Quadrilaterals

Fastrack Revision

ˆ Quadrilateral: A closed gure formed by four line segments (with no three

points collinear). In quadrilateral PQRS; PQQR, RS and SP are sides;
∠P, ∠Q, ∠R and ∠S are the four angles; PR and QS are diagonals; Pairs
( PQ, QR ), (QR, RS), (RS, SP)

and
( SP, PQ ) are adjacent sides; Pairs ( ∠Q∠S ) and ( ∠P, ∠R ) are of op-
posite angles.
The sum of the four angles of a quadrilateral is 360◦ .
ˆ Parallelogram: A quadrilateral in which both opposite pairs of sides are
parallel, is said to be parallelogram. In gure, ABCD is a parallelogram
with AB∥CD and BC∥AD.

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- Properties of a Parallelogram

(i) Opposite sides are equal and parallel.

(ii) Opposite angles are equal.
(iii) Diagonals bisect each other.
(iv) Diagonals divided it into two congruent triangles.
(v) The sum of the adjacent angles of a parallelogram is 180◦ .
(vi) If a pair of opposite sides is parallel and equal then it is a parallelogram.
ˆ Mid-point Theorem: The line segment joining the mid-points of any two
sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side and is equal to half of it.
Converse of Mid-point Theorem: The line drawn through the mid-point
of one side of a triangle, parallel to another side bisects the third side.

Knowledge BCASTER

1. A trapezium is not a parallelogram (as only one pair of opposite sides

is parallel in a trapezium and we require both pairs to be parallel in a
parallelogram).
2. The gure formed by joining the mid-points of the adjacent sides of a
quadrilateral (or rhombus/ square) is a parallelogram (or rectangle/square).

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Multiple Choice Questions

Q 1. The consecutive angles of a parallelogram are:

a. complementary
b. supplementary
c. equal
d. None of the above
Q 2. If in a parallelogram its diagonals bisect each other and are equal, then
it is a:
a. square
b. rectangle
c. rhombus
d. parallelogram
Q 3. The gure formed by joining the mid-points of the adjacent sides of a
rhombus is a:
a. rhombus
b. square
c. rectangle
d. parallelogram

Practice Exercise

4. Which of the following is not true for a parallelogram?

a. Diagonals bisect each other
b. Opposite sides are equal
c. Opposite angles are equal
d. Opposite angles are bisected by the diagonals
Q 5. If one angle of a parallelogram is 24 less than twice the smallest
angle, then the largest angle of the parallelogram is:
a. 68◦

3
 b. 102◦
c. 112◦
d. 136◦
Q 6. If ABCD is a parallelogram with two adjacent angles ∠A = ∠B, then
the parallelogram is a:
a. rectangle
b. rhombus
c. trapezium
d. kite
Q7. In the given gure, ABCD is a parallelogram in which ∠BDC = 40◦
and ∠BAD = 55◦ , then ∠CBD is equal to:

a. 80◦
b. 70◦
c. 90◦
d. 85◦
Q 8. In the given gure AB∥CD, then measure ∠C is:

4
a. 120◦
b. 110◦
c. 115◦
d. 118◦
Q 9. If ABCD is a parallelogram in which ∠ADC = 65◦ and AB is produced
to point M as shown in the gure. Then, a + b is:

5
a. 235◦
b. 230◦
c. 225◦
d. 0◦
Q 10. Diagonals of quadrilateral ABCD bisect each other. If ∠A = 45◦ ,
then the value of ∠B is:
a. 90◦
b. 45◦
c. 135◦
d. 120◦
Q 11. If angles A, B, C and D of a quadrilateral ABCD, taken in order are
in the ratio 3 : 7 : 6 : 4, then ABCD is a:
a. rhombus
b. parallelogram
c. trapezium
d. kite
Q 12. The diagonals AC and BD of a parallelogram ABCD intersect each
other at the point O . If ∠ACB = 32◦ and ∠AOB = 70◦ , then ∠DBC is equal
to:
a. 24◦
b. 86◦
c. 38◦
d. 32◦
Q 13. In the given gure, ABCD is a parallelogram, the values of x and y are:

6
a. 30◦ , 75◦
b. 32◦ , 78◦
c. 36◦ , 74◦
d. 35◦ , 70◦
Q 14. In △ABC, AB = 6 cm, BC = 9 cm and AC = 8 cm. If D and E are
respectively the mid-point of AB and BC , then the length of DE is:
a. 4 cm
b. 6 cm
c. 5 cm
d. 4.5 cm

Assertion & Reason Type Questions

Directions (Q.Nos. 15-18): In the following questions, a statement of Assertion

(A) is followed by a statement of a Reason (R). Choose the correct option:
a. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).
b. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).
c. Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false.
d. Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true.
Q15. Assertion (A): The opposite angles of a parallelogram are (2x − 2)◦

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and (52 − x)◦ . The measure of one of the angle is 34◦ .
Reason (R): Opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal.
Q16. Assertion (A): In △ABC, median AD is produced to E , such that
AD = DE. Then, ABEC is a parallelogram.
Reason (R): Diagonals AE and BC bisect each other at right angles.
Q 17. Assertion (A): Diagonals AC and BD of a parallelogram ABCD intersect
each other at point O . If ∠BCA = 35◦ and ∠AOB = 65◦ , then ∠DBC = 30◦ .
Reason (R): The adjacent angles of a parallelogram is supplementary.
Q 18. Assertion (A): ABCD and PQRC are rectangles and Q is a mid point of
AC . Then DP = P C .
Reason (R): The line segment joining the mid-point of any two sides of a trian-
gle is parallel to the third side

and equal to half of it.

Fill in the Blanks Type Questions

Q 19. The angles of a parallelogram are equal.

Q 20. The diagonals of a rectangle are and
each other.
Q 21. The quadrilateral formed by joining the mid-points of the consecutive
sides of a square is a .
Q 22. The line segment joining the mid-points of the two sides of the triangle

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is to the third side.

True/False Type Questions

Q 23. All the angles of the quadrilateral are obtuse.

Q 24. Out of four points A, B, C, D in plane, three of them are collinear.
Then, a quadrilateral can be formed from these points.

Solutions

1. (b) supplementary
2. (b) rectangle
3. (c) rectangle
4. (d) opposite angles are bisected by the diagonals
5. (c) Let θ be the smallest angle of a parallelogram, then the other larger
angle will be 2θ − 24◦ .
Opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal.
The sum of all angles of a parallelogram is 360◦ .
∴ θ + 2θ − 24◦ + θ + 2θ − 24◦ = 360◦
⇒ 6θ − 48◦ = 360◦
◦
◦
⇒ θ = 408
6 = 68

∴ The largest angle is 2θ − 24◦

= 2 × 68◦ − 24◦
= 136◦ − 24◦ = 112◦

6. (a) Given, ABCD is a parallelogram.

