Student…

1. Is familiar with how to interpret the probability of events

2. Interprets probabilities relative to likelihood of occurrence

Probability

Flip a coin:

1) What is the probability it will come up tails?

2) A coin was flipped 10 times with the following results.

HTHHHTTTTT

If that coin is flipped one more time, what is the probability it will come up tails?

Experiment: Roll one 6-sided die.

A) What is the probability of a..

a. 1

b. 2

c. 3

d. 4

e. 5

f. 6

1
B) What is the probability of …

a. An even number?

b. A 7?

c. A 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6?

Probability:

A) What are the sizes of the numbers that can be probabilities?

B) If you toss a coin, what are the probabilities of each of the following?

i) Heads?

ii) Tails?

iii) Heads or tails?

iv) Heads and tails?

2
A bag contains 4 red pencils, 8 blue pencils, 2 yellow pencils, and 6 green pencils. If a
pencil is selected at random, find the probabilities.

1) Red

2) Yellow

3) Purple

4) Blue or red

II FAL 5) Blue or red or green

6) Blue or red or yellow or green

Some students are eating lunch together. Each student is drinking juice, water or milk. If one
student is selected at random, the probability that the student is drinking water is ¾, and the
probability that the student is drinking milk is 1/6.

A) What is the probability that a student chosen at random is drinking juice?

B) If there are 48 students all together, how many of them are drinking juice?

3
A bag contains pencils that are either orange, purple, brown, or white. If a pencil is drawn
randomly from the bag, the probability that the pencil is orange is 1/8, the probability that
it is purple is 1/4, and the probability that it is white is 1/3.

A) If one pencil is drawn randomly, what is the probability that it is brown?

B) If the bag contains 24 pencils altogether, how many of them are brown?

Flip Two Coins:

Game between two players

Player A wins if both coins are the same.

Player B wins if both coins are different.

You will play this game for many flips.

Do you want to be Player A, Player B, or are you equally likely to win in the long
run either way?

4
Experiment: Flip Two Coins

Find the Sample Space:​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Tree Diagram ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Table

Roll a Fair Die and Flip a Fair Coin:

1) What is the probability of a 3 and a heads?

2) What is the probability of an odd number and tails?

STRUCTURES II FALL 2021 – UNIT 2 PROBABILITY & GEOMETRY

3) What is the probability of an odd number or tails?

4) What is the probability of a prime number and heads?

5
Roll a Die and Spin a Spinner

You roll a fair die and the spinner on the board.

Determine the sample space.

1)​ What is the probability of rolling a multiple of 3 and land on yellow or red?

2)​ What is the probability of rolling a prime number and a prime color?

More Probability

A university bookstore has 5 different T-shirts to choose from: white, black, yellow, purple,
and green. It also has 3 sweatshirts: teal, red, and maroon. If one T-shirt and one sweatshirt
are to be selected at random, what is the probability that the selection will be…

a) A white T-shirt and a red sweatshirt?

b) A black or yellow T-shirt and a teal sweatshirt?

c) A green T-shirt and a sweatshirt that is teal, red, or maroon?

6
A deli has 3 different kinds of bread: pita, wheat, and sourdough. It also has 4 kinds of
protein: cheese, eggs, roast beef, and tuna. If one kind of bread and one kind of protein are
to be selected at random, what is the probability that the selection will be . . .

A) Tuna with pita?

B) A roast beef sandwich on wheat or sourdough?

C) Cheese, eggs or tuna on sourdough?

D) A sandwich with wheat bread?

Game (Experiment):

Roll two dice and find the sum of the numbers.

Player A wins if the sum is 7.

Player B wins if the sum is 12.
Player C wins if the sum is 9.

Which player do you want to be?

7
1)​ What is the probability of rolling a sum of 5 or 14?

2)​ What is the probability of rolling a sum of 2 or 11 or 7?

7
 3)​ Roll two 7-sided dice. What is the probability of you rolling a 12 or 14?

Flip 3 Coins:

Find the number of possible outcomes.

What are the probabilities of the following outcomes?

A) All heads?

B) Exactly two heads?

C) At least two heads?

D) At least one head and at least one tail?

8
At a party you attended, there was an ice cream bar. You are permitted to choose between a bowl
or a cone, a flavor between mnt, vanilla, birthday cake or cookies and cream, and one topping
between hot fudge, caramel, and sprinkles.

