Published in June 2024

Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD)

House 40/C, Road 11 (new), Dhanmondi
Dhaka-1209, Bangladesh
Telephone: +(88 02) 55001185, 55001990,
58156983; Fax: (+88 02) 55001181
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.cpd.org.bd

© Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD)

Conceptual compilation by
Ema Akhter

Design concept by
Avra Bhattacharjee

Copyediting
HM Al Imran Khan

Page lay-out and typesetting

Md Shaiful Hassan
Contents
Message from Chairman and Executive Director 5
CPD’s Emergence, Vision, Focus, Mission and Objectives 7
2023 At a Glance 8
Fourteenth South Asian Economic Summit (SAES XIV) 9
Macroeconomic Performance Analysis 13
Green Initiatives, Climate Change & Sustainability 26
Power and Energy 36
RMG Sector 47
Tax Concerns 51
Public Finance Management in the Primary Education Sector 55
Regional Cooperation 58
Capacity Building 62
Citizen’s Platform for SDGs, Bangladesh 63
Special Mentions 66
CPD Social Events 77
Governance and Internal Management 79
Management and Implementation Committee (MIC) 80
CPD’s Policy Activism in 2023 81
CPD’s Outreach in 2023 82
Financial Affairs 83
 MESSAGE FROM
CHAIRMAN
AND
EXECUTIVE
DIRECTOR
The year 2023 was a critical year for Bangladesh, as the country had to deal with several economic challenges created
due to both external and internal factors. High inflation driven by exorbitant food and fuel prices, exchange rate
volatility, a depleting foreign exchange reserve, weakening of the banking sector, and limited fiscal space—all
exacerbated numerous pre-existing difficulties. Adding to the significance, 2023 was the final year for the incumbent
government before the Twelfth National Elections, which gave rise to more complex challenges.

CPD researchers have closely monitored the macroeconomic situation throughout the year by tracking and
analysing data, engaging in public discussions through organising dialogues and media briefings, and making
concrete policy recommendations for the government. The CPD team also worked on a variety of issues with
profound implications on Bangladesh’s development. Some of these include—public finance management, climate
change and green public finance management, environment and green growth, power and energy, minimum wage
of workers in the readymade garments sector, workplace safety, finance for women’s development, business
environment, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), LDC graduation, and regional cooperation.

One of the major events of the year was Fourteenth South Asian Economic Summit (SAES XIV), organised by CPD.
Drawing 600 participants from across South Asia, it stood out as one of the year's largest gatherings. With the theme
'Reframing South Asian Regional Cooperation in the New Context: National and Global Dimensions’, SAES XIV
facilitated vibrant discussions among 70 panellists, serving as a pivotal platform for shaping discourse on South Asian
economic cooperation and integration.

In 2023, we published three books, three working papers, 20 research reports, 25 policy briefs, 40 opinions and
several commentaries on the economy. Our researchers also took part in discussions regionally and globally and
published abroad. We deepened our policy advocacy through dialogues, webinars, and outreach. CPD organised 19

5
 dialogues, three subnational dialogues, 10 media briefings, two conferences and numerous expert consultations
throughout this past year.

Looking ahead, 2024 will be a year of rethinking development policies in the ever-evolving global and domestic
landscape. It will be a year for re-envisioning the SDGs as they cross halfway through their journey towards 2030.

The year 2023 holds special significance for CPD as it completed 30 years of its journey. This milestone stands as a
testament to the unwavering support of our well-wishers, who have been a constant source of inspiration throughout
the years. We express our sincere gratitude to every individual and organisation for playing a pivotal role in shaping
and enriching CPD's journey. In the coming years, CPD aspires to remain committed to advancing its mission and
continue to generate knowledge, strengthening people’s voice and challenge injustice.

Going forward, CPD will continue to strive for excellence in its work and engage with its stakeholders for strengthened
policy analyses and advocacies. We take this opportunity to thank our colleagues and friends for their support and
encouragement in our journey, which has been both challenging and rewarding during the last 30 years.

CPD’s accomplishments have always been due to the invaluable dedication and team spirit of all CPD members. We
recognise the guidance of the Board of Trustees (BoT) members of CPD in implementing our activities. CPD’s highly
motivated and committed colleagues of three divisions—Research, Dialogue, and Finance and Administration—have
extended their endless cooperation towards fulfilling CPD’s ambitious workplan. Sincere thanks are due to our
Distinguished Fellows, Dr Debapriya Bhattacharya, Professor Mustafizur Rahman, and Professor Rounaq Jahan for
their valuable support. We also recognise the contributions of Research Director, Dr Khondaker Golam Moazzem and
Finance Director, Mr M Shafiqul Islam in guiding the CPD team. Inspired by the commitment of our CPD colleagues
and goodwill of our partners, we look forward to striving for strengthened policy analysis and public engagement in
2023. We would like express our gratitude to our friends and well-wishers for their continuous support and
encouragement during our journey. We wish you a healthy and safe future.

Professor Rehman Sobhan Dr Fahmida Khatun

Chairman Executive Director

6
CPD’s Emergence
The Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD) was established in 1993 by Professor Rehman Sobhan, an eminent economist
of Bangladesh, well-known in South Asia and globally for his academic and professional accomplishments. CPD’s
launching coincided with the beginning of democratic practice in Bangladesh after a nine-year-long military
regime in the early 1990s. The establishment of CPD created a space to promote progressive ideas and participate
in debates on Bangladesh’s development process. Over the past three decades, CPD has established itself as
Bangladesh’s leading civil society think tank. CPD is committed to remaining a demand-driven and independent
think tank, achieved through research and knowledge generation, dialogues, and outreach, as well as publication
and dissemination. In doing so, CPD is growing from strength to strength and making various distinctive transi-
tions in its journey.

Focus
CPD strives to focus on the frontier issues that are critical to the development of Bangladesh in the present context
and which are expected to shape and influence the country’s development prospects over the mid-term horizon.

Our Vision
To contribute towards building an inclusive society in Bangladesh that is based on equity, justice, fairness and good
governance.

Our Mission
To service the growing demand of the civil society of Bangladesh for a demand-driven and accountable
development process by stimulating informed debate, generating knowledge and influencing policymaking through
research, dialogue, dissemination and advocacy.

Our Objectives
To enhance national capacity for economy-wide policy analysis; foster regional cooperation in key areas such as
poverty alleviation, trade, investment and connectivity; facilitate Bangladesh’s effective integration into the process
of globalisation.

7
8
222
OPEDs &
Articles

29
Newspaper

6192
Press Coverage
Interviews

AT A GLANCE
2O23
29

105
Completed
Research
61

Events

CPD
Publications
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(FRQRPLFVDQG(QYLURQPHQW 6$:7(( 1HSDO

Fourteenth
South Asian Economic Summit (SAES XIV)
9
 600 participants
70 panelists
12 Sessions

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SAES is the pre-eminent track 1.5 initiative in South Asia which

aspires to identify modalities of deepening cooperation
among South Asian countries. It is a unique policy forum that Objectives of SAES XIV
brings together academics and policy activists, policymakers
and diplomats, business and civil society leaders, international • To generate a shared understanding
development partners and other personalities from the of the changed landscape by
exploring new elements that inform
region who are keen to advance this cause. The platform was
national, regional, mega-regional
founded through the collaboration of five leading think tanks
and global contexts in which
of the region, viz CPD, IPS, RIS, SDPI and SWATEE. It seeks to cooperation will need to take place
bring together, in Davos style, involved key stakeholders from among countries of South Asia.
the region and beyond to engage in debate and dialogue to
generate innovative ideas and actionable agendas to foster • To identify and promote modalities
and promote a South Asian identity and cooperation in and potential opportunities to
different areas. advance the cause of regional
cooperation in South Asia.
SAES, convened as an annual event, is hosted by the five core
• To explore the roles of the
partners in their respective countries sequentially (i.e.,
knowledge actors and political
Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka). This annual leadership envisioning the journey of
event is also attended by representatives of other countries in South Asia in the next decade.
the region, including Afghanistan, Bhutan, and Maldives.

10
Dr Shirin Sharmin Chaudhury, MP
Hon’ble Speaker, Bangladesh Parliament

The global economic shocks from the Ukraine conflict and the escalating situation
in Palestine are impacting the South Asia region on a greater scale.

Mr M. A. Mannan, MP
Hon’ble Minister, Ministry of Planning, Government of Bangladesh

It is our duty to dismantle the culture of distrust and fear instilled by our colonial
masters. We must work towards gradually easing these barriers to foster increased
regional trade.

Professor Rehman Sobhan

Founding Chairman, CPD

As members of South Asian civil society, we have an added responsibility to

maintain and advance the concept and evolving agendas for cooperation.

Dr Fahmida Khatun
Executive Director, CPD

Regional cooperation in South Asia has stumbled over the years due to political
tensions, historical animosity between countries, and ongoing political and
territorial disputes. There prevails a trust deficit among countries in the region.

11
12
 Macroeconomic
Performance Analysis
The Independent Review of Bangladesh’s Development (IRBD), CPD’s
flagship programme, has been assessing the country’s macroeconomic
development since 1995. Under this programme, CPD conducts periodic
reviews of the state of the Bangladesh economy by scrutinising the
macroeconomic indicators, puts forward recommendations for the
upcoming National Budget, and provides objective analysis of the
proposed National Budget presented by the finance minister of the
country. The programme also includes pre-budget media briefing and
post-budget dialogues at local and national levels, participated by
top-level policymakers and key stakeholders.

13
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CPD suggests
for restoring macroeconomic
stability, consolidation of
past gains and adjusting to new
realities
The National Budget for FY2023-24 was the last budget
prepared by the incumbent government prior to the
twelfth national elections. It was being prepared amidst a
number of disquieting developments — both at the global
and domestic fronts. The challenges facing the economy
were to restore macroeconomic stability, consolidate the
gains of the past, and adjust to new realities while keeping
the growth and stability trade-off in the perspective. The
National Budget needed to address these attendant
concerns amid election-related uncertainties. This required
renewed efforts towards raising the quality of macro-fiscal
planning and management which, in turn, required some
hard choices on the part of the policymakers.

14
Recommendations

Q
The mistakes while preparing
the FY2023 budget—that is,
setting the targets for major
macroeconomic correlates in
an unrealistic manner—
must not be repeated.
Q
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bank ensure the ([HFXWLYH'LUHFWRU&3'
complementarity between
fiscal and monetary policies.
Q
The policy measures must Policymakers should focus on restoring
prioritise the interests of the
small and medium macroeconomic stability
entrepreneurs and common
citizens while withstanding
the pressure of the vested The State of the Bangladesh Economy’s third reading underscored
interest groups. the macroeconomic stress experienced during FY2022-23. This
Q
Keeping the IMF stress manifested in lower revenue mobilisation, resulting in a
conditionalities in contraction of fiscal space. The situation was further compounded
perspective and national by a high reliance on borrowings from the central bank to finance
interests in mind, reform budget deficits, tightened liquidity of scheduled banks, elevated
measures should be initiated prices of essential commodities, and a deteriorating external sector
and expedited. balance alongside declining foreign exchange reserve. CPD's key
Q
Instead of incentivising illicit recommendation underscored the importance for policymakers to
financial flows and illegally
concentrate on restoring macroeconomic stability.
earned money through
direct and indirect
measures, strict
administrative steps and
punishment should be
imposed as per existing
laws.

15
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The budget failed to fully acknowledge

the macroeconomic challenges and
offered inadequate remedial measures
The National Budget for FY2023-24 was placed at a
time when the macroeconomic stability of Bangladesh
had weakened significantly. Negative developments on
domestic and external fronts, including lower revenue
growth, a shrinking fiscal space, over-reliance on bank
borrowing, high essential prices, and a deteriorating
external sector balance, highlighted the visible
macroeconomic stress. CPD's analysis revealed that the
budget failed to fully acknowledge these
macroeconomic challenges and offered inadequate
remedial measures.

14
16
 Myths and Realities
of National Budgets in
Bangladesh

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DQG0U6DPLU5DQMDQ1DWK3URJUDPPH+HDG%5$&,('

Bangladesh's National Budgets came under the microscope of CPD when 10 crucial economic questions were
raised to challenge popular beliefs and expose hidden realities. The analysis brought attention to key issues
including inequality, fiscal measures, budgetary size and targets, reliance on indirect taxes for revenue
generation, composition of the Annual Development Programme (ADP), and appropriate allocations for Social
Safety Net Programs (SSNPs), health, and education.

