clerk asked me which tie I wanted to buy.

19. I’m afraid that you didn’t understand me.

20. Do you understand what I’ve said?

21. I asked the fruit seller how much the orange is.

22. I didn’t understand why you did such a silly thing.

23. I don’t know who rang me last night.

24. I’m sure that he will come.

25. It seems that we have taken the wrong day.

26. The police ask me when I came back home last night.

27. She asks the clerk how much this hat costs.

28. I wonder how tall this tree is.

29. I ask the girl where she is.

30. I’m confident that he will succeed..