1)​ How many choices do you have?

2)​ What is the probability of choosing a bowl with vanilla ice cream and sprinkles?

3)​ What is the probability of choosing a cone with any flavor and either hot fudge or
caramel?

I have a bag of candy. The bag contains M&Ms, Skittles, lollipops and Hersey Kisses. One
fourth of the bag are M&Ms, 2/9 of the bag are Skittles, 7/18 of the bag are lollipops and the rest
are Hershey Kisses. There are 25 Hershey Kisses. How many total pieces of candy are in the
bag?

9
Group Work/Homework::

1.​ You roll a die. What is the probability it will land on a prime number?

2.​ You roll a die and flip a coin. What is the probability it will land on heads and 6? Draw
a model.

3.​ What is the probability it will land on tails or an odd number?

4.​ You toss two coins and a die. What is the probability you will land on at least two tails?
Draw a model.

10
Statistical Concepts

Student…
1.​ Identifies statistical questions
2.​ Solves problems involving measures of center (mean, median, mode) and range
3.​ Recognizes which measure of center best describes a set of data
4.​ Determines how changes in data affect measures of center or range
5.​ Describes a set of data (e.g., overall patterns, outliers)
6.​ Interprets various displays of data (e.g., box plots, histograms, scatterplots)
7.​ Identifies, constructs, and completes graphs that correctly represent given data (e.g.,
circle graphs, bar graphs, line graphs, histograms, scatterplots, double bar graphs, double
line graphs, box plots, and line plots/dot plots)
8.​ Chooses appropriate graphs to display data

Statistical Questions and Types of Data

Types of Questions:

1.​ How old is the youngest student in our class?

2.​ How old are the students at Rowan?

Statistical Question:

1)​ How much time do sixth grade students typically spend playing video games each week?

2)​ How much time did the first person to walk in the library today spend playing video
games last week?

11
Statistical Question?

1)​ How many days are in December?

2)​ On how many days in December did the students at Rowan watch a movie?

3)​ How old is that dog I see across the street?

4)​ How much money did the coffee shop on the corner take in on Monday?

5)​ What is the daily high temperature in July for each state capital in the U.S?

Types of Data

Each of the following questions are being asked of many students.

1)​ What is your favorite flavor of ice cream?

2)​ How many aunts and uncles do you have?

3)​ How tall are you?

4)​ What is your first class of the week?

12
Categorical Data or Numerical Data?

Each of the following questions is being asked of many students.

1)​ How tall are you?

2)​ What is your favorite beverage in the morning?

3)​ What is your zip code?

4)​ How many hours did you study for final exams?

5)​ What is your annual salary?

6)​ In how many different places have you lived since you were born?

7)​ What university do you attend?

8)​ In what state would you like to teach?

Homework:

1)​ Identify which questions are statistical and which questions are not statistical.
a.​ What is the favorite menu item for customers in the local restaurant?

b.​ What time do most people eat their lunches?

c.​ What did my dad eat for lunch today?

d.​ What are all of the towns in New Jersey that begin with an “A”?

2)​ For the questions in #2, IF the question is statistical, decide if the question is numerical or
categorical.

a.​ _______________

b.​ _______________

c.​ _______________

d.​ _______________

13
Answers: a) statistical/categorical b) statistical/numerical c) NOT statistical d) NOT statistical
Mean
Using Statistics: Four-Step Process

1.

2.

3.

4.

Rules:
1)​ You may not add.
2)​ You may not divide two numbers.
3)​ You may count.
4)​ You may rearrange the cubes.

Find the mean height of the five towers.

14
Use the Equal Sharing Strategy
Find the mean of the following six test scores
90​ 83​ 76​ 99​ 107​ 97

1)​ For each of the following, determine if it is possible for a group of five numbers with a
mean of 100 to have that characteristic. If so, give an example.

a.​ Exactly one number is 100​ ​ _____​ _____​ _____​ _____​ _____

b.​ None of the numbers are 100 ​ _____​ _____​ _____​ _____​ _____

c.​ All of the numbers are equal ​​ _____​_____​ _____​ _____​ _____

d.​ All but one number is more than 100. _____​_____​ _____​ _____​ _____

e.​ All of the numbers are less than 100. _____​ _____​ _____​ _____​ _____

Two important concepts pertaining to mean:

15
Homework:

1.​ Between which two numbers should the mean be? ____________ and ____________
2.​ Use the Equal Sharing Strategy to find the mean.