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 Therefore ∠A + ∠B = 180◦
[Sum of adjacent angles of a parallelogram is 180◦ ]
⇒∠A + ∠A = 180◦ [∵ ∠A = ∠B given ]
⇒∠A = 90◦
⇒∠B = 90◦
Hence, ABCD is a rectangle.
7. (d) Given, ∠BDC = 40◦

TiP

Opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal

Here, ∠BCD = ∠BAD = 55◦
In △BCD, use angle sum property of a riangle,
∠BDC + ∠BCD + ∠CBD = 180◦
⇒ 40◦ + 55◦ + ∠CBD = 180◦
⇒ ∠CBD = 85◦

8. (b) Given AB∥CD, therefore the sum of two adjacent angles is 180◦ .

⇒ ∠B + ∠C = 180◦
⇒ 70◦ + ∠C = 180◦
⇒ ∠C = 110◦

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 9. (b) Given ABCD is a parallelogram, therefore sum of adjacent angles is
180◦ .

∠D + ∠C = 180◦
i.e. 65◦ + a = 180◦
⇒ a = 115◦
And opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal
∴ ∠B = ∠D
∠B = 65◦
∴ ∠CBM = 180◦ − ∠B
= 180◦ − 65◦ = 115◦
∴ a + b = 115◦ + 115◦ = 230◦
10. (c) Given, diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other, so it is a parallel-
ogram.

Therefore, the sum of co-interior angles is 180◦ .

⇒ ∠A + ∠B = 180◦
⇒ 45◦ + ∠B ∽ 180◦ ⇒ ∠B = 135◦

11. (c) Let angles of a quadrilateral be A = 3x, B = 7x, C = 6x and D = 4x

Then, sum of all angles of a quadrilateral be 360◦ .

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 ∴ A + B + C + D = 360◦
⇒ 3x + 7x + 6x + 4x = 360◦
⇒ 20x = 360◦ ⇒ ⇒ x = 18◦
∴ A = 3 × 18 = 54◦ B = 7 × 18 = 126◦
C = 6 × 18 ≈ 108 and D = 4 × 18 = 72◦
◦

Here, we see that, neither pair of angles are equal nor sum of adjacent angles
is 180◦ .
But, here ∠A + ∠B = 54◦ + 126◦ = 180◦
and ∠C + ∠D = 108◦ + 72◦ = 180◦
So, ABCD is a trapezium.
12. (c) Given, ABCD is a parallelogram and
∠ACB = 32◦ , ∠AOB = 70◦ .
Also, ∠AOB + ∠BOC = 180◦ [Linear pair]
⇒ 70◦ + ∠BOC = 180◦

⇒ ∠BOC = 110◦
In △BOC , use angle sum property of a triangle.
∠BOC + ∠OCB + ∠OBC = 180◦
⇒ 110◦ + 32◦ + ∠OBC = 180◦
⇒ [∵ ∠OCB = ∠ACB = 32◦ ]
⇒ ∠DBC = 38◦ [∵ ∠OBC = ∠DBC = 38◦ ]
⇒ [∵ ∠OBC = 38◦ [

13. (b) Given, ABCD is a parallelogram.

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 Therefore, ∠DCB = ∠DAB
[Opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal]
∴ x + 28◦ = 60◦
⇒ x = 32◦
In △CDE , using angle sum property of a triangle,
∠CDE + ∠DEC + ∠DCE = 180◦
⇒ y + 70◦ + 32◦ = 180◦
⇒ y = 78◦

14. (a) In △ABC , we have

AB = 6 cm, BC = 9 cm and AC = 8 cm. Since D and E are the mid-
points of AB and BC respectively.

By mid-point theorem,

DE∥AC

1 8
DE = AC =
and 2 2
≈ 4 cm

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 15. (a) Assertion (A): Given opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal

∴ (2x − 2)◦ = (52 − x)◦

⇒ 2x + x = 52◦ + 2◦ ⇒3x = 54◦
⇒ x = 18◦
Then the angles of a parallelogram are

(2x − 2)◦ = (2 × 18 − 2)◦ = 34◦

and (52 − x)◦ = (52 − 18)◦ = 34◦
Hence, one of the angle of a parallelogram is 34◦ So, Assertion (A) is true.
Reason (R): It is also true that opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal
Hence, both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the
correct explanation of Assertion (A).
16. (c) Assertion (A): Given in △ABC, AD is median such that
Also,
AD = DE
BD = DC

It means in quadrilateral ABEC, diagonals AE and BC bisect each other at

point D. Therefore, ABEC is a parallelogram.
So, Assertion (A) is true.
Reason (R): In given gure diagonals are not right angled.

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So, Reason (R) is false.
Hence, Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false.
17. (b) Assertion (A): Given, ABCD is a parallelogram.

⇒ ∠BCA = 35◦
or ∠BCO = 35◦
∠BOA+ ∠BOC = 180◦
⇒ ∠BOC = 180◦ − 65◦ = 115◦ [ Linear pair ]
In △BOC , use angle sum property of a triangle.
∠OBC + ∠BOC + ∠BCO = 180◦
⇒ ∠DBC + 115◦ + 35◦ = 180◦ [∵ ∠OBC = ∠DBC]
⇒ ∠DBC = 30◦
So, Assertion (A) is true.
Reason (R): It is true to say that adjacent angles of a parallelogram is supple-
mentary.
Hence, both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of Assertion (A).
18. (b) Assertion (A): In right angled △ADC, Q is the mid-point of AC such
that P Q∥AD.
Therefore, P is the mid-poine of DC .

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[By converse of mid-point theorem]

DP = P C
So, Assertion (A) is true.
Reason (R): It is also true to say that the line segment joining the mid-point of
any two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side and equal to half of it.
Hence, both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of Assertion (A).
19. opposite
20. equal, bisect
21. square
22. parallel
23. False
24. False

Case Study Based Questions

Case Study 1

A metal marker has a triangular shaped metal. He welded another triangle on

the mid-points of that metal, such that it appears like the following gure:

In the above gure, D, E and F are the mid-points of BC, AC and AB .

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 On the basis of the above information, solve the following questions:
Q1. DE is equal to:
a. AF
b. 12 AB
c. BF
d. All of these
Q 2. If FE = FD, then which of the following relation is correct:
a. AC = AB
b. ∠F ED = ∠ECD
c. BC = AC
d. ∠CAB = ∠AFD
Q 3. Which type of quadrilateral BDEF?
a. Parallelogram
b. Square
c. rectangle
d. Trapezium
Q 4. Identify the correct relation:
a. F D = 12 AB
b. AE + F D = AC
c. AB − DE = AC
d. None of these
Q 5. The sum of adjacent angles in a parallelogram is:
a. 90◦
b. 145◦
c. 180◦
d. None of these

Solutions

1. (d) ∵ D and E are the mid-points of side BC and AC.

∴ By mid-point theorem, DE = 12 AB
But 12 AB = AF = BF
∴ DE = 12 AB = AF = BF
So, option (d) is correct.
2. (c) F D = 12 AC [By mid-point theorem]
and FE = 12 BC
Given, F D = F E
∴ 21 AC = 12 BC
AC BC
So, option (c) is correct.
3. (a) In quadrilateral BDEF; FE = BD and DE = BF, so quadrilateral is a
parallelogram.
So, option (a) is correct.

