23MCI1E1 – Unit 2

MULTIMEDIA AND ITS APPLICATIONS

Images:
 An image consists of a rectangular array of dots called pixels.
 The size of the image is specified in terms of width X height, in numbers of the
pixels.
 The physical size of the image, in inches or centimeters, depends on the
resolution of the device on which the image is displayed.
 The resolution is usually measured in DPI (Dots Per Inch). An image will appear
smaller on a device with a higher resolution than on one with a lower resolution.
 For color images, one needs enough bits per pixel to represent all the colors in
the image. The number of the bits per pixel is called the depth of the image.
Image Data Types
Images can be created by using different techniques of representation of data called
data type like monochrome and colored images.
Monochrome image is created by using single color whereas colored image is
created by using multiple colors. Some important data types of images are following:
 1-bit images
An image is a set of pixels. Note that a pixel is a picture element in digital image. In
1-bit images, each pixel is stored as a single bit (0 or 1). A bit has only two states either on
or off, white or black, true or false. Therefore, such an image is also referred to as a binary
image, since only two states are available. 1-bit image is also known as 1-bit monochrome
images because it contains one color that is black for off state and white for on state.
A 1-bit image with resolution 640*480 needs a storage space of 640*480 bits.
640 x 480 bits. = (640 x 480) / 8 bytes = (640 x 480) / (8 x 1024) KB= 37.5KB.
The clarity or quality of 1-bit image is very low.
 8-bit Gray Level Images
Each pixel of 8-bit gray level image is represented by a single byte (8 bits).
Therefore each pixel of such image can hold 2 8=256 values between 0 and 255. Therefore
each pixel has a brightness value on a scale from black (0 for no brightness or intensity) to
white (255 for full brightness or intensity). For example, a dark pixel might have a value of
15 and a bright one might be 240.
A grayscale digital image is an image in which the value of each pixel is a single
sample, which carries intensity information. Images are composed exclusively of gray
shades, which vary from black being at the weakest intensity to white being at the
strongest. Grayscale images carry many shades of gray from black to white. Grayscale
images are also called monochromatic, denoting the presence of only one (mono) color
(chrome). An image is represented by bitmap. A bitmap is a simple matrix of the tiny dots
(pixels) that form an image and are displayed on a computer screen or printed.
A 8-bit image with resolution 640 x 480 needs a storage space of 640 x 480 bytes=(640
x 480)/1024 KB= 300KB. Therefore an 8-bit image needs 8 times more storage space than
1-bit image.
 24-bit Color Images
In 24-bit color image, each pixel is represented by three bytes, usually representing
RGB (Red, Green and Blue). Usually true color is defined to mean 256 shades of RGB
(Red, Green and Blue) for a total of 16777216 color variations. It provides a method of
representing and storing graphical image information an RGB color space such that a
colors, shades and hues in large number of variations can be displayed in an image such as
in high quality photo graphic images or complex graphics.
Many 24-bit color images are stored as 32-bit images, and an extra byte for each pixel
used to store an alpha value representing special effect information.
A 24-bit color image with resolution 640 x 480 needs a storage space of 640 x 480 x 3
bytes = (640 x 480 x 3) / 1024=900KB without any compression. Also 32-bit color image
with resolution 640 x 480 needs a storage space of 640 x 480 x 4 bytes= 1200KB without
any compression.
Disadvantages
 Require large storage space
 Many monitors can display only 256 different colors at any one time. Therefore, in
this case it is wasteful to store more than 256 different colors in an image.
 8-bit Color Images
8-bit color graphics is a method of storing image information in a computer's memory
or in an image file, where one byte (8 bits) represents each pixel. The maximum number of
colors that can be displayed at once is 256. 8-bit color graphics are of two forms. The first
form is where the image stores not color but an 8-bit index into the color map for each
pixel, instead of storing the full 24-bit color value. Therefore, 8-bit image formats consists
of two parts: a color map describing what colors are present in the image and the array of
index values for each pixel in the image. In most color maps each color is usually chosen
from a palette of 16,777,216 colors (24 bits: 8 red, 8green, 8 blue).
 The other form is where the 8-bits use 3 bits for red, 3 bits for green and 2 bits for
blue. This second form is often called 8-bit true color as it does not use a palette at
all. When a 24-bit full color image is turned into an 8-bit image, some of the colors
have to be eliminated, known as color quantization process.
A 8-bit color image with resolution 640 x 480 needs a storage space of 640 x 480
bytes=(640 x 480) / 1024KB= 300KB without any compression.
Color Lookup Tables
A color loop-up table (LUT) is a mechanism used to transform a range of input
colors into another range of colors. Color look-up table will convert the logical color
numbers stored in each pixel of video memory into physical colors, represented as RGB
triplets, which can be displayed on a computer monitor. Each pixel of image stores only
index value or logical color number. For example if a pixel stores the value 30, the meaning
is to go to row 30 in a color look-up table (LUT). The LUT is often called a Palette.
Characteristic of LUT are following:
 The number of entries in the palette determines the maximum number of colors
which can appear on screen simultaneously.
 The width of each entry in the palette determines the number of colors which the
wider full palette can represent.
A common example would be a palette of 256 colors that is the number of entries is 256
and thus each entry is addressed by an 8-bit pixel value. Each color can be chosen from a
full palette, with a total of 16.7 million colors that is the each entry is of 24 bits and 8 bits
per channel which sets the total combinations of 256 levels for each of the red, green and
blue components 256 x 256 x 256 =16,777,216 colors.