​ 44​ 26​ 22​ 40​ 34​ 51​ 22​ 14​ 8

16
Answers: 1) between 14 and 51​ 2) mean is 29

Day 2

For the remainder of the problems, you can do any calculations to solve.
2)​ The mean weight of a group of 60 students is 89 pounds. What is the combined weight
of those 60 students?

3)​ The mean of three numbers is 37. A fourth number, 41, is included in the list. What is
the mean of the four numbers?

4)​ Jake ran 3 miles every day for 5 days. How many miles will he need to run on the sixth
day in order to have run an average of 4 miles per day over the 6 days?

17
5)​ The mean height of the 30 students in a room is 76 cm. James, whose height is 107 cm,
walked into the room. Now what is the mean height of all of the students in the room?

6)​ The mean weight of a group of 16 athletes was 60 kg. Two athletes, whose weights were
68 kg and 65 kg, left the group. What is the mean weight of the athletes remaining in the
group? (If needed, round your answer to the nearest tenth of a kg).

7)​ The mean of the first 3 exams for a student is 98. If the student scores a 58 on the fourth
exam, what is the mean of all four exams?

8)​ A class of 25 students took a science test. Ten students had a mean score of 80. The
other students had a mean score of 60. What is the mean test score of the whole class?

18
 9)​ The mean number of pets in 12 animal shelters in a state is 46. The mean number of pets
in 21 other shelters is 54, and the mean number in 7 additional shelters is 60. What is the
mean number of pets in all of those animal shelters combined? Round your answer to the
nearest tenth.

10)​In one third grade class, two students have three siblings, four students have 2 siblings,
nine students have 1 sibling, and 5 students have 0 siblings. What is the mean number of
siblings for the third graders in that class? Round to the nearest tenth.

11)​A group of people were asked, “How many movies did you watch last week?” The
results are in the table below. Find the mean number of movies seen by people in that
group. Round to the nearest tenth.

Number of Movies Seen 0 1 2 3 4 5

Number of People 4 3 10 7 12 3

12) Minnie has two quiz grades of 83, four quiz grades of 86, and three quiz grades of 92. In
addition to those 9 quizzes, she will have a final exam that will be worth 3 quiz grades. What is
the lowest grade Minnie can get on the final exam to receive an 88 for the semester?

19
Homework: Before you solve, decide between which two values the mean MUST be before you
solve the problem OR tell something that must be true about the mean based on the information
given WITHOUT calculating first.
1.​ The mean number of points a basketball player scores is 21 in the last three games. If he
scores 10 points in the fourth game, what is the new mean score per game?

2.​ Four people in a group have a mean height of 54 inches. The mean height of three people
in another group is 62 inches. What is the mean height of all of the people? Round to the
nearest tenth.

3.​ Students in a babysitting club charge different amounts based on their experience. Five
students charge an average of $10 per hour. Three other students charge an average of
$15 per hour. Another student charges $17 per hour and the last student charges $8 per
hour. What is the mean cost per hour of all of the students in the babysitting club?

4.​ You score the following on the past three tests in your Educational Technology course
this semester; 85, 92 and 54. The final is worth two test scores. What do you need to
score on the final to earn an 83 for the semester?

20
 Answers: 1) between 10-21 - 18.25 points per game​ 2) between 54 - 62 - 57.4 inches​
3) between 8-17 - $12 per hour​ 4) in order to get an 83, the score must be greater than 92 to
pull it up to the 83 - 99.5%

Mean, Median and Mode

If we are told that the mode of a set of exam scores is 95%, what does that tell us?

Find the mode.

A)​ 4, 7, 7, 8, 9

B)​ 4, 4, 7, 7, 8, 9

C)​ 4, 4, 7, 7, 8, 8

D)​ 4, 4, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8

E)​ 4, 5, 8, 9, 10

If we are told the median price of a house in a community is $200,000, what does that tell us?

Find the median.