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 4. (b) ∵ F D = 12 AC [By mid-point theorem]
∵ E is the mid-point of AC .

1
AE = AC (2)
2
Adding eqs. (1) and (2), we get

AE + F D = AC
So, option (b) is correct.
5. (c) The sum of pair of adjacent angles in a parallelogram is 180◦ .
So, option (c) is correct.

Case Study 2

Person A has a quadrilateral shaped paper which he cut from a circular paper.
Person B joined the mid-points of all sides and another quadrilateral was formed.

Above gure shows how the paper appears, side AB = 22 cm, BC = 14 cm, CD =
10 cm and AD = 24 cm.
On the basis of the above information, solve the following questions:
Q1. The measure of diagonal AC is:
a. 13 cm
b. 30 cm
c. 28 cm
d. 26 cm
Q 2. If P Q∥AC , then the measure of P Q is:
a. 15 cm
b. 13 cm

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c. 17 cm
d. 19 cm
Q 3. Quadrilateral PQRS is which of type quadrilateral?
a. Rhombus
b. Rectangle
c. Parallelogram
d. Trapezium
Q4. While proving quadrilateral is a rectangle, choose the correct option:
a. by showing opposite sides equal and each adjacent angle is 90◦
b. by proving diagonals are equal
c. by proving all angles 90◦
d. by proving all of the above
Q 5. In any quadrilateral, the sum of all angles is:
a. 250◦
b. 360◦
c. 290◦
d. 270◦

Solutions

1. (d) ∵ △ADC is a right angled triangle.

∴ AC 2 = AD2 + DC 2
[Use Pythagoras theorem] AC 2 = 242 + 102
AC 2 = 576 + 100
AC 2 =√676
AC = 676
AC □26 cm
So, option (d) is correct.
2. (b) In △ABC, P and Q are the mid-points of side AB and BC .
∴ P Q = 21 AC
[By mid-point theorem]
PQ = 12 × 26
PQ ω13 cm
So, option (b) is correct.
3. (c) Since, P, Q, R and S are the mid-point of the sides AB, BC, CD and
DA. Therefore, joining adjacent mid-point forms a parallelogram.
So, option (c) is correct.
4. (d) by proving all of the above So, option (d) is correct.
5. (b) The sum of all angles in a quadrilateral is 360◦ . So, option (b) is
correct.

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Case Study 3

A parallelogram shape park ABCD is in the middle of the city. Municipality

decided to increase its area, so at the left side of park a triangle AED was added
and on the right side triangle BFC was added. At point G on AB , municipality
put a swing.

On the basis of the above information, solve the following questions:

Q 1. Prove that AGDE is a parallelogram when ED∥AG, AE∥DG.
Q 2. Find the value of ∠ADC.
Q 3. Find the value of ∠DCF .

Solutions

1. Given, AE∥DG and ED∥AG

∠EDA = ∠DAG = 95◦ and ∠AGD = 80◦

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 In △AED and △DGA,
∠DGA = ∠AED [ Each 80◦ ]
∠EDA = ∠DAG [ Each 95◦ ]
AD = DA [ Common ]
∴ △AED ∼
= △DGA ( by AAS congruence rule )
∴ AE = DG [ by CPCT ]
ED = AG [ by CPCT ]
If in a quadrilateral each opposite sides are equal, then the quadrilateral is
a parallelogram.
So, AGDE is a parallelogram. Hence proved
2. In parallelogram ABCD, ∠DAG + ∠ADC
+∠DCB + ∠ABC = 360◦
[Sum of angles of a parallelogram]
95◦ + ∠ADC + 95◦ + ∠ABC = 360◦
2∠ADC + 190◦ = 360◦
[∵ ∠ADC = ∠ABC]

2∠ADC = 360◦ − 190◦

2∠ADC = 170◦
∠ADC = 85◦

3. In quadrilateral AF CD,

∠DAG + ∠ADC + ∠AFC + ∠DCF = 360◦

[Angle sum property of a quadrilateral]
95◦ + 85◦ + 72◦ +∠DCF = 360◦
∠DCF = 360◦ − 95◦ − 85◦ − 72◦
∠DCF = 108◦

Case Study 4

Due to frequent robberies in the colony during night. The secretary with the
members together decides to attach more lights besides the street light set by
municipality. There are poles on which lights are attached.

21
 These 4 poles are connected to each other through wire and they form a
quadrilateral. Light from pole B focus light on mid-point G of wire between
pole C and B , from pole C focus light on mid-point F of wire between pole C
and pole D. Similarly pole D and pole A focus light on the mid-point E and H
respectively.

On the basis of the above information, solve the following questions:

22
Q 1. If BD is the bisector of ∠B then prove that I is the mid-point of AC.
Q 2. Prove that quadrilateral EFGH is a parallelogram.
Q 3. Is it true that every parallelogram is a rectangle?

Solutions

1. In △BIA and △BIC ,

∠ABI = ∠CBI [∵ BD is the bisector of ∠B ]

BI = BI [ Common ]
∠BIA = ∠BIC [ Each 90◦ ]
∴ ∆BIA ∼
= ∆BIC [ SAS congruence rule]
∴ AAl = Cl [CPCT]
It means I is the mid-point of AC. Hence proved
2. Here, HG = 12 AC
[By mid-point theorem]
and EF = 21 AC
[By mid-point theorem]
GH∥EF and HG = EF
If in a quadrilateral opposite side is parallel and equal then the quadrilateral is
a parallelogram. So, quadrilateral EFGH is a parallelogram.
3. It is false, because every parallelogram is not a rectangle.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Q1. Two consecutive angles of a parallelogram are in the ratio 1 : 3, then what
will be the smaller angle?
Q 2. In the given gure, PQRS is a parallelogram in which ∠QSR = 60◦ and
∠QPS = 30◦ . Find ∠RQS.

23
 Q 3. In the following gure, ABCD and AEFG are two parallelograms. If
∠C = 55◦ , determine ∠F.

Q 4. In △ABC, D and E are the mid-points of AB and AC respectively.

Find DE if BC = 12 cm.

24
Q 5. In the given gure EF∥BC. Find BE .

25
 Q 6. D, E, F are the mid-points of sides BC, CA and AB of △ABC . If
perimeter of △ABC is 12.8 cm , then what is the perimeter of △DEF ?

Short Answer Type-I Questions

Q 1. Two opposite angles of a parallelogram are (3x − 2)◦ and (63 − 2x)◦ . Find
all the angles of a parallelogram.
Q 2. In quadrilateral ABCD, AO and BO are the bisectors of ∠A and ∠B
respectively, ∠C = 60◦ and ∠D = 40◦ . Find ∠AOB.
Q 3. In a parallelogram, show that the angle bisectors of two adjacent angles
intersect at a right angle.
Q4. The angle between the two altitudes of a parallelogram through the vertex
of an obtuse angle is 50◦ . Find the angles of a parallelogram.
Q 5. A diagonal of a rectangle is inclined to the one side of the rectangle at 35◦ .
Find the acute angle between the diagonals.
Q 6. The sides BA and DC of a quadrilateral ABCD are produced as shown in
given gure. Prove that x + y = a + b.

