Mechanical Power Engineering Department

Heat Transfer Performance of Parabolic Trough

Receivers

July 2023
 Mechanical Power Engineering Department

Heat Transfer Performance of Parabolic Trough

Receivers

Supervised by
Dr. Mohamed Gamal
Prepared by:
Name ID Seat No. Section
Ahmed Reda Selim Ibrahim 20180291 11 1
Ahmed Mohamed Mahmoud Mohamed 20170125 34 2
Gamal Eldin El-Hussein Mohamed Awad 20180324 70 3
Gamal Abdelaziz Mohamed Ahmed 20180585 71 3
Hazem Moustafa Mohamed Ibrahim 20180423 76 3
Hassan Khaled Hussein Hassan 20180306 83 4
Abdelrahman Waheed Samir Mohamed 20180601 141 6
Magdy Ashraf Yakoub Benyamin 20180108 196 8
Mohamed Ibrahim Mohamed Abdo 20180732 199 8

July 2023
 ABSTRACT
This graduation project book provides an in-depth exploration of parabolic
trough collectors (PTCs) and their use in solar thermal power generation. The
book begins with an overview of solar energy and the different types of solar
thermal technologies available. It then delves into the design, construction, and
operation of PTCs, including discussions on the various components that make
up a PTC system, such as the receiver tube, parabolic reflector, and tracking
system.
The book also covers the thermal performance and efficiency of PTCs,
including the different factors that affect their performance, such as the solar
irradiance, the angle of incidence, and the wind conditions.
Analytical part is also covered in this book, showing actual photos and readings
taken from the PTC and components that accompanies it.
CFD simulations were carried out to study the effect of absorber tube and fluid
on thermal efficiency of NPTSC. The simulations demonstrate that the overall
thermal performance can be increased up to 5-7% using engine oil as the
working fluid in PTSC in case of using glass tube around steel absorber tube
show higher outlet temperature as compared to steel receiver absorber only at
same heat flux and inlet temperature other parameters like the receiver tube’s
material’s insulation and favourable geometry can also be studied via CFD and
ANSYS analysis.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, praises and thanks to the God, the Almighty, for his
blessings throughout the year to complete the project successfully.
The success and outcome of this book required a lot of guidance and
assistance from many people. Their contributions are sincerely appreciated
and gratefully acknowledged.
Sincere gratitude goes to our academic advisor, Dr. Mohamed Gamal, for his
invaluable guidance, support, and encouragement throughout this project. His
expert knowledge, insightful feedback, and patience have been instrumental in
shaping the scope and direction of this project.
We also wish to thank the faculty members of the Department of Mechanical
Power at Helwan University (Matarya) and Eng. Ahmed Reda for their valuable
feedback and suggestions throughout our academic journey.
We are deeply grateful to our families, friends, and loved ones for their
unwavering support and encouragement throughout our academic journey.
Finally, we would like to express our gratitude towards the participants who
generously gave their time and effort to make this research possible. Without
their cooperation and participation, this study would not have been possible.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………...i
ACKNOWLEDGMENT……………………………………………………...ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………….iii
NOMENCLATURE……………………………………………………….…vi
LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………….viii
LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………..ix
1 CHAPTER ONE: SOLAR ENERGY……………………………………..1
1.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………...1
1.2 Classification of Solar Energy…………………………………………...2
1.2.1 Active solar………………………………………………………….2
1.2.2 Passive solar…………………………………………………....……2
1.3 Types of Solar Energy Devices………………………………………….2
1.3.1 PV panels……………………………………………………………2
1.3.2 Solar thermal systems……………………………………………….3
1.3.3 Concentrated solar power systems (CSP)…………………………...4
1.4 Advantages of Solar Energy……………………………………………..4
1.5 Statistics About Solar Energy……………………………………………5
1.5.1 Solar energy in the world……………………………………………5
1.5.2 Solar energy in Egypt……………………………………………….8
2 CHAPTER TWO: TYPES OF CSP SYSTEMS………………………...11
2.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………….11
2.2 Solar Field……………………………………………………………...11
2.2.1 Main parts of the solar field………………………………………..11
2.3 Receiver’s Classification……………………………………………….11
2.3.1 Stationary receivers………………………………………………...11
2.3.1.1 Flat-plate receivers (FPR)……………………………………..12
2.3.1.2 Static compound parabolic receivers (SCPR)…………………13
2.3.1.3 Evacuated tube receiver (ETR)………………………………..14
2.3.2 Sun-tracking concentrating receivers………………………………16
2.3.2.1 The parabolic trough solar concentrator………………………17
2.3.2.2 Fresnel lens solar concentrator………………………………..18
2.3.2.3 The solar tower system………………………………………..19
2.3.2.4 Parabolic dish based solar system……………………...……..20
2.3.2.5 Fixed focus elliptical Scheffler reflector……………………...21
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 2.4 Comparison of Solar Collector………………………………………...22
3 CHAPTER THREE: PARABOLIC TROUGH COLLECTOR…………23
3.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………….23
3.2 History of PTC…………………………………………………………24
3.3 Challenges Facing the Widespread of PTC…………………………….27
3.4 Modifications to PTC…………………………………………………..28
3.5 Advantages of Using PTC……………………………………………...29
3.6 Applications of PTC……………………………………………………30
3.6.1 CSP plants………………………………………………………….30
3.6.1.1 SEGS plants…………………………………………………...32
3.6.1.2 Current state of CSP in Spain…………………………………32
3.6.1.3 Current state of CSP in North Africa………………………….33
3.6.2 Cooling……………………………………………………………..34
3.6.3 Water desalination………………………………………………….36
3.6.4 Heating……………………………………………………………..37
3.7 Components of PTC……………………………………………………37
3.7.1 Reflector …………………………………………………………...37
3.7.2 Receiver tube……………………………………………………….38
3.7.3 Heat transfer fluid (HTF)…………………………………………..38
3.7.4 Foundation…………………………………………………….…...39
3.7.5 Solar tracking system………………………………………….…...39
3.7.6 Additional components……………………………………….……40
4 CHAPTER FOUR: EXPERIMENTAL TEST RIG……………….….…41
4.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………….41
4.2 Atmospheric Effect on Incoming Solar Radiation………………….….41
4.3 Sun-Earth Angles…………………………………………………....…42
4.4 Sun Path Diagram………………………………………………….…..48
4.5 Geometry of PTC………………………………………………………49
4.6 Specifications of the PTC………………………………………….…...51
5 CHAPTER FIVE: THEORETICAL PART……………………….…......52
5.1 Introduction……………………….……………………………………52
5.2 Methodology…………………………………………………….……..53
5.3 Geometry………………………….…………………………………....53
5.4 Mesh……………………………….…………………………………...54
5.5 Thermo-Physical Properties of Materials……………………………....55
5.6 Physical Modelling……………………………………………….….....56
5.7 Governing Equations…………………………………………….……..56
5.8 Boundary Conditions…………………………………………….……..57
5.9 Model Validation………………………………………………….……57
5.10 Practical Simulation of Concentrated Solar Parabolic Trough……….62

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5.10.1 Geometry Modelling………………………………...…….…...…62
5.10.2 Boundary Conditions…………………………………………......64
5.10.3 Steel Receiver Without Glass Tube……………………………....65
5.10.4 Steel Receiver with Glass Tube…………………………………..66
5.10.5 Model Validation………………...……………………………….69
5.10.6 Results and Discussion………...…………………………………69
CONCLUSION……………………...………………………………….72
REFERENCES……………………...………………..…………………73

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 NOMENCLATURE
Abbreviations
PV Photovoltaic
CSP Concentrated Solar Power
PTC Parabolic Trough Collector
HTF Heat Transfer Fluid
HCE Heat Collecting Element
DOE Department of Energy
IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency
FPR Flat Plate Receivers
SCPR Static Compound Plate Receivers
ETR Evacuated Tube Receivers

Symbols
Ib Beam radiation
Id Diffuse radiation
It Total radiation
IG Global irradiance
C Concentration ratio
f Focal length
φ Latitude
Lt Longitude
δ Solar declination
n Days of year
h Hour angle
𝜽z Zenith angle
α Solar altitude

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𝛄sun Solar azimuth angle
𝛄wall Wall azimuth angle
Lst Standard meridian time zone
Lloc Longitude of location
𝜽i Angle of incidence
β Inclination of the plane
N Pump speed
Qt Theoretical pump flow rate
Qa Actual pump flow rate

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 2-1 Comparison between solar collectors……………………………..22
Table 3-1 Main characteristics of the SEGS plants………………………….32
Table 3-2 Main characteristics of CSP in Spain……………………………..33
Table 3-3 Main characteristics of CSPs in North Africa…………………….34
Table 3-4 Suitable materials for collector…………………………………...37
Table 3-5 Suitable materials for absorber…………………………………...38
Table 3-6 HTF with applications in solar parabolic trough field……………38
Table 4-1 Experimental device specifications……………………………….51
Table 5-1 Material specifications……………………………………………53
Table 5-2 Grid sensitive test…………………………………………………55
Table 5-3 Thermophysical properties of fluid materials…………………….55
Table 5-4 Comparison of different parameters of simulations with
experiments at flow of 0.0112 kg/sec……………………………………….58
Table 5-5 Temp. distribution along pipe length……………………………..58
Table 5-6 Material physical properties………………………………………64
Table 5-7 Temp. distribution through different heat flux among the day……65
Table 5-8 Temp. distribution through different heat flux among the day……67

