Q1.

(a) (A) stomach

1

(B) small intestine

allow ileum
ignore intestine unqualified
1

(C) liver
1

(b) soluble
1

catalyse
1

denatured
1
this order only

(c) amino acids

1

(d) any one from:

• for growth
allow for enzymes / hormones / antibodies
• for repair / replacement (of cells / tissues / organs)
allow to strengthen bones
ignore for energy
1

(e) stomach
1

(f) Level 2: Scientifically relevant facts, events or processes are identified and
given in detail to form an accurate account.
3−4

Level 1: Facts, events or processes are identified and simply stated but their
relevance is not clear.
1−2

No relevant content
0

Indicative content
• grinding up the food
• add Biuret reagent (allow CuSO4 and NaOH) to food (sample)
• protein turns solution (from blue) to purple / lilac
• wear goggles to protect eyes
• clean up spills immediately
• Biuret / NaOH is an irritant / corrosive / poisonous

for level 2 a reference to Biuret, a positive result and reason for a safety
 precaution is required

(g) fat
1

(h) type 2 diabetes

1
[15]

Q2.
(a)

additional line from a blood component negates

the mark for that component
1
1
1

(b) C
1

(c) (vessel) B

thick walls or thick muscle / elastic tissue

do not accept ref to ‘cell walls’
1

or
lumen is small / narrow
allow description of ‘lumen’
1

(d) 95
1

(e) (because coronary) arteries / they are narrower

allow (because the coronary) arteries are blocked
/ clogged (with fat)
1

(f) 250 × 60 (= 15 000)

or
15 000
allow 0.25 × 60
1

15
 an incorrect conversion to dm3 in calculation
does not negate marking point 1
1
an answer of 15 scores 2 marks

(g) any two from:

• no need to stay as long in hospital (after procedure) or can go home
sooner / same day
allow only need to stay 2–3 hours in hospital
(after procedure)
allow less scarring
allow less chance of infection
allow only a small cut needed

• not as / less invasive or no need for a major operation or no need for

general anaesthetic
• shorter recovery time or can get back to normal lifestyle quicker or less
time needed off work
allow only 7 days recovery

• lower risk of a heart attack (during procedure)

ignore reference to cost
ignore idea that it takes less time overall
2

(h) lower chance of failure (within one year)

allow only a 5% chance of failure
1

only need one operation to treat multiple blockages or can treat multiple
blockages at one time
ignore ref to anaesthetic or CABG being a
long-term treatment
1
[14]

Q3.
(a) diffusion
1

(b) A
1

(c) B
1

(d) (earthworm) can absorb more oxygen (in a given time)

or
increases / more gas exchange
allow get / obtain / take in more oxygen
ignore easier absorption of oxygen
ignore references to food
 1

(e) lipase
1

(f) more oxygen (in soil with earthworms)

allow earthworms bring oxygen to soil
1

(for) more (aerobic) respiration

do not accept anaerobic respiration
1

(of) bacteria / fungi / microorganisms / microbes / decomposers

1
reference to more is only needed once for the
first two marking points

(g) fertilisation
ignore sexual reproduction
1

(h) asexual (reproduction)

allow cloning
1
[10]

Q4.
(a) (for calcium)

allow any correct rounding to minimum 3

significant figures
allow alternative route with correct rounding
1

(for vitamin B-12)

allow alternative route with correct rounding

1

560 / 559.8 / 559.78 / 559 (cm3)

allow only correct answer based on values given
for vitamin B-12 and calcium
1
an answer of 560 / 559.8 / 559.78 / 559 (cm ) 3

scores 3 marks
an incorrect answer for one step does not
prevent allocation of marks for subsequent steps

(b) Level 2: Scientifically relevant facts, events or processes are identified and
 given in detail to form an accurate account.
4−6

Level 1: Facts, events or processes are identified and simply stated but their
relevance is not clear.
1−3

No relevant content
0

Indicative content

• Biuret reagent (allow CuSO4 and NaOH) tests for protein

• add Biuret reagent to milk
• solution will turn (from blue) to lilac if positive

• iodine solution tests for starch (ignore iodine unqualified)