26
 Q7. ABCD is a rhombus such that ∠ACB = 55◦ , then nd ∠ADB.

Short Answer Type-II Questions

Q1. ABCD is a parallelogram and AP and CQ are perpendiculars from vertices

A and C on diagonal BD (see gure). Show that:
(i) △APB ∼= △CQD
(ii) AP = CQ

27
 Q 2. In parallelogram ABCD, two points P and Q are taken on diagonal
BD such that DP = BQ (see gure). Show that:

(i) △APD ∼ = △CQB

(ii) AP = CQ
(iii) △AQB ∼= △CPD
Q 3. P is the mid-point of side BC of parallelogram ABCD , such that
∠1 = ∠2 and ∠1 = ∠3. Prove that AD = 2CD.

Q 4. Diagonal AC of a parallelogram ABCD bisects ∠A (see gure). Show

28
that:
(i) AC bisects ∠C
(ii) ABCD is a rhombus.

Q 5. ABC is a triangle right-angled at C . A line through the mid-point M

of hypotenuse AB and parallel to BC intersects AC at D such that ∠ADM =
∠ACB. Show that:
(i) D is the mid-point of AC .
(ii) MD ⊥ AC.
(iii) CM = MA = 12 AB.
Q 6. D, E and F are the mid-points of the sides BC, CA and AB , respec-
tively of an equilateral triangle ABC . Show that △DEF is also an equilateral
triangle.
Q 7. ABCD is a rectangle and P, Q, R and S are mid-points of the sides
AB, BC, CD and DA respectively. Show that the quadrilateral PQRS is a rhom-
bus.
Q 8. In the following gure, ABCD is a parallelogram in which P is the mid-
point of DC and Q is a point on AC , such that CQ = 41 AC. Also, PQ when
produced meets BC at R. Prove that R is the mid-point of BC.

29
 Q 9. In the gure, ABCD is a parallelogram and E is the mid-point of side
BC.DE and AB are produced to meets at F . Prove that AF = 2AB.

Q 10. In the following gure, PS and RT are medians of △PQR and SM∥RT.
Prove that QM = 41 PQ.

30
Long Answer Type Questions

Q 1. Show that if the diagonals of a quadrilateral are equal and bisect each
other at right angles, then it is a square.
Q 2. In △ABC and △DEF, AB = DE, AB∥DE, BC = EF and BC∥EF. Vertices
A, B and C are joined to vertices D, E and F respectively (see gure). Show
that:
(i) Quadrilateral ABED is a parallelogram.
(ii) Quadrilateral BEFC is a parallelogram.
(iii) AD∥CF and AD = CF.
(iv) Quadrilateral ACFD is a parallelogram.
(v) AC = DF.
(vi) △ABC ∼ = △DEF.

31
 Q 3. In the given gure, ABCD is a square and EF || BD. M is the mid-point
of EF. Prove that AM bisects ∠BAD.

Q 4. ABCD is a trapezium in which AB∥CD and AD = BC (see gure).

32
 Show that:
(i) ∠A = ∠B
(ii) ∠C = ∠D
(iii) △ABC ∼= △BAD
(iv) Diagonal AC = Diagonal BD
Q 5. Prove that the bisector of the angles of a parallelogram encloses a
rectangle.
Q 6. In given gure, AD is the median of △ABC . E is the mid-point of AD.
DG||BF. Prove that AC = 3AF.

33
 Q7. P is the mid-point of the side CD of a parallelogram ABCD . A line
through C parallel to P A intersects AB at Q and DA produced to R. Prove
that DA = AR and CQ = QR.

Q 8. Show that the line segments joining the midpoints of the opposite sides
of a quadrilateral bisect each other.
Q 9. Two parallel lines l and m are intersected by a transversal p. Show that
the quadrilateral formed by the bisectors of interior angles is a rectangle.
Q 10. E and F are respectively the mid-points of the non-parallel sides AD
and BC of a trapezium ABCD .
Prove that EF∥AB and EF = 12 (AB + CD).
Q 11. ABCD is a rhombus and P, Q, R and S are the mid-points of the sides
AB, BC, CD and DA respectively. Show that the quadrilateral PQRS is a
rectangle.
Q 12. Prove that the line segment joining the mid-points of the diagonals of
a trapezium is parallel to the parallel sides and equal to half of their dierence.

34
Solutions

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. Let the consecutive angles be x and (3x).

∴ x + (3x) = 180◦
⇒ 4x = 180◦
⇒ x = 45◦
Hence, smaller angle is 45◦ .
2. Given, ∠QSR = 60◦ and ∠QPS = 30◦
Since, opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal.
∴ ∠QRS = ∠QPS = 30◦
In △QRS , ∠QRS + ∠QSR + ∠RQS = 180◦
[Use angle sum property of a triangle]
⇒ 30◦ + 60◦ + ∠RQS = 180◦
⇒ 90◦ + ∠RQS = 180◦
⇒ ∠RQS = 90◦

3. Given, ABCD is a parallelogram.

Opposite angles of a
∴ ∠A = ∠C = 55◦
parallelogram]
Also, AEFG is a parallelogram.
[Opposite angles of a
∴ ∠F = ∠A = 55◦
parallelogram]
4. Given, D is the mid-point of AB and E is the mid-point of AC.
By mid-point theorem,

1 1
DE = BC = × 12 cm = 6 cm
2 2
5. Since AF = F C = 4 cm,
∴ F is the mid-point of AC .
Also, EF ∥BC
By the converse of mid-point theorem, E is mid-point of AB .
Hence, BE = AE = 3 cm
6. Given, perimeter of △ABC = 12.8 cm

35
Perimeter of △ABC

= AB + BC + CA = 128 cm
Perimeter of △DEF
= DE + EF + P D
AB BC CA
= + +
2 2 2
[By mid-point theorem]

1 12.8
= (AB + BC + CA) = = 6.4 cm
2 2

36
Short Answer Type-I Questions

1. Since, opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal.

∴ (3x − 2)◦ = (63 − 2x)◦

⇒ 5x = 65 ⇒ x = 13◦
So, ∠A = (3x − 2)◦ = (3 × 13 − 2)◦ = (39 − 2)◦ = 37◦

∠B = 180◦ − 37◦ = 143◦ (∵ ∠B = 180◦ − ∠A)

∠C = (63 − 2x)◦ = (63 − 2 × 13)◦
= 63 − 26 = 37◦
and ∠D = 180◦ − 37◦ = 143◦ [∵ ∠D = 180◦ − ∠C]
Hence, angles are 37◦ , 143◦ , 37◦ and 143◦ .
2. As we know that, sum of all angles of a quadrilateral is 360◦ .
∴ ∠A + ∠B + ∠C + ∠D
⇒ ∠A + ∠B + 60◦ + 40◦ = 360◦
⇒ ∠A + ∠B = 260◦

37
Divide both sides by 2 , we get
1 1
∠A + ∠B = 130◦
2 2
In △AOB,
∠A ◦
+ ∠B
2 2 + ∠AOB = 180
◦ ◦
⇒ 130 + ∠AOB = 180
⇒ ∠AOB = 50◦

3. Let ABCD be a parallelogram and DO and CO are the bisectors of ∠D

and ∠C respectively.