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1-1 Solar energy system……………………………………………….1
Figure 1-2 Different types of PV panels………………………………………2
Figure 1-3 Schematic diagram for solar water heater system………………...3
Figure 1-4 Example of CSP…………………………………………………..4
Figure 1-5 Growth of solar energy……………………………………………6
Figure 1-6 Renewable energy generation worldwide…………………………6
Figure 1-7 Producers of solar energy…………………………………………7
Figure 1-8 The solar power plant in Kuraymat……………………………….9
Figure 1-9 Benban solar park Aswan/Egypt…………………………………..9
Figure 2-1 Schematic view of a flat-plate receiver………………………….12
Figure 2-2 Section view of an FPR with major components………………..13
Figure 2-3 Different types of CPR available………………………………..14
Figure 2-4 Schematic diagram of an evacuated tube receiver…………...….15
Figure 2-5a Evacuated tube collector………………………………...……..15
Figure 2-5b Representation of concentric tube……………………………...15
Figure 2-6 Parabolic trough concentrator…………………………………...17
Figure 2-7 Experimental setup of Fresnel lens solar concentrator………….18
Figure 2-8 Fresnel lens & Normal lens……………………………………...19
Figure 2-9 Solar tower power plant………………………………………….20
Figure 2-10 Schematic diagram of parabolic dish collector…………………20
Figure 2-11 Scheffler reflector section in a paraboloid shape……………….21
Figure 3-1 Parabolic trough collector (PTC)………………………………...23
Figure 3-2 Schematic diagram for PTC……………………………………..24
Figure 3-3 The first PTC @ Maadi-Egypt 1913………………………….....25
Figure 3-4 Construction of PTC @ Maadi………………………………….25
Figure 3-5 LS1collector @ USA……………………………………………26

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Figure 3-6 Eurotrough PTC @ Almeria – Spain…………………………….27
Figure 3-7 Industrial applications for PTC…………………………………..30
Figure 3-8a Diagram of CSP with direct SG………………………………...31
Figure 3-8b Indirect SG integrated to a combined cycle…………………….31
Figure 3-9 Worldwide locations of thermal plants using PTC………………31
Figure 3-10 Schematic diagram for water desalination using PTC………….36
Figure 3-11 Solar tracker types……………………………………………...39
Figure 4-1 Incoming solar radiation…………………………………………42
Figure 4-2 Latitude angle……………………………………………………43
Figure 4-3 Longitude angle………………………………………………….43
Figure 4-4 Solar declination angle…………………………………………..44
Figure 4-5 Hour angle……………………………………………………….45
Figure 4-6 Zenith angle……………………………………………………...46
Figure 4-7 Solar altitude……………………………………………………..46
Figure 4-8 Angle of incidence……………………………………………….47
Figure 4-9 Sun path diagram………………………………………………...49
Figure 4-10 Cross-sectional view of PTC…………………………………...49
Figure 4-11 End losses from the receiver tube………………………………50
Figure 4-12 Designed parabola……………………………………………...51
Figure 5-1 Geometry of glass tube…………………………………………..54
Figure 5-2 Mesh……………………………………………………………..54
Figure 5-3 Overall contour of temp. distribution along the receiver tube…...59
Figure 5-4 Contour of receiver tube…………………………………………59
Figure 5-5 Contour of outlet of receiver tube………………………………..60
Figure 5-6 Comparison between validation and paper results………………61
Figure 5.7 Comparison between experimental and numerical results………61
Figure 5-8 Mesh of receiver tube without glass tube………………………..63

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Figure 5-9 Receiver tube with glass tube……………………………………63
Figure 5-10 Temp. distribution among day (steel pipe without glass tube)…65
Figure 5-11 Temp. distribution through steel pipe without glass tube..…..…66
Figure 5-12 Geometry of steel pipe with glass tube…………………………66
Figure 5-13 Temp. distribution through the pipe length……………………..67
Figure 5-14 Temp. distribution through steel pipe and glass tube diameter…68
Figure 5-15 Temp. distribution among day (steel pipe with glass tube)…….68
Figure 5-16 Comparison between thermal efficiencies of receiver tube with
vacuum glass tube and without vacuum glass tube………………………….70
Figure 5-17 Efficiency distribution through day for pipe with and without
glass tube…………………………………………………………………….71

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 CHAPTER 1 SOLAR ENERGY
1.1 Introduction
Solar energy is a renewable energy source that is generated by taking advantage
of the power of the sun's rays. It is considered a green technology because it does
not emit greenhouse gases. Solar energy is abundantly available and has been
utilized since long both as electricity and as a source of heat.
It is a rapidly growing field that is becoming increasingly popular as people look
for more sustainable and environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional fossil
fuels.
The use of solar energy has many benefits, including reducing greenhouse gas
emissions and decreasing dependence on fossil fuels. It is also becoming
increasingly cost-competitive with traditional energy sources, making it an
attractive option for many individuals, businesses, and governments around the
world.

Figure (1-1) Solar energy system

1
1.2 Classification of Solar Energy
Solar technology can be broadly classified as:
1.2.1 Active solar − Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic
systems, concentrated solar power and solar water heating to harness the
energy. Active solar is directly consumed in activities such as drying
clothes and warming of air.
1.2.2 Passive solar − Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to
the Sun, selecting materials with favourable thermal mass or light-
dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air.

1.3 Types of Solar Energy Devices

There are many different types of solar energy devices because different
applications have different energy requirements, and the most effective and
efficient way to harness solar energy can vary depending on the specific
application. Additionally, different solar energy technologies may be more
suitable for different geographic locations and climatic conditions.

1.3.1 PV panels
The most common way to generate solar energy is using photovoltaic (PV) cells,
which are made up of semiconductor materials that convert sunlight into
electricity. These cells are typically arranged in panels that can be mounted on
rooftops or on the ground and can be used to power everything from homes and
businesses to entire communities.

Figure (1-2) Different types of PV panels

2
 1.3.2 Solar thermal systems
Other methods of generating solar energy include solar thermal systems, which
use the sun's heat to generate electricity or to heat water for use in homes and
businesses.
Types of solar thermal systems include solar water heaters which use the sun's
heat to warm water for use in homes, businesses, and other buildings. They
typically consist of a solar collector, which absorbs the sun's heat and transfers it
to a fluid, such as water or antifreeze, that circulates through the system. The
heated fluid is then used to warm the water that is stored in a tank, which can be
used for showers, washing dishes, and other purposes.
There are also solar air heaters which work in a similar way to solar water heaters,
but instead of heating water, they warm air that can be used for space heating or
ventilation. They consist of a solar collector that absorbs the sun's heat and
transfers it to air that is circulated through the system.

Figure (1-3) Schematic diagram for solar water heater system

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 1.3.3 Concentrated solar power (CSP) systems
Which use mirrors or lenses to focus the sun's rays onto a central point, which
heats a fluid, such as water or oil, that is used to generate electricity. CSP
systems can be used on a large scale and are often connected to the electrical grid
to provide power to homes and businesses.

Figure (1-4) Example of CSP

1.4 Advantages of Solar Energy

• Renewable and sustainable: Solar energy is a renewable and sustainable
source of energy that relies on the power of the sun. As such, solar energy can
help to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels, which are finite resources and
contribute to climate change.
• Environmentally friendly: Solar energy is a clean source of energy that
produces no greenhouse gas emissions or air pollution. This makes it an
environmentally friendly alternative to traditional fossil fuels, which can have
negative impacts on air and water quality.

4
• Cost-effective: The cost of solar energy has decreased significantly in recent
years, making it an increasingly cost-effective option for many individuals,
businesses, and governments. In some parts of the world, solar energy is
already cheaper than fossil fuels, and this trend is expected to continue as
technology improves and economies of scale are achieved.
• Versatile: Solar energy can be used in many ways, including for electricity
generation, heating and cooling, lighting, and transportation. This versatility
makes it a valuable resource that can be used in a wide range of applications.
• Job creation: The growth of the solar energy industry has created many new
jobs in areas such as manufacturing, installation, and maintenance. This has
the potential to support local economies and provide new opportunities for
workers.
• Low maintenance: Solar energy systems are generally low-maintenance and
require little upkeep once they are installed. This can save money and reduce
the need for ongoing maintenance and repairs.
Overall, solar energy offers many advantages that make it an attractive option for
individuals, businesses, and governments around the world. As technology
continues to improve and costs continue to decrease, solar energy is likely to
become an even more important part of the global energy mix.

1.5 Statistics About Solar Energy

Solar energy is an energy source that has been around for quite some time. It’s
only recently, however, that people have begun to truly understand the potential
of this energy source and how it can help the world transition away from fossil
fuels. The field of solar energy is a promising and rapidly growing industry that
has the potential to play a significant role in the transition to a more sustainable
and environmentally friendly energy system.
1.5.1 Solar energy in the World
According to the International Energy Agency, solar energy is the fastest-growing
source of renewable energy in the world. In fact, solar energy capacity has
increased by almost 22 times since 2009, and it is projected to continue to grow
in the coming years.

5
 Figure (1-5) Growth of solar energy
The above figure shows the growth of solar energy between the years of 2011 and
2017 according to the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). The
growth shows how people started relying on solar energy and it will be in a
constant increase in the coming years due to the improved technologies and the
critical need of replacing the fossil fuels with clean and reliable sources.

Figure (1-6) Renewable energy generation worldwide

6
In 2020, solar energy accounted for 45% of all new power capacity added to the
grid globally, making it the largest source of new power generation. As of 2021,
the total global solar capacity was approximately 800 GW. This is enough to
power more than 150 million homes. According to the Solar Energy Industries
Association, solar energy could provide up to 40% of all electricity in the United
States by 2035.

Figure (1-7) Producers of solar energy

From the previous figure, as of 2020, China is the world's largest producer of
solar energy, followed by the United States, Japan, and Germany.

7
 1.5.2 Solar energy in Egypt
Egypt possesses an abundance of land, sunny weather, and high wind speeds,
making it a prime location for renewable energy projects. Egypt has a high
potential for electricity generation through solar PV plants across the county. It is
considered a Sunbelt country with 2,000 to 3,000 kWh/m2 per year of direct solar
radiation. The county's sunshine stands about 9-11 hours a day from north to
south, with few cloudy days.
In the past decade, Egypt has given more attention to the solar energy and has set
plans to increase the supply of electricity generated from solar photovoltaic (PV)
by 22% and concentrate solar power (CSP) by 3% by 2035.
With an installed capacity of more than 1694 MW by the end of 2020, solar
energy holds a significant share in the renewable energy market. The country is
working toward the 2035 Integrated Sustainable Energy Strategy, i.e., to install
31,000 MW of solar power by 2035.
The first solar thermal power plant was built in 2011 in Kuraymat. It has a total
installed capacity of 140 MW, with a solar share of 20 MW based on parabolic-
trough technology integrated with a combined-cycle power plant using natural
gas. The power plant was financed from the Global Environmental Facility (GEF)
and the Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC). A 10 MW power plant
has been operating in Siwa since 2015, and the remaining plants are expected to
be implemented and operated consecutively.
With the opening of the Benban Solar Park project with a capacity of 1,650 MW
in November 2019, Egypt has taken a giant leap toward achieving its goal of
generating electricity from renewable sources to 20% by 2022.
In December 2020, AMEA Power secured approvals to expand a solar project in
Egypt. The Abydos solar plant is to be built in the Aswan governorate and will be
expanded by 300 MW to a total of 500 MW.
Investments of international companies like Siemens Gamesa, Toyota Tsusho,
and others have helped bring down the cost of renewables in Egypt, significantly
creating a more developing and competitive market.