A)​ 4, 9, 11, 6, 8​ ​ ​ ​ ​ B)​ 12, 9, 4, 6, 12, 13

21
Favorite Sport of Students in a Fifth Grade Class
Favorite Sport Frequency
Baseball 9
Football 6
Soccer 12
Basketball 2
Lacrosse 2

Find the…
A)​ Mode

B)​ Median

C)​ Mean

6, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 10, 10, 11, 13, 14, 20

If the data set above changes as specified below…
●​ Will the mode stay the same or change?
●​ Will the mean stay the same, decrease or increase?
Mode Mean
A)​ 25 is added to the list
B)​ 10 is added to the list
C)​ 6 is removed from the list
D)​ 0 is added to the list
E)​ One 8 is removed from
the list

22
Create data sets consisting of three numbers in which.. (you cannot use all of the same numbers)
A)​ The mean and the median are the same​ _____ _____ _____

B)​ The mean is greater than the median​ _____ _____ _____

C)​ The mean is less than the median​ _____ _____ _____

D)​ The median is 76 and the mean is 78. _____ _____ _____

Homework:
1.​ Mr. Watkins gave a quiz in his class with the following scores;
12​ 10​ 20​ 14​ 16​ 2​ 19​ 20​ 15​ 17​ 8​ 10

a.​ What is the mean of the quiz scores?

b.​ What is the mode of the scores?

c.​ What is the median of the scores?

2.​ Give a set of data that fits each description (if possible). If not possible, explain why.
a.​ 7 test scores that range from a score of 6 to a score of 18 with a mean greater than
the median.

b.​ 5 test scores with a median score of 12 and a mean score of 12.

c.​ 10 test scores with a median score of 13 and a range from a score of 6 to 15.

23
Answers: 1a) 13.38 b) 10 and 20 c) 14.5​ 2) answers will vary

Bar Graphs, Pictographs and Circle Graphs

Graph 1:
The pictograph represents the number of cupcakes
sold at a bakery each day last week. Each partial
cupcake represents half as many cupcakes as a
whole cupcake.

A)​ If the bakery sold 276 cupcakes from

Monday through Sunday last week, how
many cupcakes does each picture of a
whole cupcake represent?

B)​ How many fewer cupcakes did the bakery sell on Thursday than Friday?

Graph 2:
Students in a choir were asked, “In what month is
your birthday?” The results for the first half of
the year are recorded in the bar graph.
A)​ What is the ratio of students who have a
birthday in a month that begins with F to
the number of students whose birthday is
in a month that begins with an M?

B)​ How many more students have a birthday in the first quarter of the year than in the
second quarter of the year?

24
Graph 3:

Students were asked, “What is your favorite

movie?”

The results are given in the bar graph.

A)​ Which type of movie is the favorite for

one-fifth of the students?

B)​ Which type of movie is the favorite of 30% of the class?

Graph 4:

The bar graph shows the number of patent applications, the number of patents issued, and the
number of license and option agreements signed from 1987 to 1994.

A)​ What is the mean number of patents issued, per year, from 1990 to 1994?

25
 B)​ Analyze the graph to determine whether each statement is true or false.

i.​ For each year shown, there were more U.S. patents issued than the number of license
and option agreements signed.

ii. For each year shown, there were at least twice as many U.S. patent applications as
U.S. patents issued.

iii. The two years with the greatest number of U.S. patent applications, when combined,
had more than 500 applications.

iv. There is at least one year in which the number of U.S. patent applications was three
times as large as the number of U.S. patents issued.

Graph 5:

There were 300 students who each drew a picture of an

animal for art class. The percentages of students who drew
each kind of animal is represented in the circle graph.

A)​ How many more students drew a picture of a dog than drew
a picture of an elephant?

B)​ How many students drew a picture of an animal that has

four legs?

26
Graph 6:

Each student at a high school is taking either French,

Spanish, German or Mandarin. The percentage of students
taking any of these four languages is represented in the
circle graph. There are 270 students taking French

A)​ How many students are there at that high school?

B)​ How many students are taking Spanish?

Graph 7:

Students in the second grade were asked, “What is your

favorite pet?” The results are recorded in the circle graph.

A)​ If birds were the favorite pet of 12 students, how

many students chose cats as their favorite pet?

B)​ Instead, if fish were the favorite pet of 12 students,

how many students participated in the survey?

27
Graph 8:

1)​ How many people in the town are from 30 ​

up to 40 years old?

2)​ Is this a town that a young family might

move to if they want their middle and high school
children to go to a populated school? Explain.