38
 In parallelogram ABCD ,

∠D + ∠C = 180◦
[Sum of two adjacent angles]
2 ∠D + 2 ∠C = 2 × 180 [Dividing by 2 ]
1 1 1 ◦
⇒

⇒ ∠ODC + ∠OCD = 90◦ (1)

[∵ DO and CO are the bisectors of ∠D and ∠C respectively]
In △DOC,

∠DOC + ∠ODC + ∠OCD = 180◦

[Angle sum property of a triangle]
⇒ ∠DOC + 90◦ = 180◦ [From eq. (1)]
⇒ ∠DOC = 180◦ − 90◦
⇒ ∠DOC = 90◦
So, the angle bisectors of two adjacent angles intersect at a right angle.
Hence proved
4. In parallelogram ABCD, let AM ⊥ DC and AN ⊥ BC .

39
 In quadrilateral AMCN,
∠A + ∠M + ∠C + ∠N = 360◦ [Angle sum property of a quadrilateral]

∴ ∠A + ∠C = 360◦ − 180◦ = 180◦

⇒ 50◦ + ∠C = 180◦
⇒ ∠C = 130◦
In parallelogram ABCD, ∠A = ∠C = 130◦
Adjacent angles of a parallelogram are supplementary.
∴ ∠B = ∠D = 180◦ − 130◦
= 50◦
5. Given, ABCD is a rectangle and diagonals of a rectangle bisect each other.

40
 ∴ AC = BD
1 1
⇒ AC = BD
2 2
⇒ OA = OB
⇒ ∠OBA = ∠OAB
[Angles opposite to equal sides are equal]

⇒ ∠OBA = 35◦ [∵ ∠OAB = 35◦ ]

In △AOB, ∠AOB + ∠OAB + ∠OBA = 180◦
[Angle sum property of a triangle]
⇒ ∠AOB + 35◦ + 35◦ = 180◦
⇒ ∠AOB = 180◦ − 70◦ = 110◦
Therefore, ∠AOB is an obtuse angle, but we have to nd out acute angle
between diagonals.
So, ∠AOD + ∠AOB = 180◦
[Linear pair]
⇒ ∠AOD + 110◦ = 180◦
⇒ ∠AOD = 180◦ − 110◦
⇒ ∠AOD = 70◦

41
COMMON ERR(!)R

Sometimes the students do not read the question carefully. In haste they do a
mistake of nding an acute angle instead of nding an obtuse angle.
6. From gure,

∠1 + b = 180◦ (Linearpair)
⇒ ◦
∠1 = 180 − b (1)
Again,
∠2 + a = 180◦
⇒ ∠2 = 180◦ − a
In quadrilateral ABCD,
∠A + ∠B + ∠C + ∠D = 360◦
[Sum of all interior angles in a quadrilateral]
⇒ ∠1 + x + ∠2 + y = 360◦ [From eqs (1) and (2)]
⇒ 180◦ − b + x + 180◦ − a + y = 360◦
⇒ x + y = 360◦ − 360◦ + a + b
⇒ x + y = a + b Hence proved
7.

TiP

Diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at right angle.

Here,

42
 In right-angled △BOC,
∠BOC + ∠OCB + ∠OBC = 180◦
[Angle sum property of a triangle]
⇒ 90◦ + 55◦ + ∠OBC = 180◦
⇒ 145◦ + ∠OBC = 180◦
⇒ ∠OBC = 180◦ − 145◦
⇒ ∠OBC = 35◦
∴ ∠ADB =
⇒ ∠OBC = 35◦
[Alternate interior angles as AD∥BC ]

COMMON ERR(!)R

Adequate practice is required of this type of question.

43
Short Answer Type-II Questions

1. Given: ABCD is a parallelogram and AP and CQ are perpendiculars

from vertices A and C on BD.
To Prove: (i) △APB ∼
= △CQD
(ii) AP = CQ
Proof: (i) In right-angled △APB and right-angled △CQD,
∠ABP = ∠CDQ
AB = DC
[Given]
[Opposite sides of a parallelogram]
∠APB = ∠CQD
∴ △APB ∼
= △CQD
(ü) ∵ △APB =
∼ △CQD
∴ AP = CQ
[Each 90◦ ]
[By ASA congruence rule]
[Proved above]
By CPCT] Hence proved
2. Given: ABCD is a parallelogram and P and Q are points on diagonal BD
such that DP = BQ.
To Prove: (i) △APD ∼
= △CQB

AP = CQ (ii)
△AQB ∼
= △CPD (iii)
Proof: (i) In △APD and △CQB,

[Opposite sides of a
AD = BC
parallelogram]
∠ADP = ∠CBQ [Given]
DP = BQ [Given]
∴ △APD = △CQB [By SAS congruence rule]
∼
(ii) ∵ △APD ∼
= ∆CQB [Proved above]
∴ AP = CQ [By CPCT]
(iii) In △AQB and △CP D,

AB = CD
[Opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal]

44
 ∠ABQ = ∠CDP (Given)
BQ = DP (Given)
∴ △AQB ∼= △CPD [By SAS congruence rule]
3. Given: P is the mid-point of side BC of parallelogram ABCD such that
∠1 = ∠2.
To Prove: AD = 2CD
Proof: In parallelogram ABCD,
∠1 = ∠3
But ∠1 = ∠2
⇒ ∠2 = ∠3
⇒ BP = BA
[Given]
[Given]
[Sides opposite to equal angles are equal]
But P is the mid-point of BC .
So, BP = 21 BC
⇒ AB = 12 AD [∵ BP = BA and BC = AD]
⇒ CD = 21 AD[∵ AB = CD, opposite sides of a parallelogram]
⇒ AD = 2CD. Hence proved
4. Given: A parallelogram ABCD in which diagonal AC bisects ∠A, ie.,
∠DAC = ∠BAC .
To Prove: (i) Diagonal AC bisects ∠C i.e.,

∠DCA = ∠BCA.
(ii) ABCD is a rhombus.
Proof: (i) In parallelogram ABCD,
∠DAC = ∠BCA = ∠1
∠BAC = ∠DCA = ∠2
But ∠DAC = ∠BAC
∴ ∠BCA = ∠DCA
[Given]
[Given]
[Given]
So, AC bisects ∠DCB .
or AC bisects ∠C.
Hence proved
(ii) In △ABC and △ADC ,

45
 ∠BAC = ∠DAC
AC = AC [Given]
and ∠BCA = ∠DCA [Proved above]
∴ △ABC ∼
= △ADC
[By ASA congruence rule]
Thus, BC = DC
But AB = DC
But CPCT]
[ ∵ Opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal] ∴ AB = BC = DC = AD
So, ABCD is a rhombus.