8
Figure (1-8) The Solar power plant in Kuraymat

Figure (1-9) Benban solar park – Aswan/Egypt

9
With upcoming projects and large-scale investments in solar energy under various
policies and strategies, the solar energy segment's share in Egypt is expected to
witness significant growth during the forecast period.

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 CHAPTER 2 TYPES OF CSP SYSTEMS

2.1 Introduction
Solar power receivers are a specific type of heating system that converts solar
radiation into heat capacity of the transport media. A major part of a solar-based
system is a solar receiver, which collects solar energy, transforms it to the desired
location and transports that heat to a fluid passing through the collector (usually
air, liquid or oil). The solar energy received is transferred directly from fluid
flowing to the warm water or air ventilating facilities or to a heat storage reservoir
from which it could be obtained for use at nighttime and/or during overcast
weather.
2.2 Solar Field
The solar field is the main part of a CSP system. It consists of many reflectors,
which reflect and collect the sun radiation in a specific area called heat collection
element. This produces high temperature which in turn moves through a heat
transfer fluid (HTF). The HTF is warmed by the sunlight to more than 400°C, and
then flows to the power block or the thermal energy storage system, depending
on the mode of operation.
2.2.1 The main parts of the solar field
1. Mirrors or reflectors or receivers.
2. Linear receiver or heat collection element.
3. Pumping system.
4. Collector balance of system.
2.3 Receivers’ classification
2.3.1 Stationary receivers
Solar energy receivers are essentially differentiated by their movement and
stagnant nature, the axis of tracking and the working temperature. In this case of
study, researchers evaluate the solar receivers on stationary and working
temperature bases. These receivers remain fixed in place and therefore do not
move with the sun. This classification includes three types of receivers:

11
1. Flat Plate Receivers (FPR).
2. Static Compound Parabolic Receivers (SCPR).
3. Evacuated Tube Receivers (ETR).
2.3.1.1 Flat-plate receivers (FPR)
Figure (2.1) depicts the basic flat-plate solar receiver. As sunlight strikes a
blackened coated absorber surface with a high absorption coefficient via a
transparent cover, a significant part of the energy is captured by the surface and
transported to the transport medium throughout the fluid channels, where it is
taken away for conservation or even use. FPRs have the benefits of being cheap
to produce, collecting simultaneously beam and diffuse radiation, and being
firmly fixed in place, requiring no sun monitoring.

Figure (2.1) Schematic view of a flat-plate receiver

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The following are the primary parts of an FPR, shown in Figure (2.2):

Figure (2.2) Section view of an FPR with major components

a. Upper Surface (Cover): Glass or other radiation-transmitting materials (one
or more sheets). Fluid tunnels for heat dissipation: Heat transfer fluid is carried
or directed from the source to the drain via tubing, fins, or channels.
b. Absorber surface: Absorber surface is a type of surface that is used to absorb
water. Coils, fins, or channels are connected to flat, corrugated or grooved
surfaces. A high-absorber and low-emittance coating is commonly applied to the
plate.
c. Pipe Channels: To provide passage for working fluid.
d. Insulation: To reduce thermal loss from the bottom and sides of the receivers.
e. Container: The enclosure covers and defends the foregoing elements from dirt,
humidity and other foreign matter.

2.3.1.2 Static compound parabolic receivers (SCPR)

SCPRs (Static Compound Parabolic Receivers) are Receivers that do not require
imaging. These also can reflect all incident radiation to the absorber in certain
limits. Winston emphasized their possibilities as solar energy receivers. Using a
trough with two parts of a paraboloid approaching each other, shown in Figure
(2.3), reduces the need to move the concentrator to accept changing solar
orientation. Compound parabolic receivers are capable of accepting incident

13
radiation from a broad range of angles. The radiation approaching the aperture
inside the receiver acceptance angle makes its way to the absorber tube at the base
of the receiver due to various internal reflections.
The absorber can be configured in several ways. It can be linear, cylindrical,
rectangular, bifacial, wedge, or flattened. There are two main types of CPR
receivers: symmetric and asymmetric.

Figure (2.3) Different types of CPR available

2.3.1.3 Evacuated tube receivers (ETR)

General flat-plate receivers (FPR) were originally designed to be used on bright
days and in hot climates. When weather conditions are unfavourable, such as
colder, cloudy, rainy and windy days, their advantages are reduced significantly.
Also, weathering factors such as precipitation and humidity cause serious
materials to deteriorate prematurely, resulting in decreased quality and efficiency
and becoming the cause of system failure. Solar receivers (pipes) with evacuated
heat piping function differently than most other receivers available on the
marketplace. As seen in Figure (2.4), such solar receivers consist of a heat pipe
in a vacuum-sealed container. As shown in Figure (2.5), several tubing is linked
to the same section in the setup.

14
 Figure (2.4) Schematic diagram of an evacuated tube receiver

The conjunction of a particular surface, as well as an efficient convection silencer

in evacuated tube receivers, has demonstrated significant performance at the
high-temperature range. The receivers can run at higher temperatures compared
to FPRs because the vacuum boundary decreases losses due to convection and
conduction heat transfer. These accumulate both beam and diffuse radiation,
similar FPRs, as they're more efficient at a low incident angle. This makes ETRs
a productivity edge over FPRs over the course of a day.

Figure (2.5) :(a) Evacuated tube collectors; (b) Representation of a concentric

tube.

15
2.3.2 Sun-tracking concentrating receivers
The temperature of the energy distribution system can be raised by reducing the
area where heat is lost. If a significant amount of solar energy is focused on a
limited collection area, temperatures far exceeding the achievable by FPRs can
be attained. This is accomplished by placing an optical device between both the
radiation source and the energy-absorbing face. Concentrating receivers have a
few benefits over traditional flat-plate receivers. For concentrating receivers, a
variety of concepts were already proposed. Concentrators may be reflectors or
refractors, cylindrical or parabolic, continual or partitioned and rectangular or
curvatures. Convex, smooth, curved, or contoured receivers may be shielded with
glass or left exposed. Concentration ratios or the proportion of aperture to
absorption zones, may range from marginally above unity to levels on the scale
of 10,000. Higher ratios result in higher temperatures where the energy can be
supplied, but this also means that these receivers need more accuracy in optical
quality and optical system orientation. Solar energy is optically focused in
focusing receivers before being converted to heat. Solar radiation may be
reflected or refracted using mirrors or lenses to achieve concentration. The energy
density in the receiving target is increased as the reflected or refracted sunlight is
concentrated in a focal zone. Based on whether the picture of the sun is aimed at
the receiver, concentrating receivers can be categorized as non-imaging or
imaging receiver. The CPR is a receiver that belongs to the very first category,
while all other concentrators are imaging receiver:
a. The Parabolic Trough Concentrator (PTC).
b. The Linear Fresnel Reflector (LFR).
c. Parabolic dish Reflector (PDR).
d. Heliostat field Receiver (HFR).
e. Fixed Focus Elliptical Scheffler Reflector.
f. The Solar Tower.

16
2.3.2.1 The parabolic trough solar concentrator
Scholars constructed several parabolic troughs concentrators and used tracking
mechanisms to monitor the Sun. The Sun monitor layer (or reflective surface) is
used to direct the solar radiation to the central focus point of the reflector.
Scholars used glass, copper or aluminum solar concentrator trough’s focal point
to absorb the reflecting solar radiation. The working fluid, primarily water,
consumes the latent and sensible heat radiation which allows the fluid to flow
through the system. A high-performance solar receiver is needed to deliver high
temperatures in high efficiency and maximum reliability. With parabolic through
receivers (PTRs), systems with light support frame and moderate technology for
process heat operations up to 400 degrees Celsius could be achieved. PTRs can
efficiently generate heat at temperatures ranging from 50 to 400 degrees Celsius.
Sheets of reflective material are bent into a parabolic shape to create PTRs. Along
the focal axis of the receiver, a metallic black tube is mounted, which is covered
with a glass tube to minimize heat losses Figure (2.6):

Figure (2.6) Parabolic trough Concentrator

17
2.3.2.2 Fresnel lens solar concentrator
The Fresnel lens Receiver (FLR) can be seen in Figure 8, and the linear Fresnel
reflector (LFR) can be seen. The first is made of plastic and molded in the manner
shown to concentrate sun’s radiation onto a point receiver, while the latter relies
on arrays of linear mirror stripes to reflect sunlight over to a linear receiver. The
LFR receiver looks like a broken-up parabolic dish reflector, however, unlike
parabolic troughs, the individual stripes don't have to be parabolic. The stripes
can also be installed on a flat piece of ground (field) to focus light on a linear
stationary receiver on a tower. Fresnel lens quality characteristics such as limited
length, lightweight, mass manufacturing and cheap cost have made this profitable
in the energy department. The Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) components (a
Fresnel lens modification discovered by some experts in 1928) can construct
Fresnel lenses (discovered by Augustine Jean Fresnel( because of their
exceptional sunlight resistance & transmissivity. A lens of a Fresnel concentrator
comprises a flat optical segment in which it removes heavy materials as its surface
comprises many concentric grooves. Because each groove is calculated by a
smooth surface that reflects at the position of the regular lens due to curvature,
prisms are formed.