• add iodine solution to milk
• solution will turn (from orange / brown) to blue / black if positive

• Benedict’s reagent tests for sugars

• add Benedict’s reagent to milk and boil / heat (allow any temperature above
60 °C)
• solution will turn (from blue) to (brick) red / brown / orange / yellow / green if
positive

for level 2, reference to all three food tests is required

(c) lipase breaks down fat into fatty acids (and glycerol)
do not accept if ‘glycerol’ is contradicted
1

(and) fatty acids lower the pH

1

(and when) fatty acids cause the pH to be below 10 (the indicator becomes
colourless)
1

(d) observation of colour change is subjective / based on opinion

ignore human error unqualified
ignore experimental error or examples of this
1

(e) bile emulsifies fats

allow a correct description of emulsification (i.e.
breaks fat from large droplets into smaller
droplets)
do not accept a description of chemical
breakdown
1

creates a larger surface area (of fat)

1

(so) lipase can break down fat (to produce fatty acids) more quickly /
effectively
 allow fatty acids produced by action of lipase
more quickly
1
[16]

Q5.
(a) pancreas
1

(b) liver
1

glycogen
1
in this order

(c) would be digested / broken down (by enzymes / protease / pepsin / acid or to
amino acids)
allow denatured (by acid)
1

(d) use of 14.2 and 6.8

1

7.4
allow an answer of 7.2 or 7.3 (using 14.1 and / or
6.9) for 1 mark
1
an answer of 7.4 scores 2 marks

(e) any one from:

• (person A’s) results are higher

ignore A peaks at a higher level than B

• (A) increases for a longer time or peaks later

• (A) takes longer to decrease or takes longer to return to normal

allow other correct comparisons
allow a description using pairs of figures from
graph at a given time
1
allow converse comparisons with person B as the
subject

(f) a negative correlation

1

(g) less carbohydrate / sugar / fat in diet

allow go on a diet
allow eat less
allow balanced / healthy diet

or
lose weight or maintain a healthy weight
 ignore diet unqualified
1

(more) exercise
allow examples of exercise
1
[10]

Q6.
(a) kills microorganisms / bacteria / fungi / viruses / microbes
allow to remove microorganisms / bacteria / fungi
/ viruses / microbes
ignore germs
allow so mycoprotein is not contaminated
1

(which) compete for food / oxygen

or
which make toxins
allow so mycoprotein is safe to eat

or
which are pathogens
or
which might kill the fungus / Fusarium
1

(b) 30 °C
1

(c) for (aerobic) respiration

do not accept anaerobic
1

(which) releases energy (for growth)

do not accept produces energy
allow glucose is used to make other organic
substances e.g. protein
1

(d) any two from:

so Fusarium can
• grow faster / better
• get sufficient food / glucose / minerals
allow more / enough

• get sufficient oxygen

allow more / enough

• get rid of sufficient carbon dioxide

allow more / enough
allow waste
 • be kept at a (suitable) temperature
allow to avoid ‘clumping’
2

(e) 200 grams

1
[8]

Q7.
(a) x-axis: scale + labelled, including units
scale ≥ ½ width of graph paper label: biomass in
g/m2
1

bar widths correct

± ½-square each side
allow 1 mark if 3 correct
2

all 4 bars correctly labelled

large fish + small fish + invertebrate (animals) +
algae
or
(trophic level) 4 + 3 + 2 + 1
or
tertiary consumer + secondary consumer +
primary consumer + producer
ignore bar heights
1

(b)
allow equivalent calculation
1

98.809523... / 98.810 / 98.81 / 98.8

1

99
allow answer given to two significant figures from
an incorrect calculation in step 2
1
an answer of 99 scores 3 marks

(c) inedible parts / example

allow eaten by other animals or not all organisms
eaten

or

egested / faeces
allow not digested
allow excretion / urine
 ignore waste

or

respiration / as CO2
ignore energy losses
ignore movement
1

(d) bacteria decay organic matter / sewage / algae / dead plants

1

(by) digestion
allow example such as starch broken down to
sugar
or
protein broken down to amino acids
1