18 17
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CPD Budget Dialogue 2023

The budget for FY2023-24 failed to fully acknowledge the macroeconomic challenges and, therefore, offered
inadequate remedial measures. This was because the projections of the macroeconomic framework did not take
cognisance of the existing realities. The targets for private sector credit growth and inflation appeared to be
overambitious compared to the latest available figures as per official data. The proposed fiscal framework for
FY2023-24 was unlikely to hold as it did not take budget implementation progress into consideration. An
amount of BDT 132,395 crore, which represented 50.6 per cent of the total budget, was to be borrowed from
the central bank. The critical question was how much would be borrowed from the central bank—if the liquidity
situation in the banking system did not improve, the government would have no other option but to borrow
from the central bank, and this would create inflationary pressure. Some of the budgetary allocations were
questionable and allocations for priority social sectors remained business as usual.

Key CPD observations on the budget for FY2024

Q
Projections of the macroeconomic framework did not take cognisance of current realities.
Q
Proposed fiscal framework for FY2024 is unlikely to hold.
Q
Some budgetary allocations are questionable.
Q
Shift in allocative priorities within subsidies.
Q
Despite attempts, ADP for FY2024 could not break free from the mould.
Q
The issue of containing inflation is inadequately addressed.
Q
Continuation of fiscal measures to protect domestic industries is a positive step.
Q
Desperation for revenue mobilisation undermines equity concerns.
Q
Allocations for priority social sectors remain business as usual.
Q
IMF conditionalities will largely dictate reform agenda.

18
CPD Budget Dialogue 2023
Distress in macroeconomic scenario
Reduced revenue Stagnant public Low ADP
collection expenditure implementation

High borrowing Skyrocketing prices Escalating

from central bank of daily necessities nonperforming loans

Liquidity crunch in Lower growth Low growth of

banking sector of export earnings remittance inflow

Scarcity of foreign Bleeding foreign

exchange exchange reserve Inability to import

Sliding exchange Disruption in Severe shortage of

rate domestic production energy and power

19
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Measures should be taken Selected Aspirations of

to prevent an increase in Disadvantaged Groups
disparity in the utilisation Q
Allocate adequate budget for stipends, incentives, and
of IMF funds mid-day meals to prevent student dropout, child labour, and
child marriage.
Despite the progress in reducing poverty, Q
Allocate adequate budget to ensure safe drinking water as well
Bangladesh is facing a growing issue of as safe water for the people of coastal areas.
rising inequality. Development activities,
Q
Increase the housing budget for Dalits to ensure housing for all
dalits in municipalities and city corporations across the country.
though underway, lack equitable distribution Q
Allocate budget for domestic workers regarding their
of benefits. The recent inclusion in the IMF
education, skills training, health insurance, and social
programme prompts questions about protection schemes.
reflecting the voices of the disadvantaged Q
Providing loans at low interest and without collateral to
during this period and the impact on their financially empower the indigenous and ethnic population
lives. To grasp the demands and groups.
expectations of the marginalised population Q
Provide quality assistive devices based on the type and needs
in the current socio-economic scenario and of individuals with disability, which should include duty-free
their outlook for the upcoming National facility on imports for private and commercial use.
Budget, recommendations were gathered
Q
The budget should increase the amount and scope of old-age
and presented to the stakeholders. allowance to BDT 1,000 per month.
Q
Budget allocation should be made to reform laws and raise
awareness to prevent violence against women and child
marriage.
Q
Allocate a specific budget for youth from disaster-prone and
hard-to-reach areas to address climate-induced vulnerabilities.

20
BDT 922 billion embezzled from Bangladesh’s
banking sector

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A staggering BDT 922.61 billion has been misappropriated from several banks over the last 15 years through
irregularities, misuse of powers, and potential money laundering. The economy is grappling with crony
capitalism, where influential individuals and groups have seized control by subduing state organs and
institutions, consolidating power to their advantage. The astonishing amount of money embezzled through 24
major loan scams during the aforementioned period underscores the lack of good governance in and
vulnerability of the financial sector. The prospects of recovering the misappropriated funds remain uncertain,
with a looming possibility of them being illicitly transferred abroad.

These observations emerged at a media briefing titled ‘State of the Bangladesh Economy in FY2023-24 (First
Reading)’. A paper was also prepared to discuss the first reading of the state of Bangladesh’s economy.

21
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Budget Helpdesk 2023

The year 2023 marks the second year of Budget Helpdesk implementation and it played a crucial role during the
budget session FY2023–24. It was inaugurated by the Honourable Speaker of the Bangladesh National Parlia-
ment, Dr Shirin Sharmin Chaudhury, MP, on 31 May 2023. The Budget Helpdesk provided data and knowledge
support to the Members of Parliament (MPs) during the budget session. The Helpdesk was operational from
May 31, 2023, to June 26, 2023, and received queries from a total of 54 MPs.

The impact of the Budget Helpdesk was evident as information and data support from the Helpdesk found its
way into the speeches of MPs during the budget session. Many MPs repeatedly sought assistance from the
Helpdesk, indicating its usefulness in engaging in the budget debates.

The Budget Helpdesk conducted eight debriefing sessions and provided subject-wise information on the
budgetary process. It also published nine policy briefs covering the comprehensive overview of the overall
budget for the fiscal year 2023–2024 and specific sectors such as Agriculture, Health, Education, Power and
Energy, Roads and Transport, Women and Children Affairs, Information and Communication Technology, and
Local Government and Rural Development.

22
23
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0HGLDSOD\VDYLWDOUROHLQPDLQWDLQLQJGHPRFUDWLFSUDFWLFHVDQGIRᐎHULQJUHVSRQVLEOH
development process, which is closely linked with policy research. Acting as a unique
FRQGXLWWKHPHGLDGLVVHPLQDWHVWKHYRLFHVRIGLYHUVHᐎDNHKROGHUVDQGWKHRXWFRPHV
of policy research to the wider public. CPD researchers contribute columns, comments,
interviews, and opinions in various media outlets, simplifying complex societal and
HFRQRPLFLVVXHVIRUSXEOLFXQGHUᐎDQGLQJ‘űūűŵūŶƅœŋɉƅŦŶŘɃŵƑ’ compiles selected
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television interviews in 2022, covering topics such as the National Budget, economy,
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24
Enhancing Welfare and Rights of Migrants Deconstructing Budget 2021-22: An
and Migrant Communities: Role of National Exercise in Estimating Child Budget
Budget The prioritisation of issues concerning children in
policies, allocations for children in public expenditure,
Migrant workers make significant contributions to
and the efficiency of resource allocation to advance
national development, yet their essential needs are
the interests of children have gained heightened
frequently overlooked in National Budget allocations.
importance in the current context of Bangladesh's
The FY2023–24 budget lacks migrant-focused
development.
programmes. Challenges persist in the different stages
of migration: pre-migration, in the destination
It is against this backdrop that analysis of budgetary
countries, and during reintegration.
expenditure from the perspectives of children has
high practical significance. This publication offers an
This publication identifies 11 ministries overseeing
analysis that estimates allocations for child-focused
migrant welfare projects, examines the
programmes, examines the proportion of budgetary
implementation of migrant welfare issues, reviews
allocations for children, identifies specific projects,
previous budgetary allocations, and emphasises
and evaluates their responsiveness to the evolving
targeted measures to improve migrant welfare while
needs of children.
acknowledging their economic significance.

25
 Green Initiatives, Climate Change
& Sustainability
CPD is at the forefront of pioneering green initiatives, leading efforts in climate
change mitigation and advancing sustainability on multiple fronts. With
unwavering commitment, CPD advocates for a holistic approach to
sustainability, promoting transformative policies and fostering meaningful
dialogues among government entities, businesses, and civil society
organisations. One of the primary focuses of CPD is to enhance policy
frameworks that support climate change adaptation and mitigation. CPD has
been involved in advocating for policies that promote clean growth, the
development of clean technology, and a business environment that supports
sustainability. The think tank is also using its research efforts to reduce air and
plastic pollution.

26
 Bangladesh must adopt green public finance management to
tackle climate change-related challenges
)URP/HIW 'U)DKPLGD.KDWXQ([HFXWLYH'LUHFWRU&3'0U6DEHU+RVVDLQ&KRZGKXU\03&KDLUPDQ3DUOLDPHQWDU\6WDQGLQJ&RPPLWWHHRQ0LQLരU\RI(QYLURQPHQW)RUHര
DQG&OLPDWH&KDQJH%DQJODGHVK3DUOLDPHQW3URIHVVRU0XരDÀ]XU5DKPDQ'LരLQJXLVKHG)HOORZ&3'0U7DQYLU6KDNLO-R\03DPHPEHURIWKH3DUOLDPHQWDU\6WDQGLQJ
&RPPLWWHHRQWKH0R()&&DQG'U0$VDGX]]DPDQ)RUPHU5HVHDUFK'LUHFWRU%DQJODGHVK,QരLWXWHRI'HYHORSPHQW6WXGLHV %,'6 

The pivotal role of the Climate Budget in financing climate

change-related challenges cannot be overstated. Therefore, a
comprehensive review of the Climate Budget is imperative. It
Way Forward
is important to recognise the significance of Green Public Q
Climate-based projects should be
Finance Management in optimising the allocation of public
developed with support from experts.
expenditure for climate and environmental objectives.
Besides, a set of recommendations are also required for Q
Mobilisation of resources for climate
Green Public Finance Management. change trust fund should be
expedited.
In this context, a dialogue was organised by CPD to provide Q
Utilisation of development climate
recommendations for Climate Public Finance Management in
budget should be enhanced.
Bangladesh. A dialogue brief was also prepared which
captures the insights and recommendations that emerged Q
Allocation for climate vulnerable
from the aforementioned event, featuring discussions by people should be increased in the
various speakers. Additionally, a working paper was also Social Safety Net Programmes.
prepared that focuses on the critical role of Green Public
Financial Management in aligning fiscal policies with
environmental goals.

27
 Green Cities Initiative
With higher industrialisation, and energy consumption in major cities, air and plastic pollution are posing serious
threats to health, environment and economy of Bangladesh. CPD has undertaken a programme titled ‘Green
Cities Initiative’ which aims to understand the nexus between air and plastic pollution and the economy of
Bangladesh, and make relevant policy recommendations.

The year 2023 marks the second year of implementing the programme’s activities. During this period, the
programme has placed a significant emphasis on raising awareness about air and plastic pollution among
citizens, while also offering valuable recommendations.

28
 Air Pollution

More than 76%

respondents thought that air
pollution in Dhaka city became
much worse in the past 2-3 years.

)URP/HIW 0U6\HG<XVXI6DDGDW5HVHDUFK)HOORZRI&3''U6DPL\D6HOLP3URIHVVRU
DQG 'LUHFWRU &HQWHU IRU 6XരDLQDEOH 'HYHORSPHQW &6'  0V +DELEXQ 1DKDU 03
On average, individuals in Dhaka city
+RQ·EOH 'HSXW\ 0LQLരHU 0LQLരU\ RI (QYLURQPHQW )RUHര DQG &OLPDWH &KDQJH
are stuck in traffic for 46 minutes 0R()&& *RYHUQPHQWRI%DQJODGHVK'U)DKPLGD.KDWXQ([HFXWLYH'LUHFWRU&3'0U
out of every 2 hours spent outdoors. 0DWW&DQQHOO$FWLQJ+LJK&RPPLVVLRQHU%ULWLVK+LJK&RPPLVVLRQ'KDND'U:DPHT
$ 5D]D +HDOWK 6SHFLDOLര 7KH :RUOG %DQN DQG 0U %DUHHVK +DVDQ &KRZGKXU\ /HJDO
5HVHDUFKHU%DQJODGHVK(QYLURQPHQWDO/DZ\HUV$VVRFLDWLRQ %(/$ 

On average, individuals in Dhaka city

spent BDT 4,000 per year to
diagnose and treat symptoms
Effective policy measures should
associated with air pollution. be taken to reduce air and plastic
pollution
Plastic Pollution The air quality in Dhaka city has deteriorated
significantly, witnessing a 13 per cent increase in
pollution levels since 2020. The citizens of Dhaka took
73% respondents thought that 2,117 days off from work and school in the last year due
plastic pollution became to the symptoms attributed to air pollution. Along with
significantly worse in the last air pollution, plastic pollution has also become a major
2-3 years. concern, with 63 per cent of households not recycling
durable plastics due to limited awareness and lack of
waste segregation habits. Citizens are concerned about
57% respondents reported that
the consequences of pollution, but they have not taken
their local neighbourhoods exhibit
the necessary steps to make behavioural changes that
extremely high levels of
would help reduce their contributions to the problem.
plastic pollution.
These observations emerged at the dialogue titled
‘Reducing Pollution for Greening Cities’ organised by
the CPD in collaboration with KIVU International and the
43% respondents acknowledged a International Growth Centre (IGC), with support from
tendency to discard plastic waste the Foreign, Commonwealth, and Development Office
directly onto the streets. (FCDO) of the United Kingdom (UK).