Figure (2.7) Experimental setup of Fresnel lens solar concentrator

18
 Figure (2.8) Fresnel lens & Normal lens

2.3.2.3 The solar tower system

Many dual axis tracking mirrors are mounted over a tower of solar thermal turbine
power plants. These strongly angled mirrors are sometimes called heliostats; the
optimal location for each of these is determined by a computer, and a motor drives
them toward the sun. To guarantee the sunlight is centered on the top of the tower,
the device needs to be accurate. The absorber is situated there, and it heats this to
temperatures of 1000°C or higher. Heated air or molten salt then carries the heat
energy from the absorber to a gas turbine or steam generator creates super-heated
water vapor which operates a turbine and electrical generator. Many dual-axis
tracking mirrors are mounted over a tower in solar thermal power plants. Often
called heliostats are those strongly angled mirrors. A machine determines the
optimal location for both and drives them towards the sun with a motor drive. To
guarantee the sunlight is centered on the top of the tower, the device needs to be
accurate.
Most of the Old towers used steam as a heat transfer agent but owing to their
improved heat transfer and energy conservation capacities, newer buildings use
molten salts. Transferring the heat to water transforms into steam. The steam is
then transferred to a traditional turbine for the generation of electric energy.

19
 Figure (2.9) Solar tower power plant

2.3.2.4 Parabolic dish based solar system.

A parabolic dish reflector (PDR), as can be seen in Figure (2.10), is a central-
focus receiver that follows the sun in 2 axes, focusing the sun's radiation onto a
receiver only at the dish's point of focus. To reflect the beam into another thermal
receiver, the dish system must completely follow the sun. The receiver absorbed
solar radiation and converted it into thermal energy in a fluid flowing. Thermal
energy can also be converted into electrical energy using a direct-coupled engine
power generator or transferred to a centralized power conversion system via
pipelines. Temperatures of over 15000C can be achieved using parabolic dish
arrays. Parabolic dishes are also referred to as distributed receiver systems since
these receivers remain distributed across a receiver field, like parabolic troughs.

Figure (2.10) Schematic diagram of parabolic dish collector

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2.3.2.5 Fixed focus elliptical Scheffler reflector
A paraboloid reflector dish/mirror is a reflecting plate that is used to collect or
focus on energy such as solar radiation. It takes the shape of a circular paraboloid,
a surface formed by a parabola rotating around its axis. The arriving plane light
wave moves along the axis, and the parabolic reflector transforms this into a
spherical wave which converges itself on focus. Parabolic reflectors gather
energy from a remote point and concentrate it into a specific point of focus,
eliminating the chromatic aberrations seen in more basic nearly spherical
reflectors. Because the reflection laws are reversible, parabolic reflectors can also
be used in a parallel light ray to project the light of a source at its focus outward,
as seen in car lights and searchlights. The Reflector Scheffler is titled after
Wolfgang Scheffler, the developer of the device. As seen in Figure (2.11), it is a
main concentrating reflector that monitors the Sun's motion and focuses the light
on a fixed point. Because the focus would move as the dish rotates if the utilized
reflector was a rigid paraboloid, the reflector is made more flexible and twists as
the platter rotates. The reflector will always be perfectly paraboloid. The light
concentrated by the reflector heats a huge vessel that can be applied for heating
systems, steam generation, preparing food, including making pieces of bread,
among other things. The Scheffler reflector can be used to heat water in the home.
Via the use of sub-uniform solar radiation dispersed on the heated cylindrical
absorber surface, Scheffler reflectors can provide efficient water heating. This has
a wide spectrum of uses, including solar cooking (in which the sun is concentrated
on the cooking vessel), textiles, pharmaceuticals, and so on.

Figure (2.11) Scheffler reflector section in a paraboloid shape

21
2.4 Comparison between Solar Collectors
Table (2.1): Comparison between solar collectors

Concentration ratio is defined as the ratio of the area of aperture of the system to
the area of the receiver.

22
 CHAPTER 3 PARABOLIC TROUGH COLLECTOR

3.1 Introduction
Parabolic trough collectors are a type of solar thermal technology used to
generate electricity or produce high-temperature heat. They are designed to
capture and concentrate sunlight onto a linear receiver tube located at the focal
point of a parabolic-shaped reflector.
The reflector is typically made of curved mirrors or a reflective material, such as
polished aluminum, and is designed to track the sun throughout the day to
maximize the amount of sunlight captured. The receiver tube is filled with a heat
transfer fluid, such as oil or a molten salt, that absorbs the concentrated
sunlight and transfers the heat to a power cycle or a storage system.
Parabolic trough collectors are commonly used in large-scale solar thermal power
plants, where multiple troughs are arranged in parallel rows to form a solar field.
The heat transfer fluid from the individual troughs is then collected and used to
generate steam, which drives a turbine to produce electricity.
Compared to other types of solar thermal technologies, such as solar towers or
dish collectors, parabolic troughs are relatively simple and mature technology,
with a proven track record of commercial operation. They are also highly efficient
in converting sunlight into thermal energy, with typical efficiencies of around 60-
70%.

Figure (3.1) Parabolic Trough Collector (PTC)

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 Figure (3.2) Schematic diagram for PTC
Figure (3.2) shows how electricity is generated from the PTC, first the HTF is
taken from the tank via a pump, it then flows through the absorber tube gaining
heat from the sunrays reflected by the mirrors. The HTF goes out from the
absorber tube with approximately 400 °C. The HTF is either stored in insulated
tanks or passed through a steam generator to produce steam and returns to the
cold storage tank.
The produced steam is then used to drive a turbine which turns a generator and
hence electricity is produced from direct sunlight.

3.2 History of PTC

The first documented use of concentrated solar power technology was
in 1866 where Auguste Mouchout used parabolic troughs to heat water and
produce steam to run the first solar steam engine. A series of inventors applied
the technology in the following years. Such as John Ericsson in 1870, he
constructed a parabolic trough collector (PTC) which had a collector area of

24
3.25 m2 to concentrate sun rays over a tube and was built to drive a small 373-W
engine.
The first solar thermal facility using line-focusing parabolic collectors to supply
power for a 35 KW heat engine was erected and successfully operated in Egypt
as early as 1913. However, the region's fledgling oil economy stopped further
solar development efforts. Parabolic trough R&D activities started again in the
mid-1970s. The energy was used by a steam-driven pump to lift water from the
Nile to irrigate fields.

Figure (3.3) The First PTC @ Maadi-Egypt 1913

Figure (3.4) Construction of PTC @ Maadi

25
The first PTC power plant was built in 1984 in California, USA. The Solar
Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) plant consisted of nine parabolic trough
arrays with a total capacity of 354 MW. The SEGS plant set the standard for PTC
technology and proved that the technology was viable for large-scale power
generation.

Figure (3.5) LS1 collector @ USA

During the 1990s and 2000s, several other PTC power plants were built around
the world, including in Spain and Egypt. These plants used newer and more
efficient designs, such as the Eurotrough and the LS-3, which improved the
performance and cost-effectiveness of the technology.
In recent years, PTCs have continued to evolve, with new designs and
technologies aimed at improving their efficiency, reducing their cost, and
addressing their environmental impacts. For example, researchers are exploring
the use of higher-precision mirrors, advanced tracking systems, and new heat
transfer fluids to improve the performance of PTCs. There is also ongoing
research into reducing the water consumption of PTCs and improving their ability
to integrate with energy storage systems.

26
 Figure (3.6) Eurotrough PTC @ Almeria - Spain
Today, PTCs are a well-established technology for generating renewable energy,
with a proven track record of commercial operation and ongoing research and
development aimed at improving their performance and cost-effectiveness.

3.3 Challenges Facing the Widespread of PTC

There are several challenges facing the widespread adoption of parabolic troughs,
including:
• Cost: Parabolic troughs are still more expensive than some other forms of
renewable energy, such as wind or solar photovoltaics. However, the cost of
parabolic troughs has come down significantly over the years due to
technological advancements and economies of scale.
• Land Use: Parabolic troughs require a lot of land to generate significant
amounts of electricity. They are typically deployed in large-scale solar thermal
power plants that require large tracts of land, which can be a challenge in
densely populated areas.

27
• Water Consumption: Parabolic troughs require water for cooling, cleaning,
and other processes, particularly in dry and arid regions. This can be a
challenge as water resources are often scarce in these areas.
• Maintenance: Parabolic troughs require regular maintenance to ensure that
they are operating at peak efficiency. This can be a challenge in remote areas
where access to skilled technicians and spare parts may be limited.
• Weather Dependence: Like all solar energy technologies, parabolic troughs
are dependent on weather conditions such as cloud cover, which can affect
their performance and output. This can make it difficult to rely on parabolic
troughs for continuous power generation.
Despite these challenges, parabolic troughs remain a promising technology for
generating renewable energy, particularly in regions with high direct normal
irradiance and ample land resources. Ongoing research and development is aimed
at addressing these challenges and improving the performance and cost-
effectiveness of parabolic troughs.

3.4 Modifications to PTC

To overcome the mentioned challenges, researchers are exploring several
approaches to simplify the design of parabolic troughs and reduce the complexity
of their components. Here are some examples:
• Materials: Researchers are exploring new materials for the reflectors, such as
flexible polymers or thin films, that are less expensive and easier to
manufacture than traditional glass or metal mirrors. These materials could also
be more durable and require less maintenance than traditional materials.
• Tracking Systems: Researchers are developing new tracking systems that are
simpler and more reliable than traditional systems. For example, some
researchers are exploring the use of passive tracking systems that use gravity
or other natural forces to keep the reflectors aligned with the sun. Other
researchers are exploring the use of advanced control systems that can
automatically adjust the reflectors based on weather conditions or other
factors.
• Heat Transfer Fluids: Researchers are exploring new heat transfer fluids that
are more efficient and less expensive than traditional fluids, such as molten
salts or supercritical fluids. These fluids can operate at higher temperatures,
which can improve the efficiency of the system and reduce the complexity of
the components.

28
• Manufacturing: Researchers are exploring ways to simplify the
manufacturing process for parabolic troughs, such as by using modular
designs or 3D printing. These approaches can reduce the labor and materials
required to manufacture the components, which can lower the cost and
improve the scalability of the technology.
• Integration: Researchers are exploring ways to integrate parabolic troughs
with other renewable energy technologies, such as energy storage or backup
power sources. This can improve the reliability and flexibility of the system
and reduce the impact of weather variations on the power output.
By simplifying the design of parabolic troughs and reducing the complexity of
their components, researchers can improve the cost-effectiveness and scalability
of the technology, which can help to accelerate its widespread adoption as a
source of renewable energy.