Making Still Images

Still images may be small or large, or even full screen. They may be colored, placed
at random on the screen, evenly geometric, or oddly shaped.
Still images may be a single tree on a wintry hillside; stacked boxes of text against
a gray, tartan, or Italian marble background; an engineering drawing; a snapshot of your
department manager’s new BMW.
Whatever their form, still images are generated by the computer in two ways: as
bitmaps (or paint graphics) and as vector-drawn (or just plain “drawn”) graphics.
Bitmaps may also be called “raster” images. Likewise, bitmap editors are sometimes
called “painting” programs. And vector editors are sometimes called “drawing” programs.

Vector images vs bitmap images

The main difference between bitmaps and vector objects is how they are
constructed. Bitmaps are blocks of colors assembled in a grid format; vectors are shapes
and colors built on mathematical formulas. Each has benefits and restrictions, making one
more suitable for printing photographs and the other better for illustrations or logos.
Bitmap (raster) images
The most common image files are bitmap or raster images, which are composed of little
blocks of color called pixels organized in rows and columns. Each pixel is assigned a color
code and a location, and when mapped together, they form a picture. When you zoom in on
a bitmap image, you can see the individual pixels, so there’s a loss of quality. This is often
referred to as resolution-dependent since the quality or sharpness of the image depends on
the resolution.
Common bitmap image file types include:
 .jpeg (or .jpg)
 .png
 .gif
 .bmp
Vector graphics
Vector images are based on geometrical formulas (mathematical equations) based
on paths, instead of pixels, to represent images. Because of that, you can edit it, resizing
and changing colors without any loss of resolution. This makes them ideal for illustrations,
icons, and logos. Vector images are resolution-independent because image quality isn’t
affected by size or resolution settings. Made up entirely of shapes like rectangles, circles,
curves and lines, vectors are drawn and then filled or stroked with color to create a vector
image. Individual components of the image (or paths) can also be modified, edited, and
resized without impacting the image quality.
Commonly used for illustrations, line art, logos and icons, vector images are computer-
generated and cannot be practically used for photographs or photo-realistic images, which
are better suited for bitmaps.
Common vector image file types include:
 .svg
 .eps
 .pdf