29
 CPD in collaboration with the Earth Club of North South University (NSU), organised a three-day Student Research
Poster Exhibition and Contest with undergraduate and graduate students centered around air and plastic
pollution. The objective of this student research poster exhibition and contest was to provide a platform for
undergraduate and graduate students to showcase their research on air and plastic pollution in Dhaka city.

The competition unfolded through two distinct stages. The first stage involved an exhibition of research posters at
NSU’s recreation hall on 23-24 August, 2023. During this time, students from multiple universities and diverse
disciplines converged to unveil their findings regarding air and plastic pollution. As this phase concluded, a
rigorous selection process identified six exceptional posters which were moved to the final round. By the end of
the poster exhibition and contest, the participants gained a better understanding of the current state of
knowledge on air and plastic pollution in Dhaka.

CPD and NSU jointly

organised Student
Research Poster Exhibition
and Contest

30
3DUWLFLSDQWVRIWKH6WXGHQW5HVHDUFK3RരHU([KLELWLRQDQG&RQWHരDQGWKH(PLQHQW*XHരV
 Air and Plastic Pollution:
Student Photography Exhibition
and Contest Organised by CPD
The think tank organised a ‘Student Photography
Exhibition and Contest’ centered around air and plastic
pollution from 16-17 September, 2023 at the DRIK
Gallery, Dhaka. Out of several photograph submissions
from various universities, 20 photographs were selected
to be showcased at the exhibition.
&3'2૾FLDOVDQGWKH-RXUQDOLരVIURPYDULRXVSULQWDQGHOHFWURQLFPHGLD

Air and Plastic Pollution–

Role of media is crucial in
awareness building
The media has substantial power to bring forth
pressing environmental concerns such as air and
plastic pollution into the limelight of public and
political discourse and thus magnify their
'U)DKPLGD.KDWXQ([HFXWLYH'LUHFWRU&3'DZDUGLQJFHUWLÀFDWHWRRQHRIWKH significance in policy debates. Moreover, media
SDUWLFLSDQWVRIWKH6WXGHQW3KRWRJUDSK\([KLELWLRQDQG&RQWHര not only have the power to shape public
perception but also can help influence the
policymakers and their understanding of air and
plastic pollution by highlighting the major health,
environmental, and economic consequences.

In this regard, the CPD arranged a knowledge

sharing workshop titled ‘Promoting Green Cities
through Awareness Building on Air and Plastic
Pollution’ on 9 July 2023, to equip journalists in
Dhaka with the knowledge and skills necessary to
report on air and plastic pollution in the city. The
workshop was attended by CPD researchers and
2QHRIWKHSUL]HVRIWKHFRQWHരZDVFODLPHG 7KH RWKHU SUL]H ZDV DZDUGHG journalists from both print and electronic media.
E\0U0XKDPPDG$PGDG+RVVDLQരXGHQW WR0U6KXYUD'XWWDരXGHQWRI
RI %DFKHORU RI 6RFLDO 6FLHQFH LQ 0HGLD DQG %6F LQ )RUHരU\ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI
-RXUQDOLVP1DWLRQDO8QLYHUVLW\ &KLWWDJRQJ

31
 Publications
The ‘Green Cities Initiative’ also produced seven publications
WKDWFRQFHQWUDWHGRQWKHYDULRXVDVSHFWVRIDLUDQGSODᐎLF
SROOXWLRQ$FNQRZOHGJLQJWKHDODUPLQJOHYHOVRIDLUDQGSODᐎLF
pollution in Dhaka city, two comprehensive evidence papers
have been developed. These papers delve into the drivers,
impacts, and potential solutions for addressing both air and
SODᐎLFSROOXWLRQFKDOOHQJHV

7KHᐎDWHRIDLUDQGSODᐎLFSROOXWLRQLQ%DQJODGHVKKDVEHHQ
WKRURXJKO\DVVHVVHGE\&3'7ZREULHÀQJQRWHVKDYHEHHQ Evidence papers
SUHSDUHGZKLFKR੔HUDFRPSUHKHQVLYHH[DPLQDWLRQRIWKHVH
issues, including a detailed discussion of the necessary
H੔HFWLYHPHDVXUHVDQGSROLFLHV

In light of IMF's RSF and Bangladesh's reform priorities, CPD

R੔HUVSROLF\UHFRPPHQGDWLRQVWRDGGUHVVDLUDQGSODᐎLF
pollution in the publication titled ‘Green Cities in Bangladesh:
Policy Recommendations in the Context of IMF’s RSF’. The
SDSHUGHOLQHDWHVKRZUHYHQXHUDLVLQJRSWLRQVLQIUDᐎUXFWXUH
Briefing notes
GHYHORSPHQWDQGSULYDWHFOLPDWHÀQDQFHDUHFUXFLDOIRU
transitioning towards green cities.

$LUSROOXWLRQLQ%DQJODGHVKSRVHVVLJQLÀFDQWKHDOWK Special report

environmental, and economic risks. Particulate matter and
other pollutants contribute to respiratory and cardiovascular
diseases, impacting individuals' health and the economy. The
EULHÀQJQRWHWLWOHG¶High and Rising: Air Pollution in
Bangladesh·GHOYHVLQWRWKHGHWULPHQWDOH੔HFWVRIDLUSROOXWLRQ
on health, the environment, and the economy. Additionally, it
H[DPLQHVH[LᐎLQJSROLFLHVDQGRXWOLQHVKRZWKHLUH੔HFWLYH Briefing note
implementation can alleviate the situation.

The publication titled ‘5HGXFLQJ$LUDQG3ODᐎLF3ROOXWLRQ

Towards Green Cities in Bangladesh’ analyses public attitudes
WRZDUGVDLUDQGSODᐎLFSROOXWLRQLQ'KDND,QWKLVÀQDOUHSRUW
WKH*UHHQ&LWLHV,QLWLDWLYHDGGVVLJQLÀFDQWO\WRLWVᐎXG\E\
presenting an analysis of the public attitudes and behaviours
Research report
DVVRFLDWHGZLWKDLUDQGSODᐎLFSROOXWLRQFRPSOHPHQWLQJWKH
H[LᐎLQJZRUNIRFXVHGRQᐎUXFWXUDODQGV\ᐎHPLFIDFWRUV

Policy ToOlkit
32
 Securing
Green Transition of the
Textile and Readymade Garments Sector in Bangladesh

:LWKWKHSRWHQWLDOWRVLJQLÀFDQWO\FRQWULEXWHWRZDUGV%DQJODGHVK VFOLPDWHJRDOVWKURXJKHPLVVLRQUHGXFWLRQWKH
WH[WLOH DQG 50* LQGXᐎU\ KDV D FULWLFDO UROH WR SOD\ LQ VHFXULQJ D EHWWHU WRPRUURZ IRU DOO %\ HPEUDFLQJ JUHHQ
WHFKQRORJ\ WKH LQGXᐎU\ FDQ QRW RQO\ PHHW WKH JURZLQJ GHPDQG IRU VXᐎDLQDELOLW\ IURP EX\HUV DQG EUDQGV
ZRUOGZLGHEXWDOVRSDYHWKHZD\IRUDQHQYLURQPHQWDOO\VXᐎDLQDEOHDQGFOLPDWHQHXWUDOJURZWKLQ%DQJODGHVK
7KLV WUDQVLWLRQ WRZDUGV D JUHHQ LQGXᐎU\ ZLOO QRW RQO\ EHQHÀW WKH SODQHW EXW LW ZLOO DOVR JHQHUDWH SURGXFWLYH
employment opportunities for women and youth, leading to a brighter future for all. In light of this, CPD
undertook a programme titled ‘Securing Green Transition of the Textile and Readymade Garments Sector in
Bangladesh’ in collaboration with the Embassy of Sweden in Bangladesh.

As of 2023, the programme has been actively implementing its activities for two years.

33
 Comprehensive
green transition
strategy is
required for the
)URP OHIW  0U 0XQWDVHHU .DPDO 5HVHDUFK )HOORZ &3' 0U 0G 6KDKLGXOODK $]LP 9LFH 3UHVLGHQW
%*0($+(0U&KDUOHV:KLWHOH\$PEDVVDGRU+HDGRI'HOHJDWLRQ'HOHJDWLRQRIWKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQ
textile and RMG
WR %DQJODGHVK 'U 6KDPVXO $ODP +RQ·EOH 6WDWH 0LQLരHU 0LQLരU\ RI 3ODQQLQJ *RYHUQPHQW RI
%DQJODGHVK 'U )DKPLGD .KDWXQ ([HFXWLYH 'LUHFWRU &3' + ( 0V $OH[DQGUD %HUJ 9RQ /LQGH
$PEDVVDGRURI6ZHGHQWR%DQJODGHVKDQG0U7KLMV:RXGരUD'HSXW\+HDGRI0LVVLRQ(PEDVV\RIWKH
sector
.LQJGRPRIWKH1HWKHUODQGVLQ%DQJODGHVK

Bangladesh's textile and Readymade Garments (RMG) sector, a vital economic engine, yielded USD 46.99 billion
LQ)<²FRQᐎLWXWLQJSHUFHQWRIH[SRUWHDUQLQJVDQGSHUFHQWRI*'30DMRUPDUNHWVLQFOXGH
the EU and the USA. As an LDC, Bangladesh
Figure 6.2 Factories’ knowledge about green certification enjoys duty-free access under the EU's EBA, but
SRᐎ/'&WUDQVLWLRQDFFHVVPLJKWGLPLQLVK7R
regain preferences, compliance with labour
17.50%

conventions is imperative.
15.03%
80.70%

3.00%

7RVXᐎDLQFRPSHWLWLYHQHVVDGKHUHQFHWRODERXU
safety, and environmental regulations is vital. A
dialogue organised by CPD highlighted the need
IRUDJUHHQWUDQVLWLRQᐎUDWHJ\HPSKDVLVLQJ
ᐎDNHKROGHUFROODERUDWLRQ)LQGLQJVUHYHDOHGODUJHU
IDFWRULHVGHPRQᐎUDWHEHWWHUJUHHQSUDFWLFHV
DZDUHQHVVDGYRFDWLQJIRUDᐎDQGDUGLVHGJUHHQ
FHUWLÀFDWLRQV\ᐎHP
Overall Large Factories Small & Medium Micro Factories
Factories

7KHWKLQNWDQNSURSRVHGLQFHQWLYHVIRUVXᐎDLQDEOH
Source: Calculated from the CPD Green Transition Study survey data.

practices including tax breaks, subsidies, and

SUHPLXPSULFLQJIRUJUHHQSURGXFWV7RIDFLOLWDWHJUHHQÀQDQFHGHYHORSLQJDQRQOLQHSRUWDOZDVVXJJHᐎHG&3'
DOVRᐎUHVVHGNQRZOHGJHVKDULQJWKURXJKZRUNVKRSVWUDLQLQJDQGDJUHHQVNLOOVGHYHORSPHQWIXQG$OLJQLQJ
ZLWKLQWHUQDWLRQDOᐎDQGDUGVOLNHWKH(8*UHHQ'HDODQG&23FRPPLWPHQWVLVHVVHQWLDOIRUVXᐎDLQDELOLW\DQG
global market access.

An expert group meeting was organised to delve further into how small and medium-sized factories can obtain
JUHHQFHUWLÀFDWHV$UHVHDUFKUHSRUWZDVDOVRSUHSDUHGWRDVVHVVWKHᐎDWHRIJUHHQWUDQVLWLRQLQLWLDWLYHVLQ
Bangladesh’s textile and RMG sector.

34
 Securing
Green Transition of the
Textile and Readymade Garments Sector in Bangladesh

The study aims to assess the state of green transition initiatives in Bangladesh’s textile and RMG sector. It seeks to
gather evidence on the adoption of green practices, identify barriers and drivers for such initiatives, assess factory
knowledge and capacity for green transformation, understand worker perceptions of green practices’ benefits,
and provide recommendations to overcome challenges in making the sector more environmentally friendly and
sustainable. Based on the findings from primary data collected from nationwide survey, key informant interviews,
and focus group discussions, this study offers a set of recommendations for facilitating the green transition in
Bangladesh’s textile and RMG sector. These recommendations are categorised into five broad themes: policy and
regulatory measures, economic incentives, green finance, awareness and knowledge sharing, and skills and
capacity development. It is important to note that these themes are not mutually exclusive and may overlap.