3.5Advantages of Using PTC

• High Efficiency: PTCs can achieve high levels of efficiency in converting
solar energy into thermal energy due to their unique parabolic shape. This
makes them more efficient than other solar thermal technologies, such as flat
plate collectors.
• Cost-Effective: PTCs are cost-effective compared to other solar thermal
technologies, as they use less material and require less maintenance.
Additionally, PTCs can generate electricity at a lower cost than photovoltaic
(PV) solar panels.
• Reliable: PTCs have a proven track record of reliable operation, as they have
been used for many years in commercial-scale solar power plants.
• Scalable: PTCs can be easily scaled up or down depending on the size of the
power plant, making them suitable for a wide range of applications.
• Environmentally Friendly: PTCs generate electricity without emitting
greenhouse gases or other pollutants, making them an environmentally
friendly alternative to fossil fuels.
• Energy Storage: PTCs can be used in conjunction with thermal energy
storage systems to provide electricity on demand, even when the sun is not
shining. This makes them a more reliable source of renewable energy than
other solar technologies that rely on direct sunlight.

29
 3.6 Applications of PTC
Parabolic trough technology can be utilized in various applications and can be
integrated into almost any existing system which requires thermal energy. With
thermal storage, 24 hours energy production can be guaranteed. PTCs are used
in a variety of industrial applications, and it is divided into three main groups as
shown in Figure (3.7). The heat collected is used directly for a given process in
thermal applications. The solar energy is mainly used in heating and cooling
applications in the industrial and commercial sectors.

Figure (3.7) Industrial applications for PTC

3.6.1 CSP plants
CSP is the most popular PTC application for electricity generation. CSP plants
generate electricity using solar-assisted turbines or integrated systems with
combined cycles, usually with a thermal storage block. Both direct and indirect
SGs are the most commonly used methods in the world for electricity generation
with PTCs. These systems generate steam to run a turbine, by direct heating
(water as HTF of the PTC system) or by indirect heating (i.e., oil as HTF and heat
is transferred to water through a heat exchanger). Figure (3.8) presents a diagram
of a CSP plant with direct SG (a) and indirect SG integrated to a combined cycle
(b). The thermal storage block increases the efficiency, making it possible to
generate electricity even when there is no solar resource (nights or cloudy days).

30
Figure (3.8) Diagram of a CSP with direct SG (a) and indirect SG integrated to a
combined cycle (b)

Figure (3.9) Worldwide locations of thermal plants using PTC

As it’s shown from the previous figure, the United States has the lion’s share of
the PTC plants around the world.

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3.6.1.1 SEGS plants
The first oil crisis in the early 70s marked the beginning of modern development
of CSP plants worldwide. R&D activities were started on several continents, and
experimental and pilot solar power plants were erected and operated. But it was
in the United States where parabolic-trough solar technology reached its
maximum maturity, in nine commercial SEGS plants built in the Mojave Desert
in California where the average DNI (Direct Normal Irradiation), which is the
amount of solar radiation received per unit area by a surface that is always held
perpendicular (or normal) to the rays that come in a straight line from the direction
of the sun at its current position in the sky. Is about (2727 KWh/m2.year). These
plants range in size from 14 to 80 MW and represent a total of 354 MW installed
capacity.
Table (3.1) Main characteristics of the SEGS plants

3.6.1.2 Current state of CSP in Spain

Spain, with a DNI of 2000 kWh/m2 year, is one of the international leaders in the
implementation of CSP technology for electricity generation. Spanish legislation
adopted European goals in the Renewable Energies Plan, approved in 1999 and
revised in 2005. The 1999 Plan set a goal of 200 MW of CSP plant installed
capacity by the end of 2010. This was increased to 500 MW in the 2005 Plan.
There is more than 10 GW CSP capacity planned in Spain, with 2 PTC plants in
operation, 13 plants under construction and more than 200 planning projects.

32
Table (3.2) Main characteristics of CSP in Spain

3.6.1.3 Current state of CSP in the North Africa

North Africa offers a huge potential for electricity production from CSP due to its
high solar irradiance. The opportunity for exporting CSP electricity to Europe is
one of the major drivers for CSP growth in the region. This is opening up new
opportunities for economic and technical cooperation between the two regions
and will help Europe in its long-term CO2-emissions reduction target.
ALGERIA: Algeria has the highest solar potential in the Mediterranean Basin.
Coastal areas in Algeria receive an annual solar irradiance of 1700 kWh/m2 year
while the highlands and Sahara receive 1900 kWh/m2 year and 2650 kWh/m2 year
respectively. It has been estimated that 82% of the total land is available for
installing CSP plants.
MOROCCO: Morocco, which receives about 2000 kWh/ m2 year DNI in around
30% of its territory, also offers great potential for CSP. It is Morocco’s goal to
increase the share of renewable energies from 0.24% in 2003 to 10% in 2011 and
close to 20% in 2020.
EGYPT: Egypt has set up a New and Renewable Energy Authority (NREA, a
dependency of the Ministry of Energy) that is responsible for promoting
renewable energy resources. It’s renewable energy strategy currently targets a 3%
share of the Egyptian electricity demand, mainly from solar, wind and biomass
applications.

33
Table (3.3) Main characteristics of CSPs in North Africa

3.6.2 Cooling
The process of cooling is the removal of heat from a system.
Parabolic trough collectors (PTCs) can be used in industrial cooling processes to
provide solar thermal energy for absorption refrigeration systems. Absorption
refrigeration systems use heat to produce a cooling effect, making them suitable
for cooling applications where waste heat or renewable energy sources are
available.
In an industrial cooling process using PTCs, the parabolic troughs concentrate
solar energy onto a tube containing a heat transfer fluid, which is heated to a high
temperature. The heated fluid is then used to drive an absorption refrigeration
system, which produces chilled water or air for cooling purposes.
The basic component of an absorption refrigeration system include an evaporator,
a condenser, an absorber, and a generator. The evaporator is where the chilled
water or air is produced, while the condenser is where the heat is rejected. The
absorber and generator are used to regenerate the refrigerant and absorb the heat
that is produced during the process.
In an industrial cooling process using PTCs, the heated fluid from the parabolic
trough collectors is used to drive the generator, which produces a vapor that is
then condensed in the condenser. The condensed vapor is then used to cool the
evaporator, which produces the chilled water or air.
Overall, PTCs can be used in industrial cooling processes to provide renewable
energy for absorption refrigeration systems, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and
lowering carbon emissions.

34
Using parabolic trough collectors (PTCs) for industrial cooling processes can
provide several benefits, including:
• Reduced Energy Costs: By using PTCs to provide solar thermal energy
for absorption refrigeration systems, industrial facilities can reduce their
energy costs. The solar energy is free and renewable, which can help to lower
the overall operating costs of the cooling process.
• Reduced Environmental Impact: PTCs help to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions and other pollutants that are associated with fossil fuel-based
cooling processes. This makes them a more environmentally friendly option
for industrial cooling.
• Improved Efficiency: PTCs can provide high-temperature heat that is
required for absorption refrigeration systems. This can improve the efficiency
of the cooling process, as the absorption refrigeration system is able to
produce chilled water or air more efficiently when it is driven by high-
temperature heat.
• Scalability: PTCs can be easily scaled up or down depending on the size of
the cooling process. This makes them suitable for a wide range of applications,
from small-scale industrial facilities to large-scale cooling processes.
• Reliability: PTCs have a proven track record of reliable operation, as they
have been used in commercial-scale solar power plants for many years. This
makes them a dependable source of solar thermal energy for industrial cooling
processes.
Some examples of industrial cooling processes that can use PTCs include data
centers, food processing facilities, chemical plants, and manufacturing facilities.
In these applications, the chilled water or air produced by the absorption
refrigeration system is used to cool equipment, products, or processes.
The process of cooling is a vital part of our lives. It keeps us comfortable,
preserves food, and allows industrial processes to run safely and efficiently.

35
3.6.3 Water Desalination
Parabolic trough collectors can be used in water desalination to generate the heat
required for the desalination process. The concentrated solar heat from the
parabolic trough collectors is used to heat a working fluid, such as water or oil.
The working fluid then transfers the heat to a brine solution, causing the water in
the brine solution to evaporate. The vapor is then condensed, producing fresh
water.
Parabolic trough collectors are a promising technology for water desalination
because they can generate the heat required for the desalination process without
using fossil fuels. This makes them a more environmentally friendly option than
traditional desalination processes that use fossil fuels.
Here are some of the advantages of using parabolic trough collectors for water
desalination:
• They are a renewable energy source.
• They are efficient at generating heat.
• They can be used to desalinate water in remote areas.
However, there are also some challenges associated with using parabolic trough
collectors for water desalination, including:
• The initial cost of installation is high.
• The collectors require regular maintenance.
• The collectors are not as efficient in cloudy or rainy weather.
Brine and fresh water are separated by heating seawater in thermal processes and
Seawater is heated so that water is vaporized, which is physically separated from
salt because of its lower boiling point. The water vapor then condenses, leaving
fresh water.

Figure (3.10) Schematic diagram for water desalination using PTC

36
3.6.4 Heating
Parabolic trough collectors (PTCs) can be used for heating applications,
particularly in industrial or commercial settings. PTCs can provide high-
temperature heat, making them suitable for a wide range of heating applications.
In a heating system using PTCs, the parabolic troughs concentrate solar energy
onto a tube containing a heat transfer fluid, which is then used to provide heat for
a building or process. The heated fluid can be used directly to heat a space or can
be used to produce steam, which can be used for industrial processes or to
generate electricity.
Examples:
• Domestic hot water: Parabolic trough collectors can be used to heat domestic
hot water for homes and businesses. This is a relatively small-scale
application, but it can save homeowners money on their energy bills.
• Industrial process heat: Parabolic trough collectors can be used to provide
high-temperature heat for industrial processes. This heat can be used for a
variety of applications, such as food processing, desalination, and chemical
manufacturing.

