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2- Expressing cause: Consider sentences 1-3 .
. Safety First 1. Because of the many advertisements, people eat too many products which contain
The Unit Lessons: a Cause result
Grammar large amount of fat and sugar.
2. Loss of energy balance is due to junk food advertisements.
 Expressing Hypotheses using: may, might, can, and Result cause
could. 3. Owing to this loss, a lot of people today suffer from obesity.
 Expressing cause using: because of, due to, owing to. Cause result
 Expressing certainty and doubt using: will, may, might ,  The rule: we use the link words below to express cause:
and other expressions. *Because of
 Quantifiers using: many, few, much, little . *Due to + noun phrase ( cause) + , + rest of the
 Reported speech. *Owing to sentence (result)
 The gerund ( stem+ing) NB: if the link word is in the middle, we remove the comma (,)

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morphology forming adjectibes using “y”.

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Practice: join the pairs of sentences using because of / due to/ owing to:
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-The death rate from cancer is increasing. people smoke more.

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1. Expressing Hypotheses: ……………………………………………………………………..

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- Everyone bought the product. The product was well-advertised.

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- Hypothesis is used to talk about something that is likely to be

true or to happen. ……………………………………………………………………….
i.e. : people can/ could get sick if they keep eating junk food.
You may / might gain weight if you don’t eat healthy. -Advertisement of junk food should be banned. Advertisement for junk food are
- We are not sure about what we are stating, we are dangerous.
hypothesizing what can probably happen based on the situation
we have. ………………………………………………………………………………..
- We use modals like can/could/may/might + stem to express - There are many advertisements of fast foods. people have developed unhealthy
hypothesis.
eating habits
Practice: put the appropriate modal to express hypothesis in the right
place: ………………………………………………………………………………
-GMF’s reduce hunger in the world if it increases crop yields.. (can)
-The refrigerator was practically empty. We had to go to the store.
……………………………………………………………………..
- Bees become extinct bees in case there are no flowers to collect …………………………………………………………………………………
nectar from. ( might)
-Consumers are aware of the importance of the environment. most food
…………………………………………………………………………….

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- Obese people suffer from heart diseases presuming that they don’t
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industries now put eco-labels on the packages of their products.

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lose weight . ( may)

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…………………………………………………………………………….

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…………………………………………………………….......................
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………………………………………………………………………
below:
- People ( to feed) on pills. ( possibility)
Degrees of Positive statement negative ………………………………………………………………..........
certainty statement - Number of shopaholics ( to increase) . ( probability)
Categorical  GMFs will  It is …………………………………………………………………
certainty certainly impossible - Online shopping ( to become) a norm. ( categorical possibility)
100% disappear ………………………………………………………………....
 They may  They may - Robots ( to deliver) food home. ( probability)
Probability disappear/will not ………………………………………………………………………
80% probably. disappear/ 4- Quantifiers: consider the following examples.
 It is probable' probably 1. If they eat little food or the wrong kind of food, they probably won’t have enough
that… subject. won’t. energy.
 probably  It is 2. If they eat too much food, they will certainly put on more weight.
+verb unlikely 3. If people eat many products which contain a large amount of fat and sugar,
that… / they will possibly get obese.

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improbabl  Small quantity :

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- With countable nouns ( products, companies, workers…) we use :
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 They  It is not
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E.g. -Too few people purchased the product.

Possibility can/may/may possible

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- If you eat too few vitamins, you’ll get ill. ( few = some )
that…

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50% well........ - With uncountable nouns ( money, air, sugar, coffee ..) we use : too little

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 It is possible E.g. - Too little sugar/salt is not bad for our health.
that…  Big quantity :
 They might  They might - With countable nouns : Too many.
Remote have harmful not have
- With uncountable nouns : Too much.
possibility effects...... harmful
10%  They could effects. E.g. - The company has employed too many people and spent too much money on
advertisement.
continue.
-Too much water will kill the plant.
The rule: Practice : complete with quantifiers
-Degrees of certainty and doubt can be expressed in different 1-Pesticides cause ……………..many deadly diseases.
ways using specific modals and expressions, depending on the 2- …………..advertising is bad for our children’s minds.
speaker, and on the situation/ sentence. Task Two: Circle the correct quantifier.
-We can use: will + certainly, will + probably, may, it’s 1) Few / A little / Many fats may cause obesity disease.
possible 2) Much / little / Some students are coming to awareness campaign of food safety.
that , might, could ….. 3) Thanks to half of / few associations, we can limit wasting a lot of / much of food.

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Task Three: Fill in the blanks using few, A little, little, many, much, a lot of or some.