Hence proved

5. Given: A triangle ABC, ∠C = 90◦ , M is the mid-point of AB and BC∥DM .

46
 To Prove: (i) D is the mid-point of AC .
(ii) MD ⊥ AC.
(iii) CM = MA = 12 AB.
Construction: Join CM.
Proof: (i) In △ABC ,
M is the mid-point of AB .
[Given] BC || MD
[Given]
∴ D is the mid-point of AC .
[By converse of mid-point theorem]
(ii) Now, ∠ADM = ∠ACB [Given]
But ∠ACB = 90◦
[Given]
∴ ∠ADM = 90◦
But ∠ADM + ∠CDM = 180◦ [Linear pair]
∴ ∠CDM = 180◦ − 90◦ = 90◦
Hence, MD ⊥ AC
(iii) Again, AD = DC
[ D is the mid-point of AC ]
Now, in △ADM and △CDM,

AD = DC
∠ADM = ∠CDM
DM = DM
∴ △ADM ∼
= △CDM (2)
[From eq. (1)]
[Each 90 ◦ ]
[Common]
[By SAS congruence rule]
Thus, M A = CM
[By CPCT]
Since M is mid-point of AB .
1
∴ MA = AB (3)
2
So, CM = M A = 21 AB
[From eqs. (2) and (3)]
Hence proved
6. Given: D, E and F are the mid-points of BC, CA and AB of △ABC .
To Prove: △DEF is an equilateral triangle.
Proof: In △ABC, F is the mid-point of AB and E is the mid-point of AC .
So, by mid-point

47
theorem,
1
EF = BC (1)
2
Similarly, DE = 21 AB
and DF = 12 AC
Since, △ABC is an equilateral triangle.
∴ AB = BC = AC [All sides are equal]
From eqs. (1), (2) and (3), we have

EF = DE = DF
So, △DEF is also an equilateral triangle.
Hence proved
7. Given: A rectangle ABCD in which P, Q, R, S are the mid-points of AB, BC, CD
and DA respectively. P Q, QR, RS and SP are joined.

48
 To Prove: PQRS is a rhombus.
Construction: Join AC and BD .
Proof: In △ABC, P and Q are the mid-points of the sides AB and BC respec-
tively.
1
∴ P Q∥AC and P Q = AC (1)
2
[By mid-point theorem]
Similarly, in △ADC,
1
SR∥AC and SR = AC (2)
2
From eqs. (1) and (2), we get

P Q∥SR and P Q = SR (3)

Now in quadrilateral PQRS , its one pair of opposite sides PQ and SR is
parallel and equaL [From eq. (3)]
∴ PQRS is a parallelogram.
R is the mid-point of DC and Q is the mid-point of CB .
1
∴ RQ∥BD and RQ = BD (4)
2

49
 [By mid-point theorem]
S is the mid-point of AD and P is the mid-point of AB .
1
∴ SP ∥BD and SP = BD (S)
2
[By mid-point theorem]
From eqs. (4) and (5), we get
RQ∥SP and RQ = SP

But AC = BD [Diagonals of a rectangle]

∴ P Q = QR (6)
[From eqs (1) and (4)]
∴ PQ = QR [From eqs. (1) and (4)]
Thus, PQ = QR = PS = SR
So, PQRS is a rhombus.
Hence proved
8. Given: ABCD is a parallelogram in which P is the mid-point of DC and
CQ = 14 AC.
To Prove: R is the mid-point of BC .
Proof: Since diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
∴ OC = OA
ie., OC = OA = 12 AC ⇒ AC = 2OC
But
1
CQ = AC
4
1 1
= × 2OC = OC
4 2
[Given]
Thus, Q is the mid-point of CO .
In △CDO,
P is the mid-point of CD
and Q is the mid-point of CO . [Proved above]
∴ PQ∥DO [By mid-point theorem]
or P R∥DB
Now, in △COB,
Q is the mid-point of OC .
[Proved above]
∴ QR∥OB
[Proved above]
So, R is the mid-point of CB .
[By mid-point theorem]
Hence proved

50
9. Given: In parallelogram ABCD, E is the mid-point of side BC . Produce
DE and AB meets at F .
To Prove: AF = 2AB .
Proof: In △DCE and △FBE,

∠DCE = ∠FBE = 1 [Given]

CE = BE [Given]
∠DEC = ∠BEF [Vertically opposite angles]
∴ △DCE ∼
= △FBE [By ASA congruence rule]
Thus, DC = FB
Now, AF = AB + BF
= AB + DC = AB + AB [∵ DC = AB]
= 2AB

∴ AF = 2AB
Hence proved
10. Given: P S and RT are the medians of △P QR, ie., S and T are the mid-
points of QR and P Q respectively, ie., SQ = SR = 12 QR
and
1
PT = QT = PQ and SM∥RT
2
To Prove: QM = 14 PQ.
Proof: In △QRT, S is the mid-point of QR and SM || RT.
So, M is the mid-point of QT.
[By converse of mid-point theorem]
∴ QM = MT = 12 QT
But QT = 1
2 PQ (1)
QM = 12 × 12 PQ
⇒ QM = 14 PQ
[Given]
[From eq. (1)]
Hence proved

Long Answer Type Questions

1. Given: A quadrilateral ABCD, in which diagonals AC and BD are equal

and bisect each other at right angles.

51
 To Prove: ABCD is a square.
Proof: Since ABCD is a quadrilateral whose diagonals bisecteach other, so it is
a parallelogram. Also, its diagonals bisect each other at right angles, therefore,
ABCD is a rhombus.
⇒ AB = BC = CD = DA [Sides of a rhombus] In △ABC and △BAD,

AB = AB [ Common ]
BC = AD [Sides of a rhombus]
AC = BD [ Given ]
= △BAD [By SSS congruence rule]
∴ △ABC ∼
Thus, ∠ABC = ∠BAD [By CPCT ]
But ∠ABC + ∠BAD = 180◦
[Consecutive interior angles of rhombus]
∴ ∠ABC = ∠BAD = 90◦
⇒ ∠A = ∠B = ∠C = ∠D = 90◦
[Opposite angles of a rhombus]
⇒ ABCD is a rhombus whose angles are of 90◦ each.
So, ABCD is a square.

