Today’s Goal

Ray Optics Numericals on

Lens Maker’s Formula &
Lec-10 Magnification
Combination of
Lenses & Mirrors

Lens Maker’s Formula & Magnification Formula Shortcut:

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Q) Find the position,size and nature of image formed by a

convex lens of focal length 10 cm when a 2 cm long object
is kept infront of it at a distance of

a) 15 cm
b) 5 cm
Q) A lens of focal length 10 cm forms an upright image of
half the size of object.Find nature of lens & object
distance.

a) Concave , 5 cm
b) Convex , 5 cm
c) Concave , 10 cm
d) Convex , 10 cm

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Q) The image of a needle placed 45 cm from a lens is formed on

a screen placed 90 cm on the other side of the lens.Find the
displacement of the image,if the object is moved by 5.0 cm away
from the lens.

a) 5 cm, towards the lens

b) 15 cm, towards the lens
c) 5 cm, away from the lens
d) 15 cm, away from the lens

Q) A beam of light converges at a point P.Now a convex lens is

placed in the path of the convergent beam at 15 cm from P.At
what point does a beam converge if the convex lens has a focal
length 10 cm?

a) 6 cm from P
b) 7 cm from P
c) 8 cm from P
d) 9 cm from P
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Displacement Method to determine Focal

Length of Convex Lens
Q) A source of light and a screen are placed 90 cm apart.Where
should a convex lens of 20 cm focal length be placed in order to
form a real image of the source on the screen?

a) 20 cm from source
b) 30 cm from source
c) 40 cm from source
d) 60 cm from source

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 Q) Find the position of final image

a) 5 cm from B
b) 6.25 cm from B
Combination of c) 6.66 cm from B
Lenses & Mirrors d) 8.5 cm from B

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Q) A convex lens of focal length 20 cm and a concave lens of

focal length 15 cm are kept 30 cm apart with their principal
axes coincident.When an object is placed 30 cm in front of the
convex lens,calculate the position of the final image formed by
the combintion

a) 30 cm from concave lens

b) 60 cm from concave lens
c) 20 cm from concave lens
d) 40 cm from concave lens

Total Magnification of Combination

Q) Calculate the distance d, so that a real image of an
object at O,15 cm in front of a convex lens of focal length
10 cm be formed at the same point O.The radius of
curvature of the mirror is 20 cm.

a) 50 cm
b) 25 cm
c) 60 cm
d) 30 cm

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Today’s Goal
Ray Optics Two thin Lenses in Contact
Silvered Lens
Lec-11 Cutting the Lens

Equivalent Focal length of two thin lenses in

Power of a Lens
contact
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 Cutting the Lens
Case I: Lens cut Perpendicular to the principal axis

Cutting the Lens

Case II: Lens cut along the principal axis

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Silvered Lens Q) Find the position of final image from Lens

a) 2 cm
b) 2.66 cm
c) 2.33 cm
d) 3.33 cm

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Spherical Aberration
Chromatic Aberration

Today’s Goal
Ray Optics
Rainbow & Scattering
Lec-12
Defects in Eye

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The Rainbow
1) Primary Rainbow :

2) Secondary Rainbow :
Scattering of light Rayleigh scattering
Scattering of light is the phenomenon in which light rays get
deviated from its straight path on striking an obstacle like
dust or gas molecules, water vapours etc.

As sunlight travels through the earth’s atmosphere, it gets

scattered (changes its direction) by the atmospheric
particles.

1) Blue Colour Of Sky 3) Red Colour Of Sky at Sunrise and Sunset

2) White Colour Of Clouds

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The Human eye

Light enters the eye through a curved front
surface, the cornea. It passes through the
pupil which is the central hole in the iris.
The size of the pupil can change under
control of muscles. The light is further
focussed by the eye lens on the retina. The
retina is a film of nerve fibres covering the
curved back surface of the eye. The retina
contains rods and cones which sense light
intensity and colour, respectively, and
transmit electrical signals via the optic
nerve to the brain which finally processes
this information

Power Of Accommodation Least Distance Of Distinct Vision / Near Point

Far Point
Nearsightedness or Myopia. Farsightedness or Hypermetropia
The light from a distant object arriving at
the eye-lens may get converged at a point if the eye-lens focusses the
in front of the retina. This type of defect is
called nearsightedness or myopia. This
incoming light at a point
means that the eye is producing too much behind the retina, a
convergence in the incident beam. To convergent lens is needed to
compensate this, we interpose a concave compensate for the defect in
lens between the eye and the object, with vision.
the diverging effect desired to get the
image focussed on the retina

Q)What focal length should the reading spectacles have for a

person for whom the least distance of distinct vision is 50 cm?

a) 25 cm
b) 50 cm
c) - 50 cm
d) - 25 cm

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Q) The far point of a myopic person is 80 cm in front of the eye. What

is the power of the lens required to enable him to see very distant
objects clearly?

a) 1.25 D
b) -1.25 D
c) - 1.50 D
d) 1.25 D
Astigmatism
This occurs when the cornea is not spherical in
shape. For example, the cornea could have a larger
curvature in the vertical plane than in the
horizontal plane or vice-versa. If a person with
Ray Optics
such a defect in eye-lens looks at a wire mesh or a
grid of lines, focussing in either the vertical or the
horizontal plane may not be as sharp as in the
other plane. Astigmatism results in lines in one
direction being well focussed while those in a Lec-13
perpendicular direction may appear distorted [Fig.
9.29(d)]. Astigmatism can be corrected by using a
cylindrical lens of desired radius of curvature with
an appropriately directed axis. This defect can
occur along with myopia or hypermetropia.

