Knowledge Represention
Intoduction
What is knowledge representation?
Humans are best at understanding, reasoning, and interpreting knowledge. Human knows things, which is
knowledge and as per their knowledge they perform various actions in the real world. But how machines
do all these things comes under knowledge representation and reasoning. Hence we can describe
Knowledge representation as following:
❖ Knowledge representation and reasoning (KR, KRR) is the part of Artificial intelligence which concerned
with AI agents thinking and how thinking contributes to intelligent behavior of agents.
❖ It is responsible for representing information about the real world so that a computer can understand
and can utilize this knowledge to solve the complex real world problems such as diagnosis a medical
condition or communicating with humans in natural language.
❖ It is also a way which describes how we can represent knowledge in artificial intelligence. Knowledge
representation is not just storing data into some database, but it also enables an intelligent machine to
learn from that knowledge and experiences so that it can behave intelligently like a human.
What to Represent:
Following are the kind of knowledge which needs to be represented in AI systems:
Object: All the facts about objects in our world domain. E.g., Guitars contains strings, trumpets are brass instruments.
Events: Events are the actions which occur in our world.
Performance: It describe behavior which involves knowledge about how to do things.
Meta-knowledge: It is knowledge about what we know.
Facts: Facts are the truths about the real world and what we represent.
Knowledge-Base: The central component of the knowledge-based agents is the knowledge base. It is
represented as KB. The Knowledgebase is a group of the Sentences (Here, sentences are used as a technical
term and not identical with the English language).
Types of knowledge
Following are the various types of knowledge
1. Declarative Knowledge:
Declarative knowledge is to know about something.
It includes concepts, facts, and objects.
It is also called descriptive knowledge and expressed in declarativesentences.
It is simpler than procedural language.
2. Procedural Knowledge
It is also known as imperative knowledge.
Procedural knowledge is a type of knowledge which is responsible for knowing how to do something.
It can be directly applied to any task.
It includes rules, strategies, procedures, agendas, etc.
Procedural knowledge depends on the task on which it can be applied.
3. Meta-knowledge:
Knowledge about the other types of knowledge is called Meta-knowledge.
4. Heuristic knowledge:
Heuristic knowledge is representing knowledge of some experts in a filed or subject.
Heuristic knowledge is rules of thumb based on previous experiences, awareness of approaches, and which are
good to work but not guaranteed.
5. Structural knowledge:
Structural knowledge is basic knowledge to problem-solving.
It describes relationships between various concepts such as kind of, part of, and grouping of something.
It describes the relationship that exists between concepts or objects.:
Approaches to knowledge representation:
There are mainly four approaches to knowledge representation, which are givenbelow:
1. Simple relational knowledge:
It is the simplest way of storing facts which uses the relational method, and each fact about a set of the object is set
out systematically in columns.
This approach of knowledge representation is famous in database systems where the relationship between different
entities is represented.
This approach has little opportunity for inference.
Example: The following is the simple relational knowledge representation.
2. Inheritable knowledge:
In the inheritable knowledge approach, all data must be stored into a hierarchy of classes.
All classes should be arranged in a generalized form or a hierarchal manner.
In this approach, we apply inheritance property.
Elements inherit values from other members of a class.
Every individual frame can represent the collection of attributes and its value.
In this approach, objects and values are represented in Boxed nodes.
We use Arrows which point from objects to their values.
Inferential knowledge:
Inferential knowledge approach represents knowledge in the form of formal logics.
This approach can be used to derive more facts.
It guaranteed correctness.
Example: Let's suppose there are two statements:
Marcus is a man
All men are mortal
Then it can represent as;
man(Marcus)
∀x = man (x) ----------> mortal (x)s
Procedural knowledge:
Procedural knowledge approach uses small programs and codes which describes how to do specific things, and
how to proceed.
In this approach, one important rule is used which is If-Then rule.
In this knowledge, we can use various coding languages such as LISP language and Prolog language.
We can easily represent heuristic or domain-specific knowledge using this approach.
But it is not necessary that we can represent all cases in this approach.