Image Formats in Multimedia

 Image formats are different types of file types used for saving pictures, graphics,
and photos.
 Choosing the right image format is important because it affects how your images
look, load, and perform on websites, social media, or in print.
 Common formats include JPEG, PNG, GIF, and SVG, each with its own strengths.
 JPEGs are popular for photos because they balance quality and file size.
 PNGs are great for images that need clear backgrounds, and SVGs are best for
designs that need to stay sharp at any size.
 Image types such as TIFF are good for printing while JPG or PNG, are best for the
web.
Image Formats Types:
1. TIFF (.tif, .tiff):
Tagged Image File Format this format store image data without losing any data. It does
not perform any compression on images, and a high-quality image is obtained but the size
of the image is also large, which is good for printing, and professional printing.
2. JPEG (.jpg, .jpeg):
Joint Photographic Experts Group is a loss-prone (lossy) format in which data is lost to
reduce the size of the image. Due to compression, some data is lost but that loss is very
less. It is a very common format and is good for digital cameras, nonprofessional prints, E-
Mail, PowerPoint, etc., making it ideal for web use.
3. GIF (.gif):
GIF or Graphics Interchange Format files are used for web graphics. They can be
animated and are limited to only 256 colors, which can allow for transparency. GIF files are
typically small in size and are portable.
4. PNG (.png):
PNG or Portable Network Graphics files are a lossless image format. It was designed to
replace gif format as gif supported 256 colors unlike PNG which support 16 million colors.
 5. WebP:
Basically Google created WebP to replace JPEG as the standard format for images on
the web by shrinking image files to expedite the loading of online pages. Also WebP
employs a RIFF-based container which is based on the intra-frame coding of VP8.
6. HEIF (High Efficiency Image File Format):
A High Efficiency Image File Format or HEIF is an image container format which was
standardized by MPEG on the basis of the ISO base media file format to solve some
problems. The HEIF standard specifies the storage of HEVC intra-coded images and
HEVC-coded image sequences that make use of inter-picture prediction, even though HEIF
can be used with any image compression method as per requirement.
7. AVIF (AV1 Image File Format):
In order to benefit from contemporary compression algorithms and an entirely royalty-
free image format, the video consortium Alliance for Open Media (AO Media), which
created the video format Av1, standardized the AV1 Image File Format (AVIF) to process
the needful technology. It employs the AVIF-coded picture format and also suggests
utilizing the HEIF container.
8. Bitmap (.bmp):
Bit Map Image file is developed by Microsoft for windows. It is same as TIFF due to
lossless, no compression property. Due to BMP being a proprietary format, it is generally
recommended to use TIFF files.
9. EPS (.eps):
Encapsulated PostScript file is a common vector file type. EPS files can be opened in
applications such as Adobe Illustrator or CorelDRAW.
10. RAW Image Files (.raw, .cr2, .nef, .orf, .sr2):
These Files are unprocessed and created by a camera or scanner. Many digital SLR
cameras can shoot in RAW, whether it be a .raw, .cr2, or .nef. These images are the
equivalent of a digital negative, meaning that they hold a lot of image information. These
images need to be processed in an editor such as Adobe Photoshop or Lightroom. It saves
metadata and is used for photography.
11. What is Image Saved with Transparency?
Images saved with transparency look good on colored background whereas images
without transparency will have a white background which will be visible on colored
background.
Color in Multimedia:
o Color is an essential aspect of our daily lives. We use it to describe the world
around us, communicate with each other, and make aesthetic decisions.
o Color models are the mathematical representations of color that allow us to
create, display, and manipulate color digitally.
What is a Color Model?
A color model is a mathematical representation of color that defines how colors can
be represented numerically. It is a system that uses numbers to represent colors, allowing
computers to display and manipulate them digitally. In other words, it is a way to describe
colors using numbers.
Color models are essential in digital media because computers cannot display color
in the same way that our eyes see it. The human eye can detect millions of different colors,
while a computer can only display a limited number of colors. Color models allow
computers to display colors accurately by representing them in a way that the computer can
understand.
Different Types of Color Models
There are several different types of color models used in various applications.
Each type of color model has its unique features and characteristics that make it suitable for
specific applications. Here are some of the most common types of color models:
 RGB
 CMYK
 HSV
 YIQ

 RGB: The RGB colour model is the most common colour model used in Digital image
processing and openCV. The colour image consists of 3 channels. One channel each for
one colour. Red, Green and Blue are the main colour components of this model. All
other colours are produced by the proportional ratio of these three colours only. 0
represents the black and as the value increases the colour intensity increases.
Properties:
 This is an additive colour model. The colours are added to the black.
 3 main channels: Red, Green and Blue.
 Used in DIP, openCV and online logos.
 Colour combination:
Green(255) + Red(255) = Yellow
Green(255) + Blue(255) = Cyan
Red(255) + Blue(255) = Magenta
Red(255) + Green(255) + Blue(255) = White
 CMYK: CMYK colour model is widely used in printers. It stands for Cyan, Magenta,
Yellow and Black (key). It is a subtractive colour model. 0 represents the primary
colour and 1 represents the lightest colour. In this model, point (1, 1, 1) represents
black, and (0,0,0) represents white. It is a subtractive model thus the value is subtracted
from 1 to vary from least intense to a most intense colour value.
1-RGB = CMY
Cyan is negative of Red.
Magenta is negative of Green.
Yellow is negative of Blue.