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Microscope:
Today’s Goal A microscope is an optical instrument which
magnifies (increases the apparent size) of an
object by forming a large image.
Microscope

Telescope

With Naked Eye Visual Angle

1. To see a small object clearly, we bring it closer to our
eye.

2. However beyond a certain limit, the object is not

distinctly visible. The minimum distance for clear
vision of object is called Least distance of distinct
vision (D)

3. For an average human eye, D=25 cm Nearpoint.

The size of image on retina ∝ Angle subtended by
object at
4. So, with naked eye ,object appears largest when it is at the eye
25 cm from eye.
(Visual
Angle)
 Magnification produced by
4. With naked eye, maximum Visual Angle(maximum Microscope
size of image)can be obtained at near point D=25
cm.

5. This is Maximum Magnification possible with

naked eye. To further magnify the object,a
microscope is used, which increases the visual
angle.

Simple Microscope→A Convex

Lens

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So summary for simple Microscope Q) A detective uses a converging lens of focal length 10 cm
to examine the fine details of some cloth fibres found at
𝑫
Max
MD=1+ Strained the scene of a crime.

𝑫
Magnification 𝒇 Eye a) What is the maximum magnification given by the lens?
b) What is the magnification for relaxed eye viewing?
M=
𝝁𝒐 Min 𝑫 Relaxed
M∞=
Magnification 𝒇 Eye
𝑫 𝑫
≤𝑴≤𝟏+
𝒇 𝒇
 Note: M can be increased by
Q) A thin convex lens of focal length 5 cm is used as a decreasing 𝒇 , but practically
simple microscope by a person with normal near point
(25 cm).What is the maximum magnifying power of the Simple Microscope can give
microscope? M=9X or so, for further
magnification we use a
a) 5 compound microscope
b) 6
c) 10
d) 30

Compound Microscope→Two
Working:
Convex Lens
Object is placed beyond first
focus of objective which forms
inverted image (magnified).This
acts as virtual object for
eyepiece.This virtual object lies
between focus & optical centre
of eyepiece and eyepiece acts
like a simple microscope &
forms a virtual erect &
magnified final image.

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Summary for Compound Microscope

1. 𝑴 = 𝒎𝒐 × 𝒎𝒆
𝒗 𝑫
2. 𝑴 = 𝝁𝒐 𝝁
𝒐 𝒆

3. 𝑳 = 𝒗𝒐 + |𝝁𝒆|

Maximum Magnification Relaxed eye

𝑫 𝑫
𝑴𝑫 = 𝒗𝒐/𝝁𝒐(𝟏 + ) 𝑴∞ = 𝒗𝒐/𝝁𝒐( )
𝒇𝒆 𝒇𝒆

When Length of Microscope is large compared to Q) A compound microscope has a magnification of 30.The
focal lengths of Objective and Eyepiece focal length of its eyepiece is 5 cm.Assuming the final
image to be formed at least distance of distinct vision(25
cm),calculate the magnification produced by the objective.

a) 2
b) 5
c) 4
d) 10
 Q) In a compound microscope, focal length of objective lens
is 1.2 cm & focal length of eye piece is 3.0 cm when object
is kept at 1.25 cm infront of objective,final image is formed
at ∞. Magnifying Power is:-

a) 200
b) 100
c) 400
d) 150

Q) The focal lengths of the eyepiece and the objective of a

compound microscope are 5 cm and 1 cm respectively and the
length of the tube is 20 cm. Calculate the magnifying power of the
microscope, when the final image is formed at infinity. The value
of least distance of distinct vision is 25 cm

a) 50
b) 100
c) 70
d) 150

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Telescope

Magnifying Power of Telescope

Telescope: (M)
A telescope is an optical instrument which help
us to see distant objects clearly.
Types of Telescopes:
1) Refracting Telescope 2) Reflecting Telescope

➢Astronomical Telescope ➢Newtonian Telescope

➢Terrestrial Telescope ➢Cassegrain Telescope

Refracting Type Telescope →
Working:
Astronomical Telescope
Objective Lens: Convex lens of
large focal length & large
aperture. It faces the distant
object.

Eyepiece Lens: Convex lens of

small focal length . It faces the
eye.

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Summary: Q) The magnifying power of an astronomical telescope in the

normal adjustment position is 100.The distance between the
𝒇 𝒇
Max
M= 𝒐 (𝟏 + 𝒆) objective and the eyepiece is 101 cm.Calculate the focal
Magnifying Magnification 𝒇𝒆 𝑫 lengths of the objective and the eyepiece.

Power a) 50 cm,20 cm
𝒇 Min 𝒇𝒐
M= 𝒐 M= b) 50 cm,0.5 cm
𝒖𝒆
Magnification 𝒇𝒆
c) 100 cm,1 cm
d) 100 cm,10 cm
Length of Telescope= 𝒇𝒐 + |𝒖𝒆|

Q) The sum of focal lengths of the two lenses of a refracting

telescope is 105 cm. The focal length of one lens is 20 times
that of the other. Determine the total magnification of the
telescope when the final image is formed at infinity

a) 10
b) 20
c) 15
d) 25
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