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Slides Algo Select Ralgorithm Typed

The document discusses the Randomized Selection algorithm (RSelect) for finding the ith order statistic in an array of distinct numbers. It outlines the algorithm's steps, properties, and running time, emphasizing that the average running time is O(n) when pivots are chosen randomly. Additionally, it highlights the importance of selecting a good pivot for optimal performance.

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Luz E Jiménez
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3 views11 pages

Slides Algo Select Ralgorithm Typed

The document discusses the Randomized Selection algorithm (RSelect) for finding the ith order statistic in an array of distinct numbers. It outlines the algorithm's steps, properties, and running time, emphasizing that the average running time is O(n) when pivots are chosen randomly. Additionally, it highlights the importance of selecting a good pivot for optimal performance.

Uploaded by

Luz E Jiménez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Linear-­‐Time

 
Selec.on  
Randomized  
Selec.on  (Algorithm)  
Design  and  Analysis  
of  Algorithms  I  
Prerequisites  
Watch  this  aBer:  
• QuickSort  -­‐  Par..oning  around  a  pivot  
• QuickSort  –  Choosing  a  good  pivot  
• Probability  Review,  Part  I  

Tim  Roughgarden  
The  Problem  
For  simplicity  
Input  :  array  A  with  n  dis.nct  numbers  and  a  number  

Output  :  ith  order  sta.s.c      (i.e.,  ith    smallest  element  of  input  array)  

Example  :  median.   3rd  order  sta.s.c  


           (  i  =  (n+1)/2    for  n  odd,  
               i  =  n/2  for  n  even  )  

Tim  Roughgarden  
Reduc.on  to  Sor.ng  
O(nlog(n))  algorithm  

1) Apply  MergeSort  2)    return  ith  element  of  sorted  array  

Fact  :  can’t  sort  any  faster  [  see  op.onal  video  ]  

Next  :  O(n)  .me  (randomized)  by  modifying  Quick  Sort.  

Op.onal  Video  :  O(n)  .me  determinis.c  algorithm.  


-­‐-­‐  pivot  =  “median  of  medians”    (warning  :  not  prac.cal  )  
Tim  Roughgarden  
Par..oning  Around  a  Pivot  
Key  Idea  :  par..on  array  around  a  pivot  element.  
-­‐Pick  element  of  array  
pivot  
-­‐Rearrange  array  so  that  
-­‐LeB  of  pivot  =>  less  than  pivot  
-­‐Right  of  pivot  =>  greater  than  pivot   >  pivot  
<  pivot  

Note  :  puts  pivot  in  its  “righbul  posi.on”.  


Tim  Roughgarden  
Tem
ver
Suppose  we  are  looking  for  the  5th  order  sta.s.c  in  an  input  array  
of  length  10.    We  par..on  the  array,  and  the  pivot  winds  up  in  the  
third  posi.on  of  the  par..oned  array.    On  which  side  of  the  pivot  
do  we  recurse,  and  what  order  sta.s.c  should  we  look  for?  

The  3rd  order  sta.s.c  on  the  leB  side  of  the  pivot.  
The  2nd  order  sta.s.c  on  the  right  side  of  the  pivot.  

The  5th  order  sta.s.c  on  the  right  side  of  the  pivot.  
Randomized  Selec.on  
Rselect  (array  A,  length  n,  order  sta.s.c  i)  

0)        if  n  =  1      return  A[1]  


1) Choose  pivot  p  from  A  uniformly  
1st  part   2nd  part      
 at  random   jth  
posi.on  
2) Par..on  A  around  p    
let  j  =  new  index  of  p  
3) If  j  =  i,    return  p  
4) If  j  >  i,    return  Rselect(1st  part  of  A,  j-­‐1,  i)  
5) [if  j<i]    return  Rselect  (2nd  part  of  A,  n-­‐j,  i-­‐j)    
Tim  Roughgarden  
Proper.es  of  RSelect  
Claim  :  Rselect  is  correct  (guaranteed  to  output  ith  order  sta.s.c)  

Proof  :  by  induc.on.  [like  in  op.onal  QuickSort  video]  

Running  Time  ?    :  depends  on  “quality”  of  the  chosen  pivots.  

Tim  Roughgarden  
Tem
ver

What  is  the  running  .me  of  the  RSelect  algorithm  if  pivots  are  
always  chosen  in  the  worst  possible  way?  

Example  :  

-­‐-­‐    suppose  i  =  n/2  


-­‐-­‐    suppose  choose  pivot  =  minimum  
every  .me  
=>                          .me  in  each  of                        recursive  
calls  
Running  Time  of  RSelect?  
Running  Time  ?  :  depends  on  which  pivots  get  chosen.  
             (could  be  as  bad  as                        )  

Key  :  find  pivot  giving  “balanced”  split.  

Best  pivot:  the  median  !    (but  this  is  circular)  

⇒Would  get  recurrence    


⇒  T(n)  =  O(n)        [  case  2  of  Master  Method  ]  
Hope  :  random  pivot  is  “premy  good”  “oBen  enough”  
Tim  Roughgarden  
Running  Time  of  RSelect  
Rselect  Theorem  :    for  every  input  array  of  length  n,  the  average  
running  .me  of  Rselect  is  O(n)  

-­‐-­‐    holds  for  every  input  [no  assump.ons  on  data]  

-­‐-­‐  “average”  is  over  random  pivot  choices  made  by  the  algorithm  

Tim  Roughgarden  

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