52
Hence proved
2. Given: In △ABC and △DEF, AB = DE, AB∥DE, BC = EF and BC∥EF .
Vertices A, B and C are joined to vertices D , E and F .
To Prove: (i) ABED is a parallelogram.
(ii) BEF C is a parallelogram.
(iii) AD∥CF and AD = CF
(iv) Quadrilateral ACFD is a parallelogram.
(v) AC = DF
(vi) △ABC ∼ = △DEF
Proof: (i) In quadrilateral ABED,
AB = DE and AB∥DE .
[Given]
⇒ ABED is a parallelogram.
[One pair of opposire sides is parallel and equal]
(ii) In quadrilateral BEFC ,

BC = EF and BC∥EF
[Given]
⇒ BEFC is a parallelogram.
In parallelogram one pair of opposite sldes is parallel and equal.
(iii) BE = CF and BE∥CF [ BEFC is a parallelogram]
AD = BE and AD∥BE
[ABED is a parallelogram]
⇒ AD = CF and AD∥CF
(iv) In quadrilateral ACF D, AD = CF and AD∥CF
⇒ ACFD is a parallelogram.
[One pair of opposite sides is parallel and equal]
(v) In parallelogram AFCD, AC = DF
[Opposite sides of parallelogram are equal]
(vi) In △ABC and △DEF ,
AB = DE [Given]
BC = EF [Given]
AC = DF [Proved above]
∴ ∆ABC ∼
= ∆DEF [By SSS congruence rule]

Hence proved

3. Given, ABCD is a square and BD is a diagonal

∴ ∠CBD = ∠CDB = 12 × 90◦ = 45◦
[∵ Diagonal of a square bisect each angle at the vertex]
Also, given ∠CEF = ∠CBD = 45◦
and

∠CF E = ∠CDB = 45◦

53
 [∵ △BCD is a right angled triangle

∴ ∠CDB = ∠CBD = 45◦ ]

⇒ CE = CF
[∵ Sides opposite to equal angles are equal]

⇒ BC − CE = CD − CF
BE = DF (1)
[∵ BC = CD]
Now, in △ABE and △ADF,
AB = AD
BE = DF
∠ABE = ∠ADF
[Sides of a square]
[From eq. (1)]
[Each 90◦ ]
So, △ABE ∼ = △ADF [By SAS congruence rule]

Then, AE = AF [By CP CT ]
(3)
and ∠BAE = ∠DAF
Now, in △AEM and △AF M ,
AE = AF
ME = MF
AM = AM
[From eq. (2)]
[M is mid-point of EF]
[Common side]
∴ = △AFM [By SSS congruence rule]
△AEM ∼
So, ∠EAM = ∠F AM
[By CPCT]
On adding eqs. (3) and (4), we get

∠BAE + ∠EAM = ∠DAF + ∠FAM

⇒ ∠BAM = ∠DAM
i.e., AM bisects ∠BAD. Hence proved
4. Given: In trapezium ABCD, AB∥DC and AD = BC .
To Prove: (i) ∠A = ∠B
(ii) ∠C = ∠D

54
(iii) △ABC ∼ = △BAD
(iv) Diagonal AC = Diagonal BD
Construction: Join AC and BD . Extend AB and draw a line through C
parallel to DA meeting AB produced at E.

Proof: (i) Since AB∥DC

⇒ AE∥DC (1)
and AD∥CE [By construction]
⇒ ADCE is a parallelogram.
[Opposite pairs of sides are parallel]

∠A + ∠E = 180◦ (3)
[Co-interior angles]

∠B + ∠CBE = 180◦ (4)

AD = EC (5)
[Linear pair]
[Opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal]

55
 AD = BC (6)
⇒ BC = EC
⇒ ∠E = ∠CBE

[Given]
[From eqs. (5) and (6)] [Angles opposire to

∴ ∠B + ∠E = 180◦ (8)
[From eqs. (4) and (7)]
Now, from eqs. (3) and (8),
∠A + ∠E = ∠B + ∠E
⇒ ∠A = ∠B
(ii) ∠A + ∠D = 180◦
[Consecutive
∠B + ∠C = 180◦
interior angles]

⇒ ∠A + ∠D = ∠B + ∠C
⇒ ∠D = ∠C
[∵ ∠A = ∠B]
or ∠C = ∠D
(iii) In △ABC and △BAD,
AD = BC
∠A = ∠B
AB = AB
[Given]
[Proved above]
[Common]
∴ △ABC ∼ = △BAD [By SAS congruence rule]
(iv) ∵ △ABC ∼= △BAD
∴ Diagonal AC = Diagonal BD
[By CPCT]

Hence proved

5. Given: ABCD is a parallelogram in which, AP, BP , CR and DR are the

bisectors of ∠A, ∠B, ∠C and ∠D respectively.

56
 To Prove: PQRS is a rectangle.
Proof: In parallelogram ABCD,
∠A + ∠D = 180◦
1 1 180◦
⇒ ∠ A + ∠D =
2 2 2
⇒∠DAS + ∠ADS = 90◦
[Sum of co-interior angles
[Dividing by 2]
In △ASD,

∠ASD + ∠DAS + ∠ADS = 180◦

[Angle sum property of a triangle]
⇒ ∠ASD + 90◦ = 180◦
[From eq. (1)]
⇒ ∠ASD = 180◦ − 90◦ − 90◦
Also, ∠RSP = ∠ASD = 90◦
[Vertically opposite angles]
Similarly, ∠PQR = ∠QPS = ∠SRQ = 90◦
When each angle of a quadrilateral is 90◦ , then it is a rectangle.
So, PQRS is a rectangle.
Hence proved
6. Given: In △ABC, AD is the median, E is the mid-point of AD and DG∥BF .
To Prove: AC = 3AF
Proof: In △ADG,
F is the mid-point of AG.

57
[Converse of mid-point theorem]

∴ AF = F G (1)
In △CBF ,
BF ∥DG, D is the mid-point of BC .
So, G is the mid-point of F C

∴ FG = GC (2)
From eq.(1) and (2), we get
AF = F G = GC
∴ AC = AF + F G + GC

⇒ AC = 3AF Hence proved

7. Given: ABCD is a parallelogram and P is the mid-point of CD.
To Prove: DA = AR and CQ = QR

Proof:

(i) In △DRC,
P is the mid-point of DC and AP ∥RC .
So, by converse of mid-point theorem,
A is the mid-point of DR.

⇒ DA = AR
(ii) In △RDC,
A is the mid-point of RD and AQ || DC
[Opposite sides of a parallelogram]
So, by converse of mid-point theorem, Q is the mid-point of RC .

⇒ RQ = QC.

Hence proved

8. Given: ABCD is a quadrilateral in which EG and FH are the line seg-

ments joining the mid-points of opposite sides.

58
 To Prove: EG and FH bisect each other.
Construction: Join EF, FG, GH, HE and AC.
Proof: In △ABC, E and F are mid-points of AB and BC respectively.
1
∴ EF = AC and EF ∥AC (1)
2
[By mid-point theorem]
In △ADC, H and G are mid-points of AD and CD respectively.
1
∴ HG = AC and HG∥AC (2)
2
[By mid-point theorem]
From eqs. (1) and (2), we get

EF = HG and EF ∥HG
In quadrilateral if one pair of opposite sides is equal and parallel, then it is
a parallelogram.
∴ EFGH is a parallelogram.
Now, EG and FH are diagonals of the parallelogram EFGH.
∴ EG and FH bisect each other.
[Diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other]
Hence proved
9. Given: l∥m and p is a transversal, AB is the bisector of ∠M AC, AD is

59
the bisector of ∠N AC, CB is the bisector of ∠PCA and CD is the bisector of
∠QCA.

To Prove: ABCD is a rectangle.