 HSV: The image consists of three channels. Hue, Saturation and Value are three
channels. This colour model does not use primary colours directly. It uses colour in the
way humans perceive them. HSV colour when is represented by a cone.
 o Hue is a colour component. Since the cone represents the HSV model, the hue
represents different colours in different angle ranges.

o Red colour falls between 0 and 60 degrees in the HSV cone.

o Yellow colour falls between 61 and 120 degrees in the HSV cone.
o Green colour falls between 121 and 180 degrees in the HSV cone.
o Cyan colour falls between 181 and 240 degrees in the HSV cone.
o Blue colour falls between 241 and 300 degrees in the HSV cone.
o Magenta colour falls between 301 and 360 degrees in the HSV cone.
o Saturation as the name suggest describes the percentage of the colour.
Sometimes this value lies in the 0 to 1 range. 0 being the grey and 1 being the
primary colour. Saturation describes the grey colour.
o The value represents the intensity of the colour chosen. Its value lies in
percentage from 0 to 100. 0 is black and 100 is the brightest and reveals the
colour.

HSV model is used in histogram equalization and converting grayscale images to RGB
colour images.
 YIQ: YIQ is the most widely colour model used in Television broadcasting. Y stands
for luminance part and IQ stands for chrominance part. In the black and white
television, only the luminance part (Y) was broadcast. The y value is similar to the
grayscale part. The colour information is represented by the IQ part.
There exist a formula to convert RGB into YIQ and vice-versa.
YIQ model is used in the conversion of grayscale images to RGB colour images.

Colour Palette
A colour palette, in the digital world, refers to the full range of colours that can be
displayed on a device screen or other interface, or in some cases, a collection of colours and
tools for use in paint and illustration programs.
In the traditional RYB colour wheel, the primary colours are red, yellow, and blue.
You can create secondary colours—orange, green, and purple—by mixing primary colours.
Red and yellow create orange. Yellow and blue create green. The colour palette
explains a lot about the design of the device or technology. It can also tell the visual
capabilities for human users.
The palette's in earlier days used hexadecimal values to represent and select the
variety of colours present in the system.
Modern colour palettes are likely to show a colour wheel or a sophisticated tab,
with a variety of colours for users to choose from.

Uses of Colour Palette

Colour Palettes help you find new colours by mixing two or more colours
together. The palette allows us to decide the saturation of the colour, other colour schemes,
value of colour, which colour to pick, and many more.
It helps UI designers to make their interfaces bright and colourful. Colour palette
plays an important role in your brand's identity and it is what makes your brand stand out. It
helps the brand to make the UI pleasing and attractive when used properly.

Main Types of Colour Palette

There are several kinds of Colour Palette that you can use to create your own Colour
Scheme, there are four main types that are widely used. These are:

Monochromatic Colour Palette: For keeping things straight and simple, you should go for
a monochromatic palette as it provides the same hue in different shades and tones. It is best
to choose this palette when working with a corporate colour that doesn't need a lot of mix-
ups.
They are impossible to mess up because they're literally the same colour with
different shades, so the chances of messing up are minimal.
 Monochromatic Colour Palette

Complementary Colour Palette: It consists of the opposite colours in the colour wheel, so
they are best to use if you want to maintain balance and order. These are very bright and
help to grab the eyes of the viewers. Companies use this palette mainly for logo or
packaging purposes as it's very catchy.

Complementary Colour Palette

Analogous Colour Palette: These palettes are straightforward to create as you have to just
pick a primary colour, for example red and pick some of the shades around it. These
palettes help to gain the focus of the reader as they are of the same shade. Analogous colour
palette should be used where we have to strike an image in the mind of the reader.

Analogous Colour Palette

Triadic Colour Palette: A Triadic Colour Palette consists of three colours placed evenly
on the colour wheel. For example Red, Yellow and Blue, Purple, Green and Orange, etc.
This is one of the most complex colour palettes, but if done correctly can give you
tremendous results. You'd have to do a lot of experimentation to get the right colours
together.
Triadic Colour Palette
Ten Widely Used Colours in Colour Palettes and their Meanings
Many designers and marketers use colour psychology to strategize and create better product
lines that increase sales. They have to use the right colours to send the right meaning to the
target audience so that they can get the desired result.
Here's a list of the most common colours and what are their meanings:-
 Red:- Red symbolises energy and power.
 Blue:- Blue symbolises confidence and calm.
 Yellow:- Yellow symbolises positivity and zest.
 Green:- Green symbolises Natural and security.
 Black:- Black symbolises power, mystery, and maturity.
 White:- White symbolises purity and perfection.
 Purple:- Purple symbolises luxury and royalty.
 Pink:- Pink symbolises feminine and safe.
 Grey:- Grey symbolises elegance and uncertainty.
1. Orange:- Orange symbolises enthusiasm and creativity.