Deceptive Graphs:

Analyze the pictograph and the bar graph. Identify how each graph misrepresents the data.

28
Homework:

1.​ If there are a total of 560 fifth graders surveyed, how many prefer chicken nuggets?

2.​ If 255 people prefer pizza, how many people were surveyed?

29
 Answers: 1) 168 5th graders prefer chicken nuggets​ 2) 1,700 5th graders were surveryed

Box and Whisker Plots

Range:

If we are told that the range of a set of exam scores is 30%, what does that tell us?

Find the range.

A)​ 7, 2, 16, 2, 11​ ​B)​ 14, 39, 26, 0, 35, 9

Statistical Question: How many minutes does it take students to travel from their home to
Rowan?

Five-Number Summary:

30
Box-and-Whisker Plot: Representation of the Five-Number Summary

Find Q1, Q2 and Q3.

A)​ 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 22, 25, 28, 29, 32, 33, 55, 60, 62

B)​ 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 22, 25, 28, 29, 32, 33, 55, 60

C)​ 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 22, 25, 28, 29, 32, 33, 55

D)​ 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 22, 25, 28, 29, 32, 33

Two Measures of Spread

31
Outliers:

How do you use the box-whisker-plot to determine IF there are any outliers?

Once you decide there ARE outliers, THEN use the formula to determine which data points are
outliers.

Definitions:

32
More About Outliers:

A data set contains many numbers. Two of the data points are 7 and 86.

We also know that Q1 = 39 and Q3 = 58

A)​ Is 7 an outlier?

B)​ Is 86 an outlier?

Is it possible for a box plot to be missing a right whisker? If so, what does it mean?

33
Box-And-Whisker Plots are also useful for comparing data sets

The box plots represent the number of classes taken during the previous year by the students in
all sections of Structures of Mathematics I and II.

34
35
Homework:

A Students in a class were asked to grab whatever change they had on them at the moment. The
amount of money for each of twelve students was put on sticky notes.

0.86 1.05 0.01 2.11 1.00 0.82 1.07 1.54 | 1.32 1.14 1.56 0.96

1.​ What is the median?

2.​ Identify the lower quartile (Q1).

3.​ Identify the upper quartile (Q3).

4.​ Draw a box-and-whiskers plot.

5.​ What is the IQR?

6.​ Are there any outliers in the data? FIRST, use the box-and-whisker plot to determine. If it is
clear there are no outliers on one side, state why. Then, use the formula to determine the actual
outliers on the other side..

36
Answers: 1) 1.06 2) 0.91 3) 1.44 #4-6 - we will discuss this in class if needed

Dot Plots and Stem-And-Leaf Plots

Statistical Question: How many siblings do the students in our class have?

Dot (Line) Plot:​ ​ Siblings of Structures of Math Students

A)​ Mean:

B)​ Median

C)​ Mode

D)​ Range

37
Double Dot (Line) Plot:

Compare the number of hours students spent exercising with the number of hours they spent
playing video games.

A)​ Which has the larger mean?

B)​ Which has the larger median?

C)​ Which has the larger range?

D)​ Compare their modes.

38
Statistical Question: How many college credits have the students in our class completed?

Stem-And-Leaf Plot:

A)​ Mean

B)​ Median

C)​ Mode

D)​ Range

39
Statistical Question: Which group in our class has completed more college credits: the
Elementary Education majors or the Early Childhood Education majors?

Two-Sided Stem-And-Leaf Plot:

A)​ Mean of each:

B)​ Median of each:

C)​ Mode of each:

D)​ Range of each:

40
Homework:

Draw a stem and leaf plot for the following data.

Cost of tickets to a Phillies game on StubHub.

$12 $15 $25 $18 $35 $22 $45 $38 $35 $56 $15 $100 $65 $49 $23 $36

1)​ Find the median of the ticket costs.

2)​ Find the mode

3)​ Use the outlier formula to decide if there are any outliers in the data.

41
Draw a dot plot for the following data.

Number of total pets students in a class have in their childhood home.

0 1 3 6 4 1 2 2 2 3 6 1 0 0 4 4 5 3 7 10 5

1.​ Find the mode number of total pets for this class

2.​ Find the median number of pets for this class.

3.​ Between which two numbers of pets MUST the mean lie? ______________
Find the mean.

42
43