3.7 Components of PTC

3.7.1 Reflector or collector

The reflector is a curved mirror that reflects solar radiation onto a receiver tube.
The reflector is typically made of aluminum or steel, and it is coated with a
reflective material such as silver or gold.
Suitable Materials for Collector: To achieve the maximum collector efficiency,
selection of appropriate material is very important. The material should possess
high reflectivity and low absorptivity.
Table (3.4): Suitable materials for collector

37
3.7.2 Receiver tube or absorber tube

The receiver tube is a long, thin tube that contains the heat transfer fluid. The
receiver tube is typically made of copper or steel, and it is coated with a heat-
resistant material.
Suitable Materials for Absorber: As far as the absorber materials are concerned,
they should possess high absorptivity, low reflectivity and high thermal
conductivity.
Table (3.5): Suitable materials for absorber

3.7.3 Heat transfer fluid

The heat transfer fluid is a liquid or gas that is heated by concentrated solar
radiation. The heat transfer fluid is then circulated through a heat exchanger,
where it transfers its heat to a working fluid such as water or steam. The type of
heat transfer fluid used determines the operational temperature range of the solar
field and thus the maximum power cycle efficiency that can be obtained.
Table (3.6): HTF with applications in solar parabolic trough field.

38
3.7.4 Foundation

The foundation supports the reflector and the tracking system. The foundation is
typically made of concrete or steel.

3.7.5 Solar tracking system

Solar tracking systems are needed because PTCs work with direct beam radiation.
A solar tracking system aligns the collector with the sun to maximize collector
performance in its one-axis rotation. Solar trackers can be classified as either
passive or active. The thermosiphon effect is used by passive trackers to align the
collector, whereas active trackers use electronic signal conversion. But passive
trackers are not commonly used in PTCs because misalignment occurs by the
forces of wind during operation.

Active trackers are mostly used in concentrating solar systems and are divided
into closed-loop and open-loop trackers. The principal difference between these
types of active trackers is the use of signal conversion method. Closed-loop
trackers use electronic signal conversion with feedback control. Open-loop
trackers use algorithms and prerecorded data with a computer and timing controls
to track the sun.

Figure (3.11) Solar tracker types: (a) active closed-loop, (b) active open-loop

39
Active closed-loop trackers consist of three parts: a light sensor, a control system,
and a drive system. The sensor is active when the collector is misaligned with the
sun (it measures a high light intensity when the collector is aligned), the
misalignment triggers it to send a signal to the control system. The control system
converts this signal so that movement of the driver occurs for transmitting torque
to the structure until the collector is correctly aligned. A pair of light receiving
diodes or PV cells are the most used sensors for closed-loop tracking. The main
advantage of this tracking method is its high tracking accuracy but can be affected
by shadowing. But the main disadvantage is the inability of the control system to
recover or find the direction of the sun under long cloudy periods.
Active open-loop trackers consist of a controller and a drive. During operation,
the algorithm programmed on the controller signals the drive to move the
collectors. Open-loop trackers can be classified into timed trackers and
altitude/azimuth trackers. Timed trackers use algorithms based on time, so that
the collector is controlled by incremental movements. Altitude/azimuth trackers
use algorithms based on astronomical data depending on location and time. The
disadvantage of these methods is the accuracy of the equations used in the
algorithms, which can result in high misalignments.
Hybrid-loop tracking has been developed to overcome the disadvantages of both
closed-loop and open-loop trackings. The fundamental strategy of hybrid-loop
tracking is the use of algorithm (open loop) to track the sun and to reduce the
misalignments by sensors (closed loop). Typical hybrid-loop tracking would be
to calculate the position of the sun by the algorithm and activate the drive and
later to correct misalignments by the sensor in the case that it is sensed.
3.7.6 Additional components
In addition to these main components, a PTC may also include the following:

a. Insulation: The insulation helps to prevent heat loss from the receiver tube. The
insulation is typically made of fiberglass or rock wool.

b. safety system: The safety system prevents the PTC from overheating or from
being damaged by the sun's radiation.

c. monitoring system: The monitoring system tracks the performance of the PTC and
alerts the operator if there are any problems.

40
 CHAPTER 4 EXPREMINTAL TEST RIG

4.1 Introduction
Egypt has a great potential for solar energy production, as it receives an average
of 3,050 hours of sunlight per year. The country has already made significant
progress in the development of solar energy, with the Benban Solar Park in Aswan
being the largest solar energy project in the world.
In 2022, solar energy capacity represented 27.27 percent of the total renewable
energy capacity in Egypt. The government has set a target of generating 20% of
its electricity from renewable energy sources by 2022, and solar energy is
expected to play a major role in achieving this target.

There are several factors that make Egypt a good place for solar power plants. These
include:

• The country's high solar irradiance levels.

• The availability of land for solar farms.
• The government's commitment to renewable energy.
• The increasing demand for electricity in Egypt.
4.2 Atmospheric Effects on Incoming Solar Radiation
The solar radiation reaching the Earth’s surface through the atmosphere can be
classified into two components: beam and diffuse radiation.
Beam radiation (𝑰𝒃): The solar radiation propagating along the line joining the
receiving surface and the Sun. It is also referred to as direct radiation.
Diffuse radiation (𝑰𝒅): The solar radiation scattered by aerosols, dust and
molecules. It does not have any unique direction.
Total radiation (𝑰𝒕): The sum of the beam and diffuse radiation, sometimes
known as global radiation.

41
 Figure (4.1) Incoming solar radiation
4.3 Sun-Earth Angles
a. Latitude (φ): The latitude of a location is the angle made by the radial line
joining the given location to the center of the Earth with its projection on the
equatorial plane.
Latitude φ gives the location of a place on Earth, i.e., north or south of the equator.
Latitude is ranging from 0 ° at the equator to 90° at the poles (90°N or 90°S) for
the north and south poles, respectively.

42
 Figure (4.2) Latitude angle

b. Longitude (𝑳𝒕): On the Earth, a meridian is an imaginary north–south line

between the North Pole and the South Pole that connects all locations with a
given longitude.

Figure (4.3) Longitude angle

43
The meridian that passes through Greenwich (England) is considered as the prime
meridian, i.e., zero degrees of longitude.
c. Solar Declination (δ): The angle that the Sun’s rays make with the equatorial
plane is known as the declination angle.
• Solar declination can also be defined as the angle between the line joining
the centers of the Sun and the Earth and its projection on the equatorial
plane on any day, δ is taken as a constant which changes on the next day.
The following equation can be used to calculate the solar declination angle,
Where n= day of the year.

𝟑𝟔𝟎
𝜹 = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟒𝟓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 [(𝟐𝟖𝟒 + 𝒏) × ] (4.1)
𝟑𝟔𝟓

Figure (4.4) Solar declination angle

44
d. Hour Angle (ω or h): The hour angle is the measure of the angular
displacement of the Sun through which the Earth must rotate to bring the meridian
of the place directly under the Sun.
This angle continuously decreases from sunrise to noon, becomes zero at noon
and then starts increasing when its value becomes positive. At sunset the hour
angle is maximum positive and at sunrise it is maximum negative for any place.

Figure (4.5) Hour angle

An expression for hour angle ω is given by:
𝝎 = (𝑺𝑻 − 𝟏𝟐) × 𝟏𝟓 (4.2)
Where ST is local solar time.
e. Zenith Angle (𝜽𝒛): Let P be a point on the surface of the Earth referred to as
the position of the observer and PN normal to the horizontal plane as shown in
Figure.
• The direction PN is known as the zenith direction. The zenith angle (𝜽𝒛) is the
angle of the Sun’s ray (SP) away from the zenith direction (PN), which varies
from 0 to 90°.
• When the Sun is either rising or setting the zenith angle is near 90° whereas at
noon it is equal to or very near to zero. The zenith angle varies throughout the
day with the movement of the Sun.

45
 Figure (4.6) Zenith angle
f. Solar Altitude (α):
• The solar altitude (α) is the angle between the rays of the Sun (SP) and the
horizontal plane under consideration.
• PS’ is the projection of the Sun’s rays on a horizontal surface. Thus, PS’
represents the horizontal surface. The angle (S’PS) is the solar altitude, as shown
in Figure. Hence, 𝜽𝒛 + α =90°
• The altitude angle is zero at sunrise and sunset, whereas at noon it is near to
90°. The altitude angle also varies throughout the day with the movement of the
Sun.

Figure (4.7) Solar altitude

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝒛 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜹 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝎 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ∅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜹 (4.3)
Where 𝜃𝑧 + 𝛼 = 90
g. Solar Azimuth Angle (𝛄𝒔𝒖𝒏): This angle is measured with respect to the south
direction.
• Considering Figure, the angle between the south direction and the projection of
the rays of the Sun on a horizontal plane is known as the solar azimuth angle.
Cos (δ) sin(h)
(𝜸𝒔𝒖𝒏) = (4.4)
cos(α)

46
h. Solar time and Clock time:
• Solar time is the time based on the apparent angular motion of the sun across
the sky with the solar noon the time the sun crosses the meridian of the observer.
• Solar noon is that moment of the day that divides the daylight hours for that
day exactly into half. It is the time, at a specific location, when the Sun reaches
its highest apparent point in the sky.
Solar time = Clock time + Longitude correction + equation of time (E)
Solar time - Clock time =4 (𝑳𝒔𝒕 − 𝑳𝒍𝒐𝒄 ) + 𝑬 (4.5)
Where 𝑳𝒔𝒕 is the standard meridian for the local time zone, and 𝑳𝒍𝒐𝒄 is the
longitude of the location in the question.
• Equation of time can be expressed as follows:
E = 229.2(0.000075+0.001868𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑩 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟐𝟎𝟕𝟕 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩 −
𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟒𝟔𝟏𝟓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝑩 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟎𝟖𝟗 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝑩)
(4.6)
Where B = (n-1)360/365, n=day of year.
i. Angle of Incidence (𝜽𝒊):
• The angle of incidence is the angle between a beam incident on a surface and
the line perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence called the normal.