35
 Power and Energy
In recent years, CPD has embarked on a series of initiatives aimed at addressing the challenges and
opportunities within the Energy and Power Sector. A key aspect of CPD's work involves conducting in-depth
analyses of budget allocations pertaining to this sector, as well as assessing the ramifications of its ongoing
issues on the broader economy. However, recognising the importance of sustainable energy solutions, CPD has
expanded its scope to encompass programmes specifically targeting the generation of electricity from
renewable sources of energy.

These new initiatives signify CPD's commitment to fostering a transition towards cleaner, more sustainable
energy practices. By focusing on renewable sources of energy, CPD aims to not only mitigate environmental
impacts but also to enhance energy security and stimulate economic growth through the development of
renewable energy infrastructure. Moreover, CPD's engagement in this area underscores the importance of
diversifying the energy mix, reducing reliance on fossil fuels, and harnessing the potential of renewable
resources such as solar, wind, hydro, and biomass.

Additionally, the think tank has taken the initiative to monitor and track sectoral performance from the
standpoint of energy transition in 2023 and has started publishing its findings quarterly. CPD has also started a
lecture series, particularly focused in the power and energy sector to engage and foster a robust
knowledge-sharing ecosystem among young professionals and aspiring policymakers.

36
 )URP/HIW 'U.KRQGDNHU*RODP0RD]]HP5HVHDUFK'LUHFWRU&3'0U7DWVX\D0DFKLGD'HSXW\&KLHIRI0LVVLRQ 0LQLരHU (PEDVV\RI-DSDQ0U7DQYLU6KDNLO-R\030HPEHU
3DUOLDPHQWDU\ 6WDQGLQJ &RPPLWWHH RQ 0LQLരU\ RI (QYLURQPHQW )RUHര DQG &OLPDWH &KDQJH 'U )DKPLGD .KDWXQ ([HFXWLYH 'LUHFWRU &3' 0U 0DWW &DQQHOO $FWLQJ +LJK
&RPPLVVLRQHU%ULWLVK+LJK&RPPLVVLRQ0U6\HG0RKDPPDG$PLQXU5DKPDQ'LUHFWRU(QHUJ\(૾FLHQF\ &RQVHUYDWLRQ65('$*RYHUQPHQWRI%DQJODGHVKDQG0U)ORULDQ
+|OOHQ+HDGRI&RRSHUDWLRQ(PEDVV\RIWKH)HGHUDO5HSXEOLFRI*HUPDQ\

G7 countries should take initiatives to end the

support for fossil fuels and accelerate the
transition to renewable energy
The 49th G7 Summit was scheduled to be held on 19-21 May 2023 at Hiroshima, Japan. The Summit was intended
to underscore the regional and global crises as well as emergent issues such as the climate crisis. Global leaders
were expected to discuss phasing out fossil fuels by 2030 to mitigate climate change and ensure energy security.
Bangladesh, as a developing country, was particularly interested in initiatives by developed countries to transition
to renewable energy and end fossil fuel use. In this context, a dialogue was organised where it was recommended
that the G7 countries should take initiatives to end the support for fossil fuels and accelerate the transition to
renewable energy. Additionally, a policy brief was prepared to highlight the issues of G7 summit.

The Progression Pathway for the G7 countries

Q
G7 should end coal investment in developing countries immediately.
Q
LNG investment in developing countries needs to be halted.
Q
Ambitious renewable energy financing goal should be determined.
Q
Advanced renewable technologies should be promoted in the developing countries.

37
)URP/HIW 3URIHVVRU'U06KDPVXO$ODP'HDQ)DFXOW\RI(QJLQHHULQJ'D૽RGLO,QWHUQDWLRQDO8QLYHUVLW\'U.KRQGDNHU*RODP0RD]]HP5HVHDUFK'LUHFWRU&3'0U0RരRID$]DG
&KRZGKXU\%DEX6HQLRU9LFH3UHVLGHQW)HGHUDWLRQRI%DQJODGHVK&KDPEHUVRI&RPPHUFHDQG,QGXരULHV )%&&, 3URIHVVRU'U,MD]+RVVDLQIRUPHUIDFXOW\DW'HSDUWPHQWRI
&KHPLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ%DQJODGHVK8QLYHUVLW\RI(QJLQHHULQJDQG7HFKQRORJ\ %8(7 3URIHVVRU%DGUXO,PDP'HSDUWPHQWRI*HRORJ\8QLYHUVLW\RI'KDNDDQG3URIHVVRU.KRVUX
0G6HOLP'HSDUWPHQWRI(OHFWULFDODQG(OHFWURQLF(QJLQHHULQJ,QGHSHQGHQW8QLYHUVLW\%DQJODGHVK

Little expectations from the proposed budget

to address the salient challenges in
Bangladesh’s power & energy sector
Present Renewable Energy Situation The country's power and energy sector
faced challenges such as excessive
Technology Off-grid (MW) On-grid (MW) Total (MW)
generation capacity, reliance on
6RODU   
imported fossil fuels, inappropriate
Wind 2.00 0.90 2.90
energy source selection, mounting debt,
Hydro 0.00 230 230
and fiscal pressure. Despite
Biogas to 0.69 0.00 0.69
Electricity expectations, the proposed National
Biomass to 0.40 0.00 0.40
Budget for FY2023–24 lacked sufficient
Electricity measures to address these issues. In this
Total 368.60 815.03 1183.63 context, a dialogue was organised to
discuss in detail the discrepancies in the
National Budget concerning the Power and Energy sector. A policy brief was also prepared, discussing how the
National Budget should consider concerns related to the energy and power sector in terms of fiscal measures and
budgetary allocations.
38
 Transition to Renewable
energy can positively
contribute to employment
generation in the country

)URP/HIW 'U.KRQGDNHU*RODP0RD]]HP5HVHDUFK'LUHFWRU&3'3URIHVVRU'U,MD]+RVVDLQ)RUPHUO\ZLWK'HSDUWPHQWRI&KHPLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ%8(70V)DKPLGD$NKWHU1'&
$GGLWLRQDO6HFUHWDU\0LQLരU\RI/DERXUDQG(PSOR\PHQW*RYHUQPHQWRI%DQJODGHVK0U0RKDPPDG$ODXGGLQ5HFWRU%DQJODGHVK3RZHU0DQDJHPHQW,QരLWXWH0U+XPD\XQ
5DVKLG3UHVLGHQW,QWHUQDWLRQDO%XVLQHVV)RUXPRI%DQJODGHVK ,%)% DQG3URIHVVRU.KRVUX0G6HOLP3URIHVVRURI'HSDUWPHQWRI(OHFWULFDODQG(OHFWURQLF(QJLQHHULQJ,QGHSHQGHQW
8QLYHUVLW\

Energy transition in Bangladesh will

positively contribute to employment
generation in the country. The planned
energy transition, according to the Mujib
Climate Prosperity Plan (MCPP) and Draft
Integrated Power and Energy Master Plan
(IEPMP), is likely to contribute to a
substantial rise in renewable energy use in
WKHSRZHUVHFWRU³IURPDVORZDVSHU
cent to as high as 1240 per cent of
renewable energy use could happen by
2030. Such an energy transition within
seven years is likely to impact employment
generation in renewable energy-based
power generation positively. CPD study
revealed that the transition to renewable
energy can positively contribute to
employment generation in Bangladesh.

39
 Renewable energy
sector could be
significantly benefitted
through overseas
investment of China
China has become one of the
frontrunners in renewable energy-based
economy in the world. It remains the
world’s largest producer of renewable
)URP/HIW +(0U<DR:HQ$PEDVVDGRU([WUDRUGLQDU\DQG3OHQLSRWHQWLDU\3HRSOH·V5HSXEOLFRI energy. In 2021, China’s renewable energy
&KLQD WR WKH 3HRSOH·V 5HSXEOLF RI %DQJODGHVK 0V :DVHTD $\HVKD .KDQ 03 &KDLUPDQ accounted for 29.4 per cent of total
3DUOLDPHQWDU\ 6WDQGLQJ &RPPLWWHH RQ 0LQLരU\ RI 3RZHU (QHUJ\ DQG 0LQHUDO 5HVRXUFHV
0R3(05 0U0RKDPPDG+RVVDLQ'LUHFWRU*HQHUDO3RZHU&HOO3RZHU'LYLVLRQ*RYHUQPHQWRI
power generation, marking a significant
%DQJODGHVK 6\HG 0DQ]XU (ODKL &KDLUPDQ $SH[ *URXS )RUPHU 0HPEHU 0LQLരHU  $GYLVRU\ increase from 7 per cent a decade earlier.
&RXQFLORIWKH&DUHWDNHU*RYHUQPHQWDQG0HPEHURI&3'%RDUGRI7UXരHHV0U4LQ+DL\DQ Since Bangladesh aims to achieve 40 per
6HFUHWDU\*HQHUDO&KLQD:LQG(QHUJ\$VVRFLDWLRQDQG'U.KRQGDNHU*RODP0RD]]HP5HVHDUFK
'LUHFWRU&3'
cent renewable energy by 2041, China’s
investment and development experience
in the renewable energy sector can help
Bangladesh achieve this goal. In this context, CPD conducted a study which found that renewable energy sector
could be significantly benefitted through overseas investment of China.

In 2005, China passed the Renewable Wind power began to take off in
Energy Law, which set targets for the China in the mid2000s, making
2005 2020
development of renewable energy China the world's largest
and established a feed-in tariff producer of wind power in 2010
system to encourage investment in
the sector.

China vowed to reach net-zero China's climate policies are

emissions by 2060 with a peak no governed by its Working Guidance
later than 2030 in its Nationally for Carbon Dioxide Peaking and
2010 Determined Contributions (NDCs) 2021 Carbon Neutrality and Action Plan
in 2021, which has made significant For Carbon Dioxide Peaking Before
progress in clean energy transition 2030, the ‘1+N’ framework, as well
as the 14th Five Year Plans (FYP).

40
 &3'UHVHDUFKHUVDWWKHPHGLDEULHÀQJWLWOHG¶1HZ5HQHZDEOH(QHUJ\3ROLF\ 'UDIW :LOO
LWEHDEOHWRPHHWWKH&OHDQ(QHUJ\JRDO"·OHGE\'U.KRQGDNHU*RODP0RD]]HP5HVHDUFK
'LUHFWRU&3'

New Renewable Energy Policy Should Target Achieving the Clean

Energy Goals
In 2023, the Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development Authority (SREDA) under the Power Division of
the Ministry of Power, Energy, and Mineral Resources (MoPEMR) initiated the revision of the Renewable Energy
5( 3ROLF\$VDUHVXOWDSROLF\UHSRUWZDVGHYHORSHGWLWOHG¶5HQHZDEOH(QHUJ\3ROLF\ 'UDIW RI
Bangladesh 2022’. Although the new draft of the RE Policy 2022 was more detailed compared to the RE Policy
LWQHHGHGPDMRUUHYLVLRQWRPHHWWKHJRDOVDQGWDUJHWVRIFOHDQHQHUJ\$PHGLDEULHILQJZDVRUJDQLVHG
ZKHUH&3'SURSRVHGWKDWDQHZ5(3ROLF\ZDVQHHGHGLQVWHDGRIWKHUHYLVLRQRIWKH5(3ROLF\,QWKLV
context, a policy brief was also prepared to provide a comprehensive assessment of the ‘Renewable Energy
Policy (Draft) 2022’ and to offer recommendations for the new RE Policy.

CPD’s Recommendations

Q
$QHZUHQHZDEOHHQHUJ\SROLF\LVQHHGHGLQVWHDGRIUHYLVLRQRIWKHUHQHZDEOHHQHUJ\SROLF\RI
Q
Introduce a carbon cap for all the industries and eventually shift to carbon tax.
Q
Introduce competitive bidding and auctions for RE projects and procurement of power.
Q
Introduce feed-in-tariff scheme.
Q
Prioritise solar PV projects, especially in the governmental institutions.
Q
Properly implement the net metering policy.

41
 CPD launches Quarterly Brief
on the Power and Energy
Sector titled ‘Currents of
Change’

&3'UHVHDUFKHUVDWWKHODXQFKLQJRIWKH4XDUWHUO\%ULHIWLWOHG¶&XUUHQWVRI
&KDQJH·OHGE\'U.KRQGDNHU*RODP0RD]]HP5HVHDUFK'LUHFWRU&3'

CPD Power and Energy Study launched an initiative to monitor and track sectoral performance from the standpoint
of energy transition. A quarterly brief titled ‘Currents of Change: Quarterly Brief of the Power & Energy Sector of
Bangladesh’ is being published on energy transition on a regular basis. The first volume of the quarterly brief was
published in 2023. A media briefing was also organised to launch the quarterly brief and to discuss its highlights.