Colour dithering

Colour dithering is a technique used to approximate a larger colour palette using a

smaller one by creating patterns of dots or pixels of different colours.

It is commonly used in situations where the output device or medium (such as a

printer or screen) cannot accurately reproduce the full range of colours in an image.

The basic idea behind dithering is to use a pattern of dots of different colours to
simulate the appearance of a third colour.

For example, to create a shade of green using only black and white pixels, a
dithering algorithm might alternate between black and white pixels to create the impression
of a green hue.

Here are some common examples of colour dithering techniques:

 1. Ordered Dithering: Ordered dithering involves using a pre-defined pattern of dots
or pixels to approximate colours. The pattern is typically a small grid of black and
white or coloured pixels that is repeated across the image. The size and pattern of
the grid can be adjusted to create different levels of colour approximation.

2. Error Diffusion: Error diffusion involves distributing the error or difference

between the original colour and the closest available colour in the palette across
adjacent pixels. For example, if a pixel needs to be approximated as a shade of green
but only black and white pixels are available, the error diffusion algorithm will
distribute the difference between the green and the closest available colour across
neighbouring pixels to create the impression of a green hue.

3. Random Dithering: Random dithering involves adding random noise to the image
to approximate colours. This technique is less precise than ordered dithering and
error diffusion, but it can be useful for creating a natural or organic appearance in
certain types of images.

4. Hybrid Dithering: Hybrid dithering involves combining multiple dithering

techniques to achieve a more accurate colour approximation. For example, a hybrid
dithering algorithm might use ordered dithering for certain areas of an image and
error diffusion for others, depending on the complexity of the colours involved.

Overall, colour dithering is a useful technique for approximating a larger colour palette
using a smaller one. By creating patterns of dots or pixels of different colours, dithering
algorithms can simulate the appearance of a wide range of colours, even when only a
limited set of colours is available.
Color Palettes and Color Flashing

You set your workspace colors through a color palette. The number of colors in the
palette is determined by your display type and the Number of Colors selection.

Figure - Number of Colors Dialog Box

Running certain applications may result in a phenomenon know as color

flashing or colormap flashing, where the application appears with incorrect colors while the
rest of the desktop appears normal, and when given the focus it displays with correct colors
but the rest of the desktop does not. Color flashing is typically found in either of the
following circumstances.

 Your workstation does not use a 24 bit graphics card

 You are running applications that are designed to use their own colormaps (thus
placing a burden on the frame buffer)

This is due to fundamental limitations in XWindows when dealing with applications

that do not use the default colormap. While you can't use more colors than your display
allows, you can reduce the number of colors used by the desktop by choosing a lower-
valued color usage in the Number of Colors to Use dialog box, or by exiting other graphics-
intensive applications.
 For example, if you have a high-color display and have selected More Colors for
Desktop but you want to run a color-rich application such as a computer-aided design
(CAD) program, you should choose More Colors for Applications or Most Colors for
Applications to decrease the number of colors that the desktop uses. The remaining colors
are available for the CAD program.

To Overcome Color Flashing

If you have closed all other graphics-intensive applications and your application is still
experiencing color flashing, the following procedure may help eliminate the problem.

1. Open Style Manager.

2. Click Color.

The Color dialog box is displayed.

3. Click Number of Colors.

The Number of Colors To Use dialog box (see Figure 9–3) is displayed.

4. Select Most Colors For Applications and click OK.

5. Click Desktop background and choose a simple workspace background such as Gray
Lt.

6. Make this session your home session by following the procedure in To Set a Home
Session.

7. Exit Style Manager and logout of CDE.

8. Login to CDE and re-open the application that previously experienced color
flashing.

If the application no longer experiences color flashing, make a note of the current Style
Manager settings; if it is still experiencing color flashing, the application has probably
specified a list of colormaps to be installed, CDE is only installing the first colormap in this
list, so you will need to cycle through the colormaps as explained in the following steps.
9. Use the following special keyboard keys to cycle through the colormaps.

Control-L2 (or Control-Again) Steps forward through the colormaps

Control-L4 (or Control-Undo) Steps backward through the colormaps