Figure (4.8) Angle of incidence

47
An expression for cos 𝜃𝑖 is given by:
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝒊 = (𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜷 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ∅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜷 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜸) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜹 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝎 +
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜹 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜷 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜸 + (𝐬𝐢𝐧 ∅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜷 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜷 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜸) × 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜹 (4.7)
Where β is the inclination of the plane (a surface on which beam radiation is
falling) with the horizontal surface and γ is the wall azimuth angle (due south)
that specifies the orientation of the surface. This angle decides the distance of a
tilted plane from the south orientation.
j. Angle of Incidence (𝜽𝒊):
• If a plane under consideration is horizontal, then β will equal zero, if the surface
is facing towards south then γ will equal zero.
• Then 𝜽𝒊= 𝜽𝒛 (𝒁𝒆𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆), and 𝜽𝒛 can be obtained as follows:
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝒊 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝒛 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜹 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝎 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ∅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜹 (4.8)

4.4 Sun Path Diagram

A sun path diagram, also known as a sun chart or sun plot, is a graphical
representation of the path that the sun takes across the sky over a particular
location on the Earth's surface. The diagram shows the position of the sun at
different times of the day and throughout the year.
Typically, a sun path diagram includes a circular or semicircular plot with lines
representing the horizon and the altitude of the sun above the horizon. The
diagram may also include annotations indicating the time of day, the date, and the
azimuth angle of the sun's position.
Sun path diagrams can be useful for a variety of purposes, such as designing
buildings to optimize natural lighting and energy efficiency, determining the best
placement of solar panels, and planning outdoor activities based on the amount
of shade and sunlight available at different times of the year.

48
 Figure (4.9) Sun path diagram

4.5 Geometry of PTC

Parabolic Trough Solar Collector (PTSC) which is also called cylindrical
parabolic collector employs linear imaging concentration. These collectors are
comprised of a cylindrical concentrator of parabolic cross – sectional shape, and
a circular cylindrical receiver located along the focal line of the parabola. A
section of a PTSC is shown in the figure.

Figure (4.10) Cross-sectional view of PTC

49
• Optical Performance for PTC: The optical analysis of solar collectors
with parabolic reflector must consider many different effects, such as
optical properties of materials, relative size of receiver and concentrator
and the type of tracking and corresponding losses.
• Incidence Angle Modifier: In addition to losses due to the angle of
incidence, there are other losses from the collector that can be correlated to
the angle of incidence. The effects of errors in the concentrating collector,
tracking errors, and errors in displacement of receiver from the focus all
lead to enlarged or shifted images and affect the intercept factor.
• End Effect Correction: End losses occur at the ends of the receiver where,
for a nonzero incidence angle, some length of receiver tube is not
illuminated by solar radiation reflected from the mirrors. The Figure
depicts the occurrence of end losses for an absorber with a nonzero angle
of incidence. These end – effects are typically insignificant for long
collector strings, so, in this study for shorter strings the end losses may be
negligible because of the two - axis solar tracking system is used.

Figure (4.11) End losses from the receiver tube

50
4.6 Specifications of the PTC
Table 4-1 Experimental device specifications

Design Concepts for the Mechanical Unit

Mechanical unit (metal support frame) consists of two mechanicals assemblies:
stationary base assembly and the other moving assembly.
Design Concepts for Reflecting Parts Assembly
The reflector is designed to set the focal length (f) 1.04 m from the vertex (V) of
the aperture, width of the system (W) is 2.8 m so the equation of the designed
system will be 𝑥 2 = 4.16 𝑦 (4.9)

Figure (4.12) Designed parabola

51
 CHAPTER 5 THEORETICAL PART
5.1 Introduction
The increasing demand for energy and available resources is becoming a huge
challenge today, where solar energy, is one of the promising and great sources of
renewable energy. The surface of the earth is recorded to intercept an average of
3.6 × 1014 TW of solar radiations. Solar thermal collectors are among the most
popular sources of renewable energy.
PTSC uses direct solar radiation for heating the working fluid. A glass envelope
is used to enhance the collector’s performance and to minimize the losses of
convection. The sunlight intensity is increased by using this configuration and the
heat generated by sunlight on the receiver. The temperature range for the
operation of the working fluid in PTCs is between 50 °C and 400 °C. A solar
tracking system is usually used for efficiency enhancement by changing the
position in the direction of the sun. The trackers concentrate the sunlight
effectively and transfer converted heat to a working fluid.
This phenomenon is steady-state, and working fluid in the annular region with
high specific heat is preferred. Conventional Newtonian working fluids constitute
water, molten salt, and air flowing through the collectors. These fluids have poor
thermophysical properties, hence, lowering the efficiency of the collectors.
The main parameters in increasing PTSC efficiency is geometry modeling,
working fluid selection, and receiver tube material. Molten salts were used as
working fluids yielding excellent thermal conductivity and reduced corrosion and
clogging in the components of the receiver tube. The rate of absorptivity is also
very high in the UV-visible region. Furthermore, size and other properties can
also be fine-tuned at the atomic level bottom up to achieve a much higher
conductive phase.
The performance of PTSCs is affected by geometric parameters and materials.
The semi-finite analytical formulation was reported in the literature, which
depicts that the semi-finite method requires special integration, and geometrical
and optical characteristics are not changed easily by using this method. These
methods are used for determining the efficiency, heat flux, and absorber tube
material in various types of research.
In this study, CFD simulations are used to analyze the behavior of using glass
tubes on thermal performance in PTSC. The model is meshed using ANSYS
Fluent and validated with the help of a paper published in a q1 engineering journal
from the studies reported in the literature. The then validated model was applied

52
to two conditions one using vacuumed glass tube and another without using it
with water as a working fluid and material properties to perform a parametric
study. Depending on the thermal conductivity of the tube material, thermal
efficiencies were calculated and analyzed in detail.
5.2 Methodology
CFD simulations were used to analyze the behavior of absorber tube material and
the effect of using vacuumed glass tube on efficiency. One material used for
calculating performance is steel with a glass tube and different characteristics are
given in Table 5.1. The simulations were performed at steady-state conditions
with an energy model in ANSYS FLUENT. Temperature contours for each
simulation were also obtained. The vacuum was considered an annular space to
minimize the losses. The configuration used in the study is shown in Fig. 5.1.

Table 5.1 Material specifications

5.3 Geometry
The receiving tube is modelled using Ansys DesignModeler. The geometry
consists of concentric tubes (glass envelope and receiver) with fluid regions for
the fluid and the (annular region) with vacuum, respectively. Geometry was
oriented along the z-axis, where the positive Z and X-axis denote the south and
east directions, respectively. The following specifications are related to geometry:

a) The concentrating reflector is parabolic, used for concentrating solar radiation,

and is made of aluminum. Parabolic mirrors reflect the sunlight parallel to their
focal line with 96% efficiency.
b) The receiver tube is made up of a 1.22 m Copper tube coaxed within a glass
envelope: with a maintained flow rate of nanofluids. The outer diameter and inner
diameter of the absorber tube are 27 mm and 28 mm, respectively, to give a good
concentration ratio of about 10 depending on the trough.

53
 .
Figure 5.1 Geometry of glass tube

5.4 Mesh
Fig. 2 shows the mesh for the collector tube. Ansys Fluent was used for the mesh
generation of the modelled tube. The quality of mesh plays an important role in
obtaining accurate results. Initially, hexahedral cells were created that were
composed of 259435 elements, and the difference in temperature is measured and
described in Table 2. There was a negligible difference between the results
obtained from 520,141 and 672,400 grid sizes. Therefore, 520,141 cells were
chosen for further studies to save computational time and cost.

Figure 5.2 Mesh of steel tube and glass envelop

54
Table 5.2 Grid sensitive test

5.5 Thermo-Physical Properties of Materials

Table 5.3 shows various thermo-physical properties of fluid and glass.
Table 5.3 Thermophysical properties of fluid materials

55
5.6 Physical Modelling
Flow behavior model, energy model and solar load model were employed to carry
out the numerical simulations. In flow behavior model, CFD analysis was
performed for the receiver tube and to study heat convection flow of fluid. The
energy model demonstrates an energy balance between the fluid and the receiver
tube. The model assumes that all thermodynamic properties of fluid are constant,
and the model is computed using Engineering Equation Solver (EES). Total
radiation (sum of the beam and diffuse radiation) was used in simulation. Heat
loss and transfer simulation were modelled using the Surface-to-Surface (S2S)
model to consider various factors, including radiation exchange from glass
envelope to the receiver tube.
5.7 Governing Equations
The number of equations were used for the CFD analysis including active
transport expression, conservation of energy and thermal efficiency.
a) Continuity equation is given.
𝜕(𝜌𝑢𝑖 )
=0
𝜕𝑥𝑖
𝜕(𝜌𝑢𝑖 𝑢𝑗 ) 𝜕𝑝 𝜕 𝜕𝑢𝑖 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑢𝑖
=− + [𝜇 ( + − 𝛿 )]
𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑥𝑗 𝜕𝑥𝑗 𝜕𝑥𝑗 3 𝑖𝑗 𝜕𝑥𝑗

b) Momentum equation
𝐷𝑢 𝜕(𝜌𝑢)
𝜌 = + ∇. (𝜌𝑢𝑉 ←)
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡

c) Active transport expression

𝜕𝑦
( ) (𝑢𝑖 𝑢𝑗 )
𝜕𝑥
d) Energy conservation equation
𝐷𝑒 𝜕(𝜌𝑒)
𝜌 = + ∇. (𝜌𝑒𝑉 ←)
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝜕(𝜌𝑢𝑖 𝑇) 𝜕 𝜆 𝜕𝑇
= [ − 𝛿𝑢𝑗 𝑢𝑗′ 𝑇 ′ ] + 𝑠ℎ
𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑥𝑗 𝐶𝑝 𝜕𝑥𝑖

56
 e) Thermal efficiency
𝑚̇𝑐𝑝 (𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡− 𝑇𝑖𝑛 )
𝜂𝑡ℎ =
𝐴𝑎𝑝 𝐺𝑡 𝑡

5.8 Boundary Conditions

Different boundary conditions were applied to solve differential equations. A
range of mass flow rate with an increment of 0.0112 Kg/s was provided at inlet
of the tube and initial temperature of working fluid was set as 305 K. Pressure
boundary conditions were applied at the outlet of the tube. The operating pressure
was kept constant to 101,325 Pa. Monitors were created for variables of interest
before simulating the model. Convergence criteria were predefined and the
normalized absolute residuals for all the variables in each cell have been limited
to be less than 10-4. For glass envelope only radiative mode for considered for
heat losses. The average values of absorptivity and emissivity of black paint are
taken as 0.95 and 0.91 respectively.