CPD’s observations

Q
Urgent need to expedite drilling of 46 gas wells to reduce dependency on expensive petroleum oil and LNG
imports.
Q
The fiscal pressure created by the skyrocketing import costs for petroleum oil and LNG require immediate
attention.
Q
The MoPEMR should try to reduce the import dependency and invest in sustainable domestic sources such as
natural gas exploration and renewable energy in the upcoming quarter.
Q
Allocating resources from the Annual Development Programme and national budget for exploring old and new
gas fields and wells can be a short to medium term solution.

42
3URIHVVRU.KRVUX0G6HOLP3URIHVVRURI'HSDUWPHQWRI(OHFWULFDODQG(OHFWURQLF(QJLQHHULQJ,QGHSHQGHQW8QLYHUVLW\GHOLYHULQJDOHFWXUHDWRQHRIWKHFODVVHVRIWKH/HFWXUH6HULHV

Lecture Series on
‘Clean Energy & Power: Moving Forward’
CPD, as part of its Power and Energy Study, initiated a series of eight biweekly lectures titled `Clean Energy and
Power: Moving Forward’. These lectures were designed to engage and foster a robust knowledge-sharing
ecosystem among young professionals and aspiring policymakers. The lecture series covered topics such as
energy fundamentals, clean energy technologies, energy transition, energy efficiency, and monitoring &
reporting. This endeavor represents CPD's dedicated commitment to advocacy and policy influence, aimed at
propelling a fair and equitable transition towards clean energy within the country.

43
 perspective and discusses the support, and a consultative process
necessary guidelines that the has been followed. But there are
government can adopt as still some preferential biases found
long-term plan. to be in the power demand
estimation method. The draft plan
Draft Integrated Energy and still has little room for renewable
Power Master Plan (IEPMP): Can It energy-based power generation
Address the Clean Energy which continues to promote fossil
Targets? fuel-based power generation
system and high-tech fossil fuels as
the major source of energy in the
coming decade. A rational demand
projection for power and attaining
the renewable energy target based
on the demand projection will be
accurate. An alternative scenario
called ‘40 per cent renewable
energy by 2041’ should be
Scopes for Early Retirement of
introduced in the IEPMP instead of
Coal-Based Power Plants: What promoting technology driven fossil
Strategies Can be Adopted? fuel-based (especially coal and
LNG-based) power generation.
It is evident that coal has been
detrimental to a sustainable future,
Identifying the Alternative
and the Bangladesh government
has decided to make a transition
Narrative of LNG Dominated
from coal to an alternative fuel
Energy-Mix for the Power Sector
source. However, the transition The Intregrated Energy and Power
pathway from coal to an alternative Master Plan (IEPMP) 2021 This study addresses the critical
is not without challenges. The early formulation process is found to be issue of Bangladesh’s pursuit of
retirement of coal-based power distinctive on several counts such as sustained and secure energy amidst
plants is an option that has been a comprehensive plan which its transition from an LDC after
researched at theoretical and accommodates energy and 2026 and become a middle-income
empirical levels. This study focuses power-related issues, a specialised nation by 2050. The country has
on the abandonment decision of a research organisation has been committed to different national and
coal plant from the economic involved to provide technical international platforms towards a
substantial shift to renewable

44
energy, aiming for 40 per cent of its for FY2023–24 followed a 'business Energy Transition for Addressing
energy mix to be renewable by as usual' approach, falling short of Energy Crisis in Bangladesh:
2041, yet it is increasingly relying on addressing significant challenges. Perception of Political Parties
expensive LNG-based power Consequently, expectations were
generation. The associated costs low regarding improvements in the
and impacts of this reliance on LNG, sector's health. The analysis
including economic, environmental, indicates a bleak outlook for the
and social aspects, have also been power and energy sector,
examined. foreseeing continued load
shedding, adversely affecting
households, businesses, and
commercial activities. The study
recommends a shift towards
emphasising domestic gas
exploration over LNG-based power
generation, advocating for
supportive fiscal measures to boost
investment in renewable energy,
and enhancing the institutional
capacity of SREDA.

The perception of Bangladesh's

power and energy sector varies
based on party ideologies, scientific
knowledge, experiences, public
demand, national mood, and
socio-economic conditions. While
acknowledging the urgency of an
The Power and Energy Sector in
energy transition, political parties
the National Budget FY2024: prioritise energy security. Fossil fuels
Addressing Operational and feature prominently in manifestos,
Non-operational Challenges overshadowing commitments to
renewable energy and infrastructure
The power and energy sector upgrades. Challenges include fossil
challenges necessitate special fuel dominance in public discourse,
attention in the National Budget unclear transition trajectories,
FY2023–24. However, the budget limited involvement of

45
 representatives and experts, and This study aims to provide insights consumption in Bangladesh,
political discord. This paper outlines into what civil society organisation exploring factors influencing
the recommendations that involve members and subject matter patterns and behaviours. From
creating a functional parliament, experts on Bangladesh’s power and debunking gender-centric
discontinuing discriminatory energy sector expect from the assumptions to unraveling the
policies, establishing a specialist election manifestos of the political impact of education and awareness,
committee for a renewable energy
roadmap, and fostering consensus. power and energy sector policies.
YSY]S^l;3ĻlN^@İ]
parties of Bangladesh regarding the the study navigates diverse facets.

Elected officials should pressure the The study employed appropriate Notably, it emphasises the need for
government, promote debates, and qualitative methods to identify nuanced policy interventions,
ensure sectoral policies pass in recurring themes, patterns, and considering income brackets,
parliament. Activist parties can nuances within the collected data. education, and regional variations.
mobilise public support for The study revealed that civil society The findings not only unravel
renewable energy through members envision a future marked existing energy dynamics but also
knowledge-sharing and advocacy. by sustainability, inclusivity, and pave the way for future initiatives
forward-looking energy policies. targeting sustainable energy
Citizen’s Manifesto on Energy The report provides a practices in the vibrant tapestry of
Transition comprehensive insight into the Bangladeshi households.
expectations and recommendations
of CSOs concerning Bangladesh's
power and energy sector,
emphasising sustainable
development and reduced reliance
on fossil fuels. The report serves as
a valuable guide for informed
decision-making and policy
formulation, shaping Bangladesh's
energy landscape towards resilience
and sustainability.

Factors Determining the

Households’ Power and Energy
Consumption Behaviour
The paper sheds light on the
intricacies of household energy

46
 RMG Sector

CPD has long prioritised issues concerning the RMG sector, a trend that continued in 2023 with the revival of
the 'Civil Society Monitoring on OSH' initiative, echoing efforts initiated after the Rana Plaza tragedy in 2014.
The initiative's primary goal was to independently monitor both public and private sector initiatives concerning
occupational safety and health. Studies conducted within this framework emphasised the urgent need for
enhanced workplace safety monitoring within the RMG industry. Furthermore, CPD conducted a study
highlighting the importance of revising the wage structure to ensure equitable compensation for RMG workers.
Additionally, another study aimed to evaluate Bangladesh's RMG enterprises' adherence to UNGPs, aiming to
pinpoint necessary policy and operational interventions for enhancing compliance with human and labour
rights standards.

47
 The wage structure of RMG workers should be
revised to establish a fair minimum wage
(From Left) Mr Tamim Ahmed, Senior Research Associate, CPD; Mr Sirajul Islam Rony, President, Bangladesh National Garments Employees League (BNGWEL); Dr Khondaker
Golam Moazzem, Research Director, CPD; Mr Faruque Hassan, President of Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BGMEA); Mr Liaquet Ali Molla,
Chairman, Minimum Wages Board; Mr Mohammad Hatem, Executive President, Bangladesh Knitwear Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BKMEA); Mr Md Siddiqur Rahman,
)RUPHU3UHVLGHQW%*0($$GYRFDWH0RQWX*KRVK3UHVLGHQW*DUPHQWV:RUNHUV·7UDGH8QLRQ&HQWUHDQG0V1X]KDW-DELQ3URJUDPPH0DQDJHU(FRQRPLF-XരLFH&KULരLDQ$LG
Bangladesh.

Amidst ongoing debates within the RMG sector throughout the year, the minimum wage for RMG workers has
been the central focus. Responding to this discourse, CPD conducted a thorough assessment of the minimum
wage situation for RMG workers in Bangladesh. The findings clearly emphasised the imperative for revising the
wage structure to ensure a fair minimum wage. As a result, CPD put forth a proposal suggesting a minimum
wage of BDT 17,568 for RMG workers.

Execution status of minimum wage 2018

Q
Along with proposing new minimum wages for the RMG industry regularly, it is also crucial to review to what
extent these wages are being implemented.
Q
The conducted survey on RMG factories found that 42.1 per cent of factories do not practice any grading
system.
Q
The low awareness of the workers regarding their grades and wages is perhaps attributed to the absence of
conduction of training/education sessions in factories.
Q
The tendency of late payment has increased a bit in 2023 vis a vis 2022, particularly among small-sized
surveyed factories.

48
 CPD researchers at the relaunching of the ‘Civil Society Monitoring on Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)’ initiative led by Dr Fahmida
Khatun, Executive Director, CPD.

Relaunch of ‘Civil Society Monitoring on

Occupational Safety and Health’
CPD relaunched the initiative ‘Civil Society Monitoring on Occupational Safety
and Health (OSH)’ in 2023, mirroring the efforts undertaken in 2014 after the
Rana Plaza incident. The initiative’s main objective was to undertake open,
critical, and independent civil society monitoring and reporting of the
functioning of Bangladesh’s public and private sector monitoring initiatives and
measures.

Under this initiative, the studies titled ‘Emerging Concerns of Occupational

Safety and Health of the RMG Industry: Role of Public and Private Monitoring
Agencies’ and ‘Maintaining Workplace Safety in RMG Factories during 2023 –
How Effectively is RSC Fulfilling Its Role’ were conducted. Based on the findings
of these studies, a media briefing was organised where it was emphasised that
monitoring of workplace safety in the RMG industry needed to be strengthened.

Expected intervention in the upcoming years

Q
Continue taking the initiative for implementing the National Plan of Action on Occupational Safety and Health.
Q
Consider tax cut on safety relative equipment to ensure higher accessibility.
Q
Monitoring agencies must be targeted to be made gender responsive.
Q
Consider full-fledge initiation of employment injury insurance scheme in the RMG industry.

49
 State of UNGPs
in the RMG
Sector of
Bangladesh
The United Nations Guiding Principles
(UNGPs) is the guiding international
document for states and enterprises to
comply with human rights in business
operations and, more broadly, to ensure
sustainable industrial development in a
country. It facilitates states to comply
with their obligations to respect, protect
and fulfil human rights; on the other
hand, it facilitates business enterprises to
comply with national laws and rules on
human rights. The study aims to examine
the level of adherence of the
export-oriented RMG enterprises of
Bangladesh to UNGPs with a view to
identifying the policy and operational
intervention required to improve the
compliance standard on human and
labour rights.

50
Tax Concerns
CPD is actively raising awareness
about tax issues in Bangladesh
through various channels and
initiatives. This includes conducting
studies and dialogues to assess the
impact of the digital economy on
taxation, advocating for property
tax collection to address low
tax-GDP ratios and income
inequality, and highlighting the
detrimental effects of tax evasion
through media briefings and
research reports. These efforts aim
to engage stakeholders,
policymakers, and the public in
advocating for policy reforms and
building a fairer and more
sustainable tax system in
Bangladesh.

51
 )URP /HIW  3URIHVVRU 0XരDÀ]XU 5DKPDQ 'LരLQJXLVKHG )HOORZ &3' 'U 7DQMLED 5DKPDQ &KDLUPDQ %DQJODGHVK )UHHODQFLQJ 'HYHORSPHQW 6RFLHW\ %)'6  0U 0RരDID $]DG
&KRZGKXU\%DEX6HQLRU9LFH3UHVLGHQW)HGHUDWLRQRI%DQJODGHVK&KDPEHUVRI&RPPHUFHDQG,QGXരU\ )%&&, 0U.D]L1DELO$KPHG030HPEHU3DUOLDPHQWDU\6WDQGLQJ
&RPPLWWHHRQ0LQLരU\RI)LQDQFHDQG0HPEHU3DUOLDPHQWDU\6WDQGLQJ&RPPLWWHHRQ0LQLരU\RI)RUHLJQ$૽DLUV'U)DKPLGD.KDWXQ([HFXWLYH'LUHFWRU&3'0U$KVDQ$GHOXU
5DKPDQ 03 0HPEHU 3DUOLDPHQWDU\ &RPPLWWHH RQ (രLPDWHV 'U 'HEDSUL\D %KDWWDFKDU\D 'LരLQJXLVKHG )HOORZ &3' 0U +DELEXOODK 1H\DPXO .DULP 'LUHFWRU %DQJODGHVK
Association of Software and Information Services (BASIS) and Mr Mohammad Sahab Uddin, Vice President, e-Commerce Association of Bangladesh (e-CAB).