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Practice: join the pairs of sentences using the right modal to express
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1. ........................ nutritionists feel concerned about the world’s food shortage, but

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certainty and doubt:
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- GMF’s ( to disappear) . organic food only ( to be available) unfortunately ................... of them are really ready to take action.

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in the market. ( possibility) .................................... genetic modified organisms might limit food shortage.

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………………………………………………………
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1. -Consider sentences A-D below: The gerund is 1-To omit the punctuation.
A. They prefer buying organic food. Functioning 2- To Change the pronoun ( subject)

as a “Noun” 3-To change the tense of the verb as follows:

B. The eating of organic food will certainly keep increasing . Tenses

C. Organic foods are somewhat healthier and less damaging to the Past Simple Past Perfect
He said: “I started a new job” He said that he had started a new
environment. Functions as an “adjective” job.
Past Continuous Past Continuous
D. More and more farmers are turning to organic farming. She said:”I was writing a poem” She said that she was writing a
poem.
Present continuous tense. (present participle) Past Perfect Past Perfect
The rule: He said:”I had not received the letter” She said that she had not received
the letter
-We use the -ing form in three different ways. We use it: Present Simple Past Simple
Davis said:”I love my parents”

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David said that he loved his parents

 As part of a verb called the participle. E.g. I'm eating healthy food.

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Present Continuous Past continuous

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 As an adjective. E.g. We cook some vegetables in boiling water.
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She said :”They are enjoying the party” She said that they were enjoying the
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 As a noun or a gerund. E.g. The smoking of cigarettes is harmful

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party

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to our health Present Perfect Past Perfect

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He said :”We have won the game” He said that they had won the game
- Practice: Complete the sentences using gerund:
Future Simple Would
-…………….( to eat) garlic may cause harm to people around you. They said:”We will not waste much They said that they would not waste
time” much time
-………….( to advertise) products on TV is beneficial for the company Future Continuous Would be
He said:”I will be waiting for you” He said that he would be waiting for
……………( to produce) the product. me
-I like …………( to sit) in front of TV ………….(to watch) movies.
Orders
6-Reported Speech : Consider the following statements: The policeman said: “put on your The policeman ordered us to put on
seatbelt now” our seatbelt then
The doctor ordered: “Don’t smoke The doctor ordered him not to smoke
-James said: ‘ i am very hungry today’.
again” again
Questions
Subject verb (simple present ) adv of time
Yes/ no Questions: reporting verb+ whether/if+
-James said that he was very hungry that day. She asked:” Do you have a computer in subject+ verb+ ..
your home?”

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 The first sentence is in the direct speech because of the punctuation she asked if I had a computer in my
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 home
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The second one is in the indirect speech; and many changes occur.

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Wh Questions: reporting verb+ question word+

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He asked:” What are you doing here? ” subject+ verb+ …

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He asked what I was doing there

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6..He asked:” how do people react to a company unsafe project?”

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Must / have to Had to .................................................................................................................................
He said:” You must go now” He said that I had to go then 7..He asked:” will they make and advertisement campaign?”
Can Could ...............................................................................................................................
He said:” I can play guitar very He said that he could play guitar 8.“do people become slaves of fashion?, I asked.
well” very well
…………………………………………………………………………………
May Might
They said:” We may leave to Paris They said that they might leave to 9.“is it fair to spend money for unnecessary products because of a deceptive ad?”, she asked.
tomorrow” Paris the next day ……………………………………………………………….............................
Pronouns 10.“advertisers master the power of argument”, he says
I He / She ………………………………………………………………………………......
You I / We 11.“can we live on the moon?”, she asks.
We They ………………………………………………………………….........................
My His / Her 12.“space research is both a cultural and an industrial imperative”, he says.
Your My / Our …………………………………………………………………………………
Our Their
Me Him / Her 7-Forming Adjectives using “y”:
Us Them

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noun Adjective Noun Adjective

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Adverbs of Place and Time

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Here There Salt Salty Spice Spicy
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This That Peppery

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These Those Pepper Taste Tasty

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Yesterday The day before Trick Greed

Today That day Tricky Greedy
Tomorrow The next day Savour Savoury
Now Then
Last week, month, year The previous week, month, year
Next week, month, year The following week, month, year Ease Dust
Easy Dusty
Practice Report the following statements and questions. Speed Stuff
Speedy Stuffy
1.A journalist said: ”many companies should develop green-marketing
strategies”
Dirt Slim
Dirty slimy
………………………………………………………………………………
2.He said:” consumers will lose trust in the country’s dairy industry after
The milk scandal”
……………………………………………………………………………
3.A doctor said:” many kids have kidney problems these days”
……………………………………………………………………………

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4.Health specialist said:” physical activity is the effective way to lose

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weight”

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5..She asked:” why is it necessary for people to eat different types

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of food?” ………………………………………………………………

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