5.9 Model Validation

• A comparison of the CFD results is necessary to validate the performance
of NPTSC with the experiments reported in the literature. Flow behavior
model, energy model, solar model, At the same time, parameters such as
the geometry of the receiver tube and thermophysical properties of fluid
were kept the same to match the paper data readings. Table 4 compares the
experimental data from the study reported and simulated data for water.
Comparison agrees with the behavior of water at a 0.0112 kg/s mass flow
rate, as demonstrated in the experiment. Simulated values show a slight
increase compared to the experimental results. This is because the
experiment might have slight experimental setups/ measurement
inaccuracies like in geometry modelling of collector, insulation of receiver
tube, pumping disruption, etc., which cannot be evaded. It ultimately
affects the behavior of the paper temperature values.

• Specification of validation receiver tube shows the effect mass flow rate
0.0112 kg/s on the temperature distribution along the length of absorber
tube 910 mm which made of steel and inner diameter 27 mm and outlet
diameter 28 mm using water as a working fluid. And the heat flux which
exposed to the receiver tube was 788 W/M^2 increase in outlet
temperature, and the flow rate was 0.0112 Kg/s increase the surface
temperature of the absorber tube due to a less interaction time is available
between the fluid and absorber tube. The outlet temperature depends upon
57
 two factors the convection heat transfer occurring between the fluid and
tube.

• The paper data that we validate is shown in the table below:

Table 5.4 Comparison of different parameters of simulations with experiments

at flow of 0.0112 kg/sec

• And the results of validation with paper actual data of the outlet
temperature along the distance of receiver tube shown in the table below.

Table 5.5 Temp. distribution along pipe length

length Steel
0 305
0.1 305.57638
0.2 306.15713
0.3 306.67379
0.4 307.14372
0.5 307.57903
0.6 307.98769
0.7 308.37545
0.8 308.74646
0.9 309.10396
0.91 309.13223

• In addition, the figure below demonstrates the contour of the receiver tube
with using a vacuum glass tube when exposed to heat flux 788 w/m^2.

58
Figure 5.3 Overall contour of temperature distribution along the receiver tube

• In addition, the figure below demonstrates the contour of the receiver tube
without the receiver tube when exposed to heat flux 788 w/m^2.

Figure 5.4 Contour of receiver tube

• In addition, the figure below demonstrates the contour of the outlet of

receiver tube without the receiver tube when exposed to heat flux 788
w/m^2.

59
 Figure 5.5 Contour of outlet of receiver tube
• Now the comparison between the validation data and the paper data that it
was validated to the experimental data from paper that it was demonstrate
the difference between the outlet temperature and length of receiver tube
910 mm length and inner diameter 27 mm and the outer diameter 28 mm
which the red line is the line of paper data and the blue line belongs to the
validation data and its very clear close to each other which the outlet
temperature is 309.25 k of the paper results and in the validation results
from graph is 309.13 K.

60
 Figure 5.6 Comparison between validation and paper results

Figure 5.7 Comparison between experimental and numerical results

61
5.10 Practical Simulation of Concentrated Solar Parabolic Trough
The experimental setup for testing the performance of the collector consists of
the parabolic shaped collector, parabolic reflector, receiver tube, glass cover tube,
Storage tank, supporting structure, tracking mechanism, piping system. The
storage tank is fixed below the receiver’s pipe level to allow the heating fluid to
flow in a forced manner with the pumping system. The storage tank is filled with
water/engine oil and flow takes place in a closed system. A storage tank is also
known as a heat transfer fluid tank. The engine oil inlet and outlet of the receiver
tube and the solar radiation intensity are measured every 60 minutes (09:00 AM
-5:00 PM) during the experiment. The test was carried out outdoor in 21 June
2023 according to data extracted from solar Atlas of Egypt. The complete set-up
of the parabolic trough solar collector (PTSC) is shown in Figure 1.

5.10.1 Geometry Modelling

The concentrating reflector is parabolic, used for concentrating solar radiation,
and is made of aluminum. Parabolic mirrors reflect the sunlight parallel to its
focal line with 80% efficiency.
The receiver tube is made up of a 6 m Steel tube: with a maintained flow rate
of Engine Oil. The outer diameter and inner diameter of the absorber tube are
48 mm and 50 mm, respectively, to give a good concentration ratio of about
10 depending on the trough size. The tube was placed parallel to the focal
length. The absorber tube was painted black so that maximum solar
irradiations are absorbed by the tube. Heat losses are minimized. Glass
envelope tube with 6 m length of 78 mm and 80 mm inner and outer diameter,
respectively.

62
Figure 5.8 Mesh of receiver tube without glass tube

Figure 5.9 Reciever tube with glass tube

63
Table 5.6 Material physical properties
Properties Steel Glass Engine Oil
Density 8030 2200 889
(Kg/cm3 )
Specific heat 502.48 910 1845
(KJ/ Kg-K)
Thermal 16.27 1.75 0.145
Conductivity
(W/ mK)
Viscosity (m2 N/A N/A 1.06
/s)

5.10.2 Boundary conditions

• Different boundary conditions were applied to solve differential equations.
A mass flow rate of 0.0207 Kg/s was provided at inlet of the tube and initial
temperature of working fluid was set as 305 K. Pressure boundary
conditions was applied at the outlet of the tube. The operating pressure was
kept constant to 1657.35 Pa. Monitors were created for variables of interest
before simulating the model. Convergence criteria were predefined and the
normalized absolute residuals for all the variables in each cell have been
limited to less than 10-4. For glass envelope only radiative mode for
considered for heat losses. The average values of absorptivity and
emissivity of black paint are taken as 0.95 and 0.91 respectively.

64
5.10.3 Steel Receiver without Glass Tube
Table 5.7 Temp. distribution through different heat flux among the day
Total Heat Flux Useful Heat Output Temperature
Time (w/m^2) Flux (w/m^2) Temperature (K) Difference
9:00 569 455.2 317.7522 12.7522
10:00 730 584 321.3605 16.3605
11:00 853 682.4 324.1171 19.1171
12:00 929 743.2 325.8204 20.8204
13:00 953 762.4 326.3596 21.3596
14:00 924 739.2 325.7083 20.7083
15:00 843 674.4 323.893 18.893
16:00 716 572.8 321.0467 16.0467
17:00 552 441.6 317.3712 12.3712

Figure 5.10 Temp. distribution among day (steel pipe without glass tube)

65
 Figure 5.11 Temp. distribution through steel pipe without glass tube

5.10.4 Steel Receiver with Glass Tube

Figure 5.12 Geometry of steel pipe with glass tube

66
 Figure 5.13 Temp. distribution through the pipe length

Table 5.8 Temp. distribution through different heat flux among the day
Total Heat Flux Useful Heat Flux Output Temperature
Time (w/m^2) (w/m^2) Temperature (K) Difference
9:00 569 455.2 323.8141 18.8141
10:00 730 584 329.1386 24.1386
11:00 853 682.4 333.2047 28.2047
12:00 929 743.2 335.7176 30.7176
13:00 953 762.4 336.5125 31.5125
14:00 924 739.2 335.5535 30.5535
15:00 843 674.4 332.8751 27.8751
16:00 716 572.8 328.6757 23.6757
17:00 552 441.6 323.2528 18.2528

67
Figure 5.14 Temp. distribution through steel pipe and glass tube diameter

Figure 5.15 Temp. distribution among day (steel pipe with glass tube)

68
5.10.5 Model Validation
• A comparison is made between numerical study (simulation) of the CFD
and experimental readings of our device to validate the performance of
NPTSC. Flow behavior model, energy model, solar model, and radiation
model were employed in ANSYS for simulations and the results are
compared with experimental data. At the same time, parameters such as the
geometry of the receiver tube and thermo physical properties of fluid was
kept the same to match the experimental readings simulated values show a
slight increment than the experimental results.

5.10.6 Results and Discussion

• The effect of absorber tube material on temperature distribution for steel
absorber tube with and without vacuum glass tube is investigated. The
results obtained for single mass flow rate and its effect on the absorber tube
temperature are analyzed. Engine oil is used as a working fluid.

Reports:

This section mainly deals with the results in the form of plots/graphs which are
obtained by the experimental work on fluid-based concentrating parabolic solar
collector (NCPSC) by using engine oil as a working fluid.
Comparison between outlet temperatures of receiver tube with vacuum glass tube
and without vacuum glass tube:
The variation in the vacuumed glass tube distribution of the temperature of the
absorber along the circumference. Due to better saving in heat transfer capacity

69
as the outlet temperature increase in vacuum glass tube receiver case due to lower
heat transfer rate between steel receiver and glass envelope part along 6 meters
of tube.

Figure 5.16 Comparison between thermal efficiencies of receiver tube with

vacuum glass tube and without vacuum glass tube

The comparison in experimental (without glass) and simulated (with glass)

thermal efficiencies of Engine oil 0.207 kg/s mass flow rate as shown in Fig. 4.17
The thermal efficiency increased in case of vacuumed glass tube due to lower
heat transfer rate from the tube to the surrounding.

70
Figure 5.17 Efficiency distribution through day for pipe with and without glass
tube

71
 CONCLUSION

Parabolic trough collectors are a mature technology with a proven track record of
success. They are currently used to generate electricity in several countries around
the world, and their applications are expanding.
The future of PTCs looks bright. Advances in materials and design are making
PTCs more efficient and cost-effective. As the world's demand for renewable
energy grows, PTCs are well-positioned to play a major role in meeting that
demand.
CFD simulations were carried out to study the effect of absorber tube and fluid
on thermal efficiency of NPTSC. The simulations demonstrate that the overall
thermal performance can be increased up to 5-7% using engine oil as the working
fluid in PTSC in case of using glass tube around steel absorber tube show higher
outlet temperature as compared to steel receiver absorber only at same heat flux
and inlet temperature other parameters like the receiver tube’s material’s
insulation and favourable geometry can also be studied via CFD and ANSYS
analysis.
This book has provided a comprehensive overview of PTCs. It has discussed the
basic principles of operation, the design, the performance characteristics, the
applications, and the latest advances in PTC technology.

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