Bangladesh’s Emerging Digital Economy and

the Need for Rational Taxation
Bangladesh's economy has been rapidly embracing digitalisation, with a surge in domestic digital platforms like
e-commerce. The country's digital ecosystem thrived in 2023, thanks to increased engagement in global digital
activities. Notably, the focus on digital resource mobilisation and taxation gained significance. While the digital
economy offered new taxation possibilities, it was crucial to carefully consider the trade-offs associated with this
sector and its developmental prospects. In this context, a study was conducted and a dialogue was organised,
which underscored that a large part of the digital economy still needed to be brought under the ambit of
National Income accounting, offering the potential source of revenue for the country. The study's findings and
recommendations were consolidated in a comprehensive research report.

Suggested Policy Initiatives

Q
Make tax incentive decisions in a transparent manner.
Q
Put in place Sunset Clause with respect to tax-exempted areas.
Q
Bring non-resident tech giants under income tax net.
Q
Take preparation for the possible lifting of the moratorium on e-transmission.
52
 )URP /HIW  'U $KVDQ +DELE 0DQVXU ([HFXWLYH 'LUHFWRU 3ROLF\ 5HVHDUFK ,QരLWXWH 35,  'U 'HEDSUL\D %KDWWDFKDU\D 'LരLQJXLVKHG )HOORZ &3' 0U 0DXUL]LR &LDQ +HDG RI
&RRSHUDWLRQ'HOHJDWLRQRIWKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQWR%DQJODGHVK0U6DLIX]]DPDQ&KRZGKXU\03+RQ·EOH0LQLരHU0LQLരU\RI/DQG*RYHUQPHQWRI%DQJODGHVK'U)DKPLGD.KDWXQ
([HFXWLYH'LUHFWRU&3'%DUULരHU6KDPHHP+DLGHU3DWZDU\030HPEHU3DUOLDPHQWDU\6WDQGLQJ&RPPLWWHHRQ0LQLരU\RI/DZ-XരLFHDQG3DUOLDPHQWDU\$૽DLUV'U0XKDPPDG
Abdul Mazid, Former Chairman, National Board of Revenue; Dr Nasiruddin Ahmed, the former Chairman of the National Board of Revenue (NBR) and Mr Snehasish Barua, FCA,
ACA (ICAEW), Partner, Snehasish Mahmud & Co.

Property Tax Collection is Must forr

Generating Revenue and Alleviatingg
Inequality
Bangladesh encountered a developmental challenge in 2023 with its
low tax-GDP ratio, which remained around 7-8 per cent throughout
the previous decade. The country heavily relied on indirect taxes, with
direct taxes stagnating at approximately 33 per cent over the past
five fiscal years, predominantly tied to income. The rapid
accumulation of wealth, outpacing income growth, contributed to
rising income inequality, emphasising the necessity to tax
wealth/property.

This approach could have played a crucial role in redistributing

resources to the most vulnerable and marginalised populations
through improved public service delivery. In light of this, CPD
organised a dialogue that emphasised that property tax collection
was necessary for generating revenue and alleviating inequality.

53
&3' UHVHDUFKHUV DW WKH PHGLD EULHÀQJ WLWOHG ¶7D[ WUDQVSDUHQF\ FDQ XOWLPDWHO\ FRQWULEXWH WR PLQLPLVLQJ ÀVFDO GHÀFLW DQG HQVXUH VXരDLQDEOH JURZWK RI WKH FRXQWU\· OHG E\ 'U
)DKPLGD.KDWXQ([HFXWLYH'LUHFWRU&3'

Public revenue could be substantially

increased if the Government takes Taking measures against tax evasion can
appropriate measures against tax
evasion and tax avoidance. The significantly raise public revenue
amount could be as low as BDT 55,800
crore to as high as BDT 292,500 crore.
Because of lack of tax transparency,
government is losing a huge amount
of taxes. Such a huge amount of tax
loss reduces the Government’s scope
to invest in the important social sector
related activities. In this context, a
media briefing was organised which
revealed that tax evasion broadens the
circle of poverty and erodes the
economy of developing countries. A
policy brief and a research report were
also prepared to delineate the findings
of this study.

54
Public Finance
Management in the
Primary Education
Sector
Based on the recent robust
development pace of Bangladesh in
socio-economic and other aspects, the
importance of good governance and
public participation in public finance
management has significantly
increased. A common belief is that
maintaining the speed and quality of
development would be impossible
without proper financial management.

The primary and mass education

programmes, at the local level, hold a
significant position as a priority sector
in terms of public expenditure. Against
this backdrop, CPD, with support from
the European Union, in partnership
with Eco-Social Development
Organization (ESDO) and in
collaboration with Citizen’s Platform for
SDGs, Bangladesh, undertook the
programme ‘Towards People-centric
Public Finance Management in
Bangladesh’.

55
 Nilphamari

Gaibandha Thakurgaon
&3'R૾FLDOVDQGGLരLQJXLVKHGJXHരVDWWKHVXEQDWLRQDOGLDORJXHVKHOGDWYDULRXVSODFHVDFURVV%DQJODGHVK

Social Audits on Public Finance Management in Primary Education

across Bangladesh
Under this programme, CPD conducted a social audit of the public finance management in primary schools
across Bangladesh's education landscape and proposed essential measures based on its findings. To ensure
broad participation and local engagement, CPD organised three subnational dialogues in Gaibandha,
Thakurgaon, and Nilphamari. These subnational dialogues were attended not only by community members,
educators, and stakeholders at the local level but also by high-level policymakers, providing an opportunity for
them to directly engage with the findings and contribute to the discussion on improving public finance
management in primary education policies and practices.

The social audit specifically highlighted disparities in different districts, such as Gaibandha, where both
enrollment and dropout rates exceeded the national average. Conversely, in Thakurgaon, the literacy rate
surpassed the national average by approximately 4 per cent, indicating positive progress. Similarly, in
Nilphamari, the primary school enrollment rate exceeded the national average, signifying encouraging
advancements.

56
 )URP/HIW 0U7RZÀTXO,VODP.KDQ6HQLRU5HVHDUFK)HOORZ&3'0V1DGLD5DVKLG3URJUDPPH0DQDJHU(GXFDWLRQDQG+XPDQ'HYHORSPHQW7HDP'HOHJDWLRQRIWKH(XURSHDQ
8QLRQ WR %DQJODGHVK 'U 0G 6KDKLG 8] =DPDQ )RXQGHU  ([HFXWLYH 'LUHFWRU (FR6RFLDO 'HYHORSPHQW 2UJDQL]DWLRQ (6'2  0V 6KLULQ $NKWHU 03 0HPEHU 3DUOLDPHQWDU\
6WDQGLQJ&RPPLWWHHRQ0LQLരU\RI3ULPDU\DQG0DVV(GXFDWLRQ'U'HEDSUL\D%KDWWDFKDU\D&RQYHQRU&LWL]HQ·V3ODWIRUPDQG'LരLQJXLVKHG)HOORZ&3'0U0G7D]XO,VODP03
+RQ·EOH 0LQLരHU 0LQLരU\ RI /RFDO *RYHUQPHQW 5XUDO 'HYHORSPHQW  &RRSHUDWLYHV *RYHUQPHQW RI %DQJODGHVK 'U )DKPLGD .KDWXQ ([HFXWLYH 'LUHFWRU RI &3' 0V -XUDWH
6PDOVN\WH 0HUYLOOH &RXQVHOORU 7HDP /HDGHU ² (GXFDWLRQ +XPDQ 'HYHORSPHQW  3XEOLF )LQDQFH 0DQDJHPHQW 'HOHJDWLRQ RI WKH (XURSHDQ 8QLRQ WR %DQJODGHVK 3URIHVVRU
0XരDÀ]XU5DKPDQ'LരLQJXLVKHG)HOORZ&3'DQG&RUH*URXS0HPEHU&LWL]HQ·V3ODWIRUP0U6DPLU5DQMDQ1DWK3URJUDPPH+HDG%5$&²,QരLWXWHRI(GXFDWLRQDO'HYHORSPHQW
,(' DQG0U6\HG5DVKHG$O=D\HG-RVK6HQLRU(FRQRPLര(GXFDWLRQ*OREDO3UDFWLFH7KH:RUOG%DQN%DQJODGHVK

Citizen participation and adequate funding are necessary to

enhance the local primary education system
The findings from the social audits and subnational dialogues took centre stage at a national conference,
drawing attention from a diverse audience of 350 attendees. Among them were 150 representatives from local
communities, alongside high-level policymakers and civil society organisations.

The need to increase the number of teachers in each school and provide subject-specific training to them was
emphasised at the conference. In many schools, especially at the primary level, the scarcity of teachers poses a
significant challenge, as it hinders the ability to conduct classes when a teacher is transferred, absent, or no
substitute is available. The student-teacher ratio remains high due to a shortage of teachers.

The urgency to introduce midday meal programmes has grown significantly, as they play a crucial role in
reducing the dropout rate among students coming from disadvantaged groups. Special attention should be
given to transportation in char areas, as it is a significant barrier preventing regular attendance of children
in schools.

Yet, the budget allocation for the Ministry of Primary and Mass Education decreased from 6.51 per cent of the
total budget in FY2016-17 to 4.56 per cent in FY2023-24. The percentage of total government expenditure
decreased from 6.38 per cent in 2016-17 to 4.53 per cent in 2021-22. The conference highlighted that citizen
participation and adequate funding are necessary to enhance the local primary education system

57
 Regional Cooperation
CPD actively promotes regional cooperation and integration
beyond the national borders. In addition to its involvement in
bilateral and multilateral initiatives, CPD collaborates with
various organisations and networks to facilitate seamless
integration among countries. By fostering partnerships and
facilitating knowledge exchange between Bangladesh and
other countries, CPD enhances trade and investment
prospects.

In 2023, the think tank, in collaboration with the Embassy of

Japan, organised a seminar focusing on strengthening the
Bangladesh-Japan relationship, particularly in trade and
investment. CPD's active participation in discussions
surrounding Bangladesh's transition from LDC status within
the WTO framework reflects its commitment to safeguarding
Bangladesh's interests and those of fellow graduating LDCs.

Furthermore, CPD conducted comprehensive studies to

identify opportunities for Bangladesh in key markets like
China, providing practical proposals and strategies to
capitalise on these opportunities and address trade
imbalances effectively. Through these efforts, CPD plays a
crucial role in fostering regional cooperation and maximising
economic opportunities for Bangladesh.

58
 )URP/HIW 0V$IULQ0DKEXE3URJUDPPH$VVRFLDWH&3'0U6\HG<XVXI6DDGDW5HVHDUFK)HOORZ&3''U)DKPLGD.KDWXQ([HFXWLYH'LUHFWRU&3'+LV([FHOOHQF\0U,ZDPD
.LPLQRULWKH$PEDVVDGRU([WUDRUGLQDU\DQG3OHQLSRWHQWLDU\RIWKH(PEDVV\RI-DSDQLQ%DQJODGHVK0U7DUHT5DÀ%KXL\DQ -XQ 0DQDJLQJ'LUHFWRURI1HZ9LVLRQ6ROXWLRQV/WG
'U0DVUXU5HD]&KDLUPDQDQG)RXQGHU3ROLF\([FKDQJH%DQJODGHVK0U<XML$QGR&RXQWU\5HSUHVHQWDWLYHRI-(752'KDNDDQG0U+LURNL+DUXWD)LUര6HFUHWDU\DQGWKH+HDG
RIWKH(FRQRPLF6HFWLRQRIWKH(PEDVV\RI-DSDQLQ%DQJODGHVK

Bangladesh’s partnership with Japan can be

strengthened through more trade and
investment
The Embassy of Japan in Bangladesh and CPD
co-organised a seminar on ‘Bangladesh-Japan
Relationship: Trade and Investment’ where Dr
Fahmida Khatun, the Executive Director of CPD,
delivered a lecture on the potential of
strengthening the bilateral relationship between
Bangladesh and Japan, especially regarding trade
and investment, and shared a summary of her
experiences during her visit to Japan in February
2023. The seminar also included a soft launch of
the forthcoming book to be published by Palgrave
Macmillan titled ‘Bangladesh-Japan Partnership:
The Next Development Journey’.

59
 &3'R૾FLDOVDWDWZRGD\H[SHUWJURXSPHHWLQJRQ²0DUFKLQ%DQJNRN7KDLODQG

Life after Life in Post-COVID-19 World: Exploring

the Policy Choices and Agenda for Global South
CPD, in partnership with the Open Society Foundation (OSF) kicked off the Inception phase of a three-part
global research project titled Life after Life in Post-COVID-19 World: Exploring the Policy Choices and Agenda
for Global South in January 2023.