Proof: Since, l∥m,

∠MAC = ∠QCA
[Alternate interior angles]
⇒ 1 1
2 ∠MAC = 2 ∠QCA [Dividing by 2]
⇒ ∠BAC = ∠DCA [∵ AB and CD are the bisectors of ∠A and ∠C respec-
tively]
Since these are alternate interior angles, so
AB∥CD
Similarly, AD∥BC
So, quadrilateral ABCD is a parallelogram.
Now, ∠MAC + ∠NAC = 180◦ [ Linear pair ]
⇒ 1
2 ∠MAC + 12 ∠NAC = 1
2 × 180◦
[Dividing by 2]
⇒ ∠BAC + ∠DAC = 90◦ [∵ AB and AD are the bisectors of ∠MAC and
∠NAC ]
⇒ ∠BAD = 90◦

60
A parallelogram with one angle 90◦ is called a rectangle.
So, ABCD is a rectangle.
Hence proved
10. Given: In trapezium ABCD in which AB∥CD.
Also E and F are the mid-points of AD and BC .

Construction: Join BE and produce it to meet CD produced at G, also draw

BD which intersects EF at O .
To Prove: EF ∥AB and EF = 12 (AB + CD)
Proof: In △GCB, E and F are respectively the midpoints of GB and BC, then
by mid-point theorem.
EF ∥GC and EF = 12 GC
GC∥AB or CD∥AB
∴ EF ∥AB
[Given]
In △ADB, E is the mid-point of AD and AB∥EO.
The line drawn through the mid-point of one slde of a triangle, parallel to
another side bisect the third side.
By converse of mid-point theorem, O is the mid-point of BD side.
1
∴ EO = AB (1)
2
In △BDC, OF ∥DC and O and F are the mid-points of BD and BC .
1
∴ OF = DC (2)
2
On adding eqs. (1) and (2), we get

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 1 1
EO + OF = AB + DC
2 2
1
EF = (AB + CD)
2
11. Given: ABCD is a rhombus in which P, Q, R and S are mid-points of
sides AB, BC, CD and DA respectively.

To Prove: PQRS is a rectangle.

Construction: Join AC, P R and SQ.
Proof: In △ABC,
P is the mid-point of AB and
Q is the mid-point of BC .
[Given]
⇒ P Q∥AC and P Q = 21 AC
[By mid-point theorem]
Similarly, in △DAC ,
1
SR∥AC and SR = AC (2)
2
From eqs. (1) and (2), we get P Q∥SR and P Q = SR
⇒ PQRS is a parallelogram.
[One pair of opposite sides is parallel and equal]
Since, ABQS is a parallelogram.
⇒ AB = SQ

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...(3) [Opposite sides of a parallelogram]
Similarly, PBCR is a parallelogram.

⇒ BC = P R (4)
From eqs. (3) and (4)
Thus, SQ = P R [∵ AB = BC]
Since, SQ and P R are diagonals of parallelogram PQRS, which are equal.
⇒ P QRS is a rectangle.

Hence proved

12. Given: ABCD is a irapezium with AB∥DC and P , Q are the mid-points
of CA and DB respectively.

To Prove: PQ∥AB∥DC and

1
PQ = (AB − DC)
2
Construction: Join CQ and produce it to meet AB ai E.
Proof: In △CDQ and △EBQ
DQ = BQ
∠DCQ = ∠BEQ
[Given]
[Alternate interior angles since, ∠DCQ = ∠DCE and ∠BEQ = ∠BEC]
∠CDQ = ∠EBQ
∴ △CDQ ∼
= △EBQ
Thus, CQ = QE
DC = EB

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 [Alternate interior angles]
[By AAS congruence rule]
[By CPCT]
[By CPCT]
Now, in △CEA,
Q is the mid-point of CE
[Proved above] P is the mid-point of CA.
[Given]
So, by mid-point theorem,
1
P Q∥AE and P Q = AE
2
So, PQ∥AB∥DC [∵ PQ∥AB and AB∥DC] and P Q = 12 AE = 12 (AB −
EB) = 21 (AB − DC)

[∵ EB = DC proved above ]
Hence proved

Chapter Test

Multiple Choice Questions

Q1. If ABCD is a parallelogram in which ∠DAB = 70◦ and AB is produced to

point M as shown in the gure. Then x + y is:

a. 70◦

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b. 140◦
c. 120◦
d. 130◦
Q 2. In the given gure, ABCD is a parallelogram in which ∠BDC = 50◦
and ∠BAD = 40◦ . Then ∠CBD is equal to:
a. 80◦
b. 70◦
c. 90◦
d. 50◦

Assertion and Reason Type Questions

Directions (Q.Nos. 3-4) In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A)

is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Choose the correct option:
a. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).
b. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).
c. Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false.
d. Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true.
Q 3. Assertion (A): The opposite angles of a parallelogram are (2x − 3)◦
and (54 − x)◦ . The measure of one of the angle is 52◦ .
Reason (R): Opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal.
Q 4. Assertion (A): Diagonals AC and BD of a parallelogram in ABCD intersect

65
each other at point O . If ∠DAC = 40◦ and ∠AOB = 60◦ , then ∠DBC = 20◦ .
Reason (R): The adjacent angles of a parallelogram is supplementary.

Fill in the Blanks

Q 5. The diagonals of a square bisect each other at

Q 6. The line segment joining the mid-points of the two sides of the triangle
is to the third side.

True/False

Q 7. In a parallelogram, diagonals, bisect each other.

Q 8. The sum of the adjacent angles of a parallelogram is 90◦ .

Case Study Based Question

Q 9. An organisation was donated with some land for charity, which is in the
shape of parallelogram AECF. The organisation was added some piece of

land and converted it into a rectangular plot by adding triangular land △ADF
and △BCF.

66
On the basis of the above information, solve the following questions:
(i) Write the measure of ∠AFD.
(ii) What is the measure of ∠AEC ?
OR
In which criteria, △ADF and △CBF is congruent.
(iii) What is the measure of ∠FAE ?

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Q 10. In triangle ABC , if F and E are the mid points of AB and AC , then
nd the length of FB.

Q 11. Two consecutive angles of a parallelogram are in the ratio 2 : 3, then

what will be the smaller angle?

Short Answer Type-I Questions

Q 12. A diagonal of a rectangle is inclined to one side of the rectangle at 45◦ .

Find the angle between the diagonals.

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Q 13. The angle between the two altitudes of a parallelogram through the vertex
of an obtuse angle is 60◦ . Find the angles of a parallelogram.

Short Answer Type-II Questions

Q 14. In the gure, ABCD is a trapezium with AB∥DC.F is the mid-point of

BC. DF and AB are produced

to meet at E . Show that F is also the mid-point of DE.

Q 15. P, Q, R and S are respectively the mid-points of the sides AB, BC, CD
and DA of a quadrilateral ABCD in which AC = BD. Prove that PQRS is a
rhombus.

Long Answer Type Question

Q 16. In a parallelogram ABCD, E and F are the mid points of sides AB and
CD , respectively. Show that the line segments AF and EC

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 trisect the
diagonal BD .

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