In the backdrop of consequential changes taking place in the global landscape, the project recognises that the
compounding effects of these consecutive crises have the global labour market facing substantial uncertainty.
This is, especially so, for the medium to long term outlook for the future of work of youth, women and the
disadvantaged communities in the Global South.

In this connection, this project sets out to explore what the future of work would look like in the Global South in
the next decade. The research objectives include (a) collecting evidence and consolidating experience and
knowledge to develop contours of contrasting scenarios for decent work in the Global South by 2035, (b)
spelling out policy changes, in the short to medium term, required at the country-level, and (c) delineating the
specific role of different actors through consultations with said actors.

To this end, an ‘Integrated Foresight Approach’ involving the Delphi method, has been designed and
incorporated into the methodology of the project. Specifically, to identify key drivers of change through iterative
rounds of survey, build alternative scenarios for the future of work across six countries in the Global South, and
to identify contextualised policy interventions.

60
China continues to remain Bangladesh’s most Bangladesh is scheduled to graduate from the group
important bilateral trading partner. However, whilst of Least Developed Countries (LDCs) in November
in recent years imports from China have been 2026. This paper discusses the challenges faced by
rising at a fast pace, exports to China from Bangladesh as a graduating LDC in the context of
Bangladesh remains rather insignificant. The developments in the World Trade Organization
present study explores the underlying factors (WTO). It highlights three key concerns: the
driving Bangladesh’s growing bilateral trade deficit embedded structural weaknesses in the backdrop of
with China and comes up with concrete proposals which LDCs such as Bangladesh are graduating, the
to tap into the growing import market of China. negative impacts of graduation due to the loss of
The study investigates the feasibility of the LDC-specific support measures, and the need for
recently-mooted bilateral Free Trade Agreement initiatives to help these countries adjust to the new
with China. By deploying appropriate analytical economic environment and build the required
tools, the study critically examines the rationale for supply-side capacities.
such an agreement.

61
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+ULGR\5HVHDUFK$VVRFLDWH&3'0RKDPPDG$EX7D\HE7DNL5HVHDUFK$VVRFLDWH&3'DQG0V,VDEHOD0XPX5R]DULR3URJUDPPH$VVRFLDWH&3'

Capacity Building
Young Scholar Seminar Series (YSSS)
The Young Scholars' Seminar Series (YSSS) is a capacity building programme aimed at helping young
professionals improve their research, analytical, articulation, and presentation skills. The YSSS programme has
been in place at the CPD since 2006, and it includes in-house discussions where young researchers can present
their ongoing research and receive feedback from their peers. In 2023, two sessions were organised under the
YSSS programme.

On 10 August 2023, the first session of YSSS of 2022 was organised. Mr Mashfiq Ahasan Hridoy, Research
Associate, CPD, Ms Marium Binte Islam, Research Associate, CPD and Mr Mohammad Abu Tayeb Taki, Research
Associate, CPD, presented their research papers at the session. Dr Fahmida Khatun, Executive Director, CPD,
chaired the session.

The second session of YSSS was held on 30 November 2023. Ms Isabela Mumu Rozario, Programme Associate,
CPD, Mr Mahrab Al Rahman, Programme Associate, CPD and Mr Faisal Quaiyyum, Research Intern, CPD,
showcased their research papers at the session. Dr Fahmida Khatun, Executive Director, CPD, chaired the
session.

62
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0V6HOLQD+RVVDLQ&KDLUPDQ%DQJOD$FDGHP\DQG'U'HEDSUL\D%KDWWDFKDU\D&RQYHQRU&LWL]HQ·V3ODWIRUPDQG'LരLQJXLVKHG)HOORZ&3'

Building on the momentum gathered in 2022, the year 2023 was a year of agenda building for the Citizen’s
Platform in view of the country’s socio-economic and political transition. Throughout the year, the platform
pursued a wide range of activities aiming to promote inclusivity and ensure no one is left behind in the journey
towards the sustainable development of the nation.

The Citizen’s Agenda 2023 emerged from two years of groundwork, comprising 11 policy briefs addressing key
issues, crafted with input from 130 experts and guided by a 22-member Advisory Committee. These briefs were
disseminated through media briefings and will be published in Bangla and English.

The platform hosted a dialogue chaired by Professor Rehman Sobhan, introducing an advocacy document
reflecting marginalised perspectives on mainstream development.

63
 The Youth Conference 2023 engaged over 600 young individuals, discussing their role in Bangladesh’s future
through surveys and debates. A survey on policymaking perspectives involved over 5,000 youth, revealing
concerns about corruption and a desire for transparency.

The platform also organised dialogues on land management and held consultation meetings with various
stakeholders, consolidating strategic suggestions for its activities. It embarked on developing a learning
framework and producing documentaries to document its journey. A workshop titled ‘Youth for Development
Journalism’ empowered young journalists to report effectively on national issues.

Furthermore, the platform published an edited volume and working papers, shedding light on disadvantaged
groups’ struggles during the pandemic. It expanded its network by welcoming 10 new organisations as partners,
totaling 134. Digital presence surged with significant growth on YouTube, LinkedIn, and Facebook, reflecting an
expanding influence. Citizen’s Platform’s commitment to amplifying marginalised voices and fostering vigilance
remains unwavering amidst evolving national dynamics.

64
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Citizen’s Platform – A Year of Agenda Building

65
 Special
Mentions
Every year, CPD hosts a multitude of events and
releases several publications. Among these, certain
special mentions stand out for their unique and
varied contributions. These events and publications
are of particular significance to CPD's annual report,
as they make substantial strides in addressing critical
areas and showcasing CPD's multifaceted
involvement and impact across diverse sectors. From
honouring the intellectual contributions of
distinguished professors to examining pressing
issues like social safety nets, technology use in
manufacturing, and safety risks in industries, each
initiative underscores CPD's unwavering
commitment to advancing socioeconomic
development, promoting good governance, and
addressing pressing challenges not only within
Bangladesh but also on a broader scale. Through
rigorous research, insightful dialogues, and impactful
policy briefs, CPD continues to play a pivotal role in
driving positive change and contributing to the
betterment of the country.

66
 In our nation, there is a noticeable lack of
Critical discourse and literature regarding the
history of economic and political thought.
Thinking of Nevertheless, the younger generation
expressed a genuine interest in delving into
the debates and discussions that took place
Professor Rehman Sobhan decades ago. A profound link exists
between the ongoing discussions and those
that transpired in the past.

Professor Rehman Sobhan’s profound

insights into economic and political matters
have played a pivotal role in shaping
ongoing discussions. His extensive writings
on these subjects establish him as a key
intellectual figure. Therefore, engaging in a
direct conversation with him regarding the
evolution of Bangladesh’s politics and
economy, as well as the institutionalisation
of public reasoning, promised to be an
exceptionally enlightening experience.

In this context, the CPD organised an

in-house discussion titled ‘Political Thinking
of Rehman Sobhan’ on 3 January, 2023 at
the CPD premises. The discussion revolved
around three key themes: Professor
Rehman Sobhan’s political thinking, the
concept of justice as portrayed in his
writings, and the institutionalisation of
public reasoning within the scope of
Rehman Sobhan’s work.

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67
 )URP /HIW  'U )DKPLGD .KDWXQ ([HFXWLYH 'LUHFWRU &3' 'U 0 $VDGX]]DPDQ )RUPHU 5HVHDUFK 'LUHFWRU %DQJODGHVK ,QരLWXWH RI 'HYHORSPHQW 6WXGLHV %,'6  'U 0RKDPPHG
)DUDVKXGGLQ)RUPHU*RYHUQRU%DQJODGHVK%DQNDQG&KDLUSHUVRQ%RDUGRI7UXരHHVDQG$GYLVRUDQG&RRUGLQDWRU'HSDUWPHQWRI(FRQRPLFV(Dര:Hര8QLYHUVLW\'U'HEDSUL\D
%KDWWDFKDU\D'LരLQJXLVKHG)HOORZ&3''U$%0LU]D$]L]XO,VODP)RUPHU$GYLVRUWRWKH&DUHWDNHU*RYHUQPHQWDQG3URIHVVRU%5$&8QLYHUVLW\'U4XD]L6KDKDEXGGLQ)RUPHU
'LUHFWRU*HQHUDO%DQJODGHVK,QരLWXWHRI'HYHORSPHQW6WXGLHV %,'6 DQG3URIHVVRU0XരDÀ]XU5DKPDQ'LരLQJXLVKHG)HOORZ&3'

Thoughts of Professor Nurul Islam and Contemporary

Bangladesh Economy
Professor Nurul Islam was an eminent economist, a fervent patriot and the first Deputy
Chairman of Bangladesh Planning Commission. He was one of the key figures in the
struggle for the country’s independence.

The economist passed away on 8 May 2023. His most

monumental contribution
contrib lay in shaping the economic
rationale for the co
country’s liberation and his active
participation in the independence movement. Professor Islam
was a close aide to Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
and made a significant
signi contribution to the Six-Points
Programme, which
wh paved the way for independence.

To pay tribute
tribut to his extraordinary heritage and uphold
his ideas, CPD
CP organised a discussion session titled
‘Thoughts ofo Professor Nurul Islam and Contemporary
Bangladesh Economy’ on Monday, 19 June 2023 at
the CPD premises.
pre

68
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&KDLUPDQ&3''U'HEDSUL\D%KDWWDFKDU\D'LരLQJXLVKHG)HOORZ&3'DQG'U1D]UXO,VODP)RUPHU&KLHIRI'HYHORSPHQW5HVHDUFKDW
81'(6$DQG)RXQGHURIWKH%DQJODGHVK(QYLURQPHQW1HWZRUN %(1 

Our Debt to the Four Professors

The independence of Bangladesh was achieved through the effort and sacrifice of people from all walks of life.
Intellectuals played an important role in this struggle. Among the economists, four professors stood out for their
distinguished roles. They were Professor Nurul Islam, Professor Mosharaff Hossain, Professor Md Anisur Rahman,
and Professor Rehman Sobhan.

In order to inspire and encourage future generations to take up public roles similar to those played by these
economists, Dr. Nazrul Islam, Former Chief of Development Research at UN DESA and Founder of the
Bangladesh Environment Network (BEN), authored a paper titled ‘Our Debt to the Four Professors: Nurul Islam,
Mosharaff Hossain, Md. Anisur Rahman, Rehman Sobhan’.

The paper aimed to pay a tribute to the four professors by recounting their contributions in a comparative
framework and revisiting the autonomy movement, the Liberation War, and the early years of nation-building to
have a clearer understanding of the related events and issues.

In this context, the CPD organised an in-house discussion on Tuesday, 24 January 2023.

69
 Resources to be Generated through Stopping Leakages and Additional
Finances to Cover Eligible Non-beneficiaries under the Social Safety
Net Programmes
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5HVHDUFK'LUHFWRURI&3'0U$606KDPLP$ODP6KLEO\5HVHDUFK$VVRFLDWH&3'0U5DVKHG.KDQ0HQRQ03&KDLUPDQ0V$URPD'XWWD030HPEHU6WDQGLQJ&RPPLWWHHRQ
0LQLരU\RI6RFLDO:HOIDUH%DQJODGHVK3DUOLDPHQW0V5DVKHGD.&KRXGKXU\)RUPHU$GYLVRUWRWKH&DUHWDNHU*RYHUQPHQWDQG([HFXWLYH'LUHFWRU&$03('U0G0RNWDU+RVVDLQ
'LUHFWRU6RFLDO6HFXULW\'HSDUWPHQWRI6RFLDO6HUYLFHV*RYHUQPHQWRI%DQJODGHVK'U%D]OXO+DTXH.KRQGNHU3URIHVVRU'HSDUWPHQWRI(FRQRPLFV8QLYHUVLW\RI'KDNDDQG'U
0RKDPPDG$EX(XVXI3URIHVVRU'HSDUWPHQWRI'HYHORSPHQW6WXGLHV8QLYHUVLW\RI'KDND

An additional BDT 4300 crores is needed to cover the eligible non-beneficiaries of three targeted social safety net
programmes which include old age and widow allowance, and primary student stipend. The amount of BDT 1500
crores can be utilised from the current fund allocation if spending on non-eligible beneficiaries is discontinued.

These are some of the findings that emerged from the study titled ‘Estimating Gap of the Social Safety Net
Programmes in Bangladesh: How Much Additional Resources Required for Comprehensive Social Inclusion?’. This
study was based on findings of a primary survey, Focus Group Discussions and Key Informant Interviews. These
findings were underscored at a CPD dialogue. Additionally, a policy brief and a research report were also prepared
to provide policy recommendations and highlight key findings.

Key Findings

Q
It has been suggested to disburse necessary funds for having boats and manpower to operate those in the
school premises, especially in the char areas.
Q
Teachers in char and hilly areas should be compensated with additional housing and transportation allowance.
Q
Manpower should be increased in Barisal, Chapainawabganj and Rajshahi region.
Q
The beneficiaries should have a phone and a sim card of their own to avoid the leakage.

70
Some
Noteworthy
publications

71
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.KDWXQ([HFXWLYH'LUHFWRU&3'0U1XUXO0DMLG0DKPXG+XPD\XQ03+RQ·EOH0LQLരHU0LQLരU\RI,QGXരULHV*RYHUQPHQWRI%DQJODGHVKDQG0U6\HG$OPDV.DELU3UHVLGHQW
RIWKH%DQJODGHVK0DOD\VLD&KDPEHURI&RPPHUFH ,QGXരU\

Technology use in manufacturing needs to be increased in view of upcoming LDC graduation

In FY2021-22, the manufacturing sector in Bangladesh accounted for 24.29 per cent of the GDP, highlighting its
importance in the country’s economy. Despite its continued significance to GDP growth, the sector faces
challenges like heavy reliance on labour, limited connectivity, and inadequate IT infrastructure, further
compounded by shifting global trade patterns. Moreover, while the sector predominantly focuses on low-tech
products, its declining contribution to total employment underscores the need for efforts to enhance production
capacity and foster job creation.

These were some of the findings of the study titled ‘Technology Use in the Manufacturing Industries of
Bangladesh’ which was an exploratory analysis conducted by the CPD. Based on this study, a dialogue was
organised which emphasised that technology use in manufacturing needs to be increased in view of upcoming
LDC graduation. A policy brief and a research report were also prepared in this context.

Proposed Measures

Q
Developing technical infrastructure, ensuring high speed internet access at affordable prices, and providing
consistent electricity supply.
Q
Decreasing barriers to doing business and adopting technology, such as legal regulations, bureaucratic
red-tape, bribery and corruption.
Q
Shifting business mindset and policy from competing on low wages to competing on productivity through
technological innovation.
Q
Upscaling research facilities of universities for more manufacturing technology related innovations.

72
&3'UHVHDUFKHUVDWPHGLDEULHÀQJWLWOHG¶%DQJODGHVK%XVLQHVV(QYLURQPHQW)LQGLQJVIURP(QWUHSUHQHXUV·3HUFHSWLRQ6XUYH\·OHGE\'U)DKPLGD.KDWXQ([HFXWLYH'LUHFWRU&3'

Businessmen are Not Satisfied

with the Domestic Business
Environment
Bangladesh’s business environment did
not show progress during 2021–2022 —
either it was stagnated, or it deteriorated
compared to the previous year.
Corruption remained the most
problematic factor for doing business in
the country, as it did in earlier years.
Businesses faced troubles from multiple
other factors including poor
infrastructure, limited access to financing,
and ineffective bureaucracy.

These observations emerged at a media

briefing on ‘Bangladesh Business
Environment 2022: Findings from
Entrepreneurs’ Perception Survey’. The
media briefing highlighted that the
businessmen were not satisfied with the
domestic business environment.

5
73
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+DLGHU3DWZDU\030HPEHU3DUOLDPHQWDU\6WDQGLQJ&RPPLWWHHRQ0LQLരU\RI/DZ-XരLFHDQG3DUOLDPHQWDU\$૽DLUV%DQJODGHVK3DUOLDPHQW0U5DQD0RKDPPDG6RKDLO03
0HPEHU3DUOLDPHQWDU\6WDQGLQJ&RPPLWWHHRQ0LQLരU\RI)LQDQFH0U0XരDID/XWIXOODK030HPEHU3DUOLDPHQWDU\6WDQGLQJ&RPPLWWHHRQ3XEOLF$FFRXQWV0U7DQYLU6KDNLO
-R\03DPHPEHURIWKH3DUOLDPHQWDU\6WDQGLQJ&RPPLWWHHRQWKH0R()&&0U3LU)D]OXU5DKPDQ030HPEHU3DUOLDPHQWDU\6WDQGLQJ&RPPLWWHHRQ0LQLരU\RI+RPH$૽DLUV
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3)0DQG6RFLDO3URWHFWLRQ(8'HOHJDWLRQWR%DQJODGHVK
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3DUOLDPHQW0U5DVKHG.KDQ0HQRQ03&KDLUPDQ6WDQGLQJ&RPPLWWHHRQ0LQLരU\RI6RFLDO:HOIDUH%DQJODGHVK3DUOLDPHQW%DUULരHU$QLVXO,VODP0DKPXG03+RQ·EOH'HSXW\
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6WDQGLQJ&RPPLWWHHRQ0LQLരU\RI,QIRUPDWLRQDQG%URDGFDരLQJ0HPEHU6WDQGLQJ&RPPLWWHHRQ5XOHVRI3URFHGXUH5HV

Role of the MPs in the Budgetary Process has to be Strengthened

CPD organised a brainstorming meeting with the MPs of Bangladesh Parliament focussing on the ‘Role of Members of
Parliament in Public Financial Management’. The meeting was held in a retreat made on 20 March 2023, in Cox’s Bazar.
This event was held under a CPD project titled, ‘Towards a People Centric Public Financial Management’, implemented
with support of the European Union.

The meeting sought to identify challenges faced by the MPs, in discharging their role to ensure effective public financial
management. Moreover, it teased out challenges the MPs face in performing their duties in relevant Parliamentary
Standing Committees. The participants in this workshop included 11 honourable MPs from all parties represented in the
Bangladesh Parliament, several of whom were chairpersons of Parliamentary Standing Committees.

Previously, a similar meeting titled ‘Meeting on PFM in the Run-up to the National Budget’ was organised on 11 May,
2023. There, the MPs, participants from EU and CPD officials discussed about the various issues related to the budget-
ary process.

74
 Safety Risks in the Plastic Sector
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DQG,QGXരU\ 6&&, DQG)RUPHU3UHVLGHQWRIWKH)HGHUDWLRQRI%DQJODGHVK&KDPEHUVRI&RPPHUFHDQG,QGXരU\ )%&&, 0U7XRPR3RXWLDLQHQ&RXQWU\'LUHFWRURI,/2%DQJODGHVK
0U0DWLXU5DKDPDQ-RLQW,QVSHFWRU*HQHUDODW',)(0LQLരU\RI/DERXUDQG(PSOR\PHQWDQG0U.0,TEDO+RVVDLQ6HQLRU9LFH3UHVLGHQW%3*0($

Despite being one of the major non-RMG industries with around 5,000 manufacturing units, safety concerns
persist in the plastic sector of Bangladesh. Many factories, especially smaller ones, lack open roof access,
firefighting drills, and safety tests of machines and electrical facilities, posing risks during emergencies. Structural
safety concerns persist in these factories, with over 60 per cent neglecting crucial safety tests and training.
Mishandling of hazardous substances is another hazard that persists in plastic enterprises, as 42 per cent of
factories lack proper training in chemical handling.

Against this backdrop, CPD conducted a study titled ‘Industrial safety and worker-related issues of plastic sector:
Monitoring transparency, accountability, and efficiency of public actions’. Under this study, a dialogue was
organised which recommended that the occupational safety and health practices should be strengthened to
tackle the hidden safety risks in the budding plastic sector. A policy brief and two research reports were also
prepared to provide a comprehensive assessment of the safety issues in the plastic sector.

Recommendations

Q
The plastic sector should be developed as a fully compliant export-oriented sector for Europe and North
America.
Q
The sector should design a 5-10 year strategic plan for sustainable plastic sector of enterprises, workers,
markets keeping the global standards in mind.
Q
The Government should immediately approve the proposal for relocation about 1200 factories currently in the
residential areas and multi-stories buildings mainly in old Dhaka.

75
 Fina
Financing for Women’s
Emp
Empowerment in the
Con
Context of Post-COVID
Recovery and LDC
Rec
Gra
Graduation of Bangladesh
This re
research investigates the gendered impacts
of rece
recent emerging issues, particularly the LDC
graduation, the COVID-19 pandemic, and
gradu
geopolitical challenges, on women in
geopo
Bangladesh. The evidence reveals a
Bangla
disproportionate toll, including increased
dispro
unpaid care responsibilities, rising gender-based
violence, unequal access to essential services,
violen
and diminished
di economic opportunities for
women. Amid economic shocks and impending
wome
graduation from LDC status, the study
gradu
empha
emphasises the urgent integration of
gender-related SDGs into recovery efforts.
gende

76
CPD Social Events
CPD consistently fosters a spirit of celebration during special occasions throughout the year. In 2023, the think
tank continued this tradition by hosting a series of in-house events to commemorate significant days on the
calendar, creating a sense of unity within the CPD family in a warm and welcoming atmosphere.

As part of these celebrations, CPD organised a day out for colleagues, providing an opportunity for team
members to engage in sports and cultural activities. Additionally, CPD took the time to celebrate Women’s Day,
acknowledging and appreciating the contributions of women within the organisation. Furthermore, collective
birthday celebrations for CPD employees added to the festive atmosphere, creating memorable moments for all.
The year concluded with a lively New Year's celebration, as CPD colleagues welcomed the arrival of 2024.

77
78
Governance and Internal Management
Board of Trustees (BoT)
The highest body in CPD’s governance structure is the Board of Trustees (BoT).
The Board, with the support of an Executive Committee (comprising BoT’s
Member Secretary and the Treasurer), is entasked to provide the overall
guidance to the activities of CPD.

Chair of the Board

Professor Rehman Sobhan
Chairman, CPD

Ms Khushi Kabir Dr Shahdeen Malik

Coordinator, Nijera Kori Advocate, Supreme Court of
Bangladesh
Nobel Laureate Muhammad Yunus
Chairman, Yunus Centre Dr Syed Manzoorul Islam
Former Professor, Department of
Mr M Syeduzzaman English, University of Dhaka
Former Finance Minister
Ms Parveen Mahmud FCA
Mr Syed Manzur Elahi Former Managing Director,
Chairman, Apex Group and Grameen Telecom Trust and
Treasurer, CPD-BoT Former President, ICAB and
Director, DSE
Advocate Sultana Kamal
Former Advisor to the Caretaker Professor Mustafizur Rahman
Government of Bangladesh Distinguished Fellow, CPD

Dr Debapriya Bhattacharya Professor Rounaq Jahan

Distinguished Fellow, CPD Distinguished Fellow, CPD

Ms Rasheda K Choudhury Dr Fahmida Khatun

Former Advisor to the Caretaker Executive Director, CPD and
Government of Bangladesh and Member-Secretary, CPD-BoT
Executive Director, CAMPE

79
 Management
and
Implementation
Committee (MIC) Dr Fahmida Khatun
Executive Director
Dr Khondaker Golam Moazzem
Research Director
M Shafiqul Islam
Director
Administration & Finance

The MIC is mandated with the task

of overall supervision, monitoring
and decision-making of the
day-to-day work and administrative
issues of CPD. A total of 21 MIC
meetings were held in 2023.

Towfiqul Islam Khan Uttam Kumar Paul Avra Bhattacharjee

Senior Research Fellow Joint Director Joint Director
Finance & Admin Dialogue and Outreach

Research Management Committee (RMC)

RMC is the committee that takes account of the progress in research works, designs and implements
strategic coordination among various research programmes/activisms, and discusses research proposals of
the CPD. RMC is chaired by the Research Director of CPD, and participated by all mid to senior-level
researchers. In 2023, one RMC meeting was organised. RMC sits at least once every three months in the
usual case.

Review, Coordination and Planning (ReCAP)

The ReCAP is the discussion platform of all CPD staff on issues pertaining to any institutional activity and/or
matter. In 2023, two ReCAP meetings were held.

80
CPD’s Policy Activism in 2023

29 Completed
research

20 Ongoing
research

105
Events 61
Publications

81
 6,192
Press coverage
29
Newspaper
602 interviews
Tv. Media
Coverage

8,315
CPD’S E-alert subscribers

OUTREACH
765,031 IN 2023
Website visits

63,400
YouTube views

40
Op-eds

67,267 16,380
Linkedin followers
Facebook followers

82
FINANCIAL AFFAIRS

83
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 cpd.org.bd

cpd.org.bd

cpdbangladesh

cpd_bangladesh

CPDBangladesh

House 40/C, Road 11 (new), Dhanmondi

Dhaka-1209, Bangladesh
Telephone: +(88 02) 55001185, 55001990,
58156983; Fax: (+88 02) 55001181
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.cpd.org.bd

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