(and) bacteria respire aerobically

or
respire using oxygen
1

(which) lowers oxygen concentration (in water)

or
fish have less oxygen
allow reduced respiration of fish
1

(so) reduced energy supply causes death of fish

allow toxins in the sewage kill fish
ignore pathogens or (pathogenic) bacteria cause
disease in fish and kills them
1
[13]

Q8.
(a) (A) bronchus
allow bronchi
allow bronchiole
1

(B) trachea
allow windpipe
1

(C) alveolus
allow alveoli
ignore air sac
1

(b) circulatory system

1
 (c) Q
1

(d) guard cell

1

(e) a group of cells with a similar structure / function

1

(f)
1 mark for each correct line
extra line from a tissue negates the mark for that tissue
3
[10]

Q9.
(a) movement of particles from (an area of) high concentration to (an area of) low
concentration
allow movement of particles down a concentration gradient
do not accept along / across a concentration gradient
1

(b) oxygen
allow O2

carbon dioxide
allow CO2
in this order only
both needed for 1 mark
1

(c) less diffusion

allow less gas will enter / leave the blood
allow ecf from (b)
1

(because of the) reduced / smaller surface area

1

(d) (B) very low birth mass

1

(C) extremely low birth mass

1

(e) any one from:

• men would be included in the study (can’t be pregnant)
 • children / older (post-menopausal) women
would be included in the study
ignore reference to cost
1

(f) any three from:

• higher percentage of pregnant women have never smoked (compared with
non-pregnant women)
• higher percentage of pregnant women are ex-smokers (compared with
non-pregnant women)
• lower percentage of pregnant women currently smoke (compared with
non-pregnant women)
• in both pregnant and non-pregnant women, the highest percentage of women
have never smoked
allow converse throughout
allow appropriate use of correct figures throughout
3

(g) scatter graph

1

(h) B
1

(i) there is no correlation (between the variables)

allow (all) the points are widely scattered
allow idea that the person with the longest birth time does
not have the highest risk
1
[13]

Q10.
(a) an undifferentiated / unspecialised cell
1

that can differentiate / become / change into (many) other cell types
1

(b) (malignant tumours) invade / spread to other tissues via the blood (benign don’t)
or
(malignant tumours) form secondary tumours in other organs
ignore cancer unqualified
allow converse
allow metastasises
1

(c) mitosis
correct spelling only
1

(d) glucose
answers in any order
ignore sugar
1
 protein / amino acids
1

(e) no need to wait for a donor

or
can be done immediately
1

(so) no risk of rejection

or
no need for immunosuppressant drugs
if no other marks awarded, allow for 1 mark idea of ethics
surrounding the use of tissue from another / dead person
1

(f) stent opens up the trachea

1

allowing air to flow through

or
allowing patient to breathe
1

(g) Level 3 (5-6 marks):

A judgement, strongly linked and logically supported by a sufficient range of correct
reasons, is given.

Level 2 (3-4 marks):

Some logically linked reasons are given. There may also be a simple judgement.

Level 1 (1-2 marks):

Relevant points are made. They are not logically linked.

Level 0
No relevant content

Indicative content

embryos advantages
• can create many embryos in a lab
• painless technique
• can treat many diseases / stem cells are pluripotent / can become any type of
cell (whereas bone marrow can treat a limited number)
embryos disadvantages
• harm / death to embryo
• embryo rights / embryo cannot consent
• unreliable technique / may not work

bone marrow advantages

• no ethical issues / patient can give permission
• can treat some diseases
• procedure is (relatively) safe / doesn’t kill donor
• tried and tested / reliable technique
• patients recover quickly from procedure
bone marrow disadvantages
• risk of infection from procedure
 • can only treat a
few diseases
• procedure can be painful

both procedures advantage

can treat the disease / problem

both procedures disadvantages
• risk of transfer of viral infection
• some stem cells can grow out of control / become
cancerous
[16]

Q11.
(a) vena cava
1

(b) 0.5 mm = 0.05 cm

1

time =
allow alternative correct substitution
1

24.875
1

25 (s)
an answer of 25 (s) scores 4 marks
allow 24 for 3 marks (no conversion of mm to cm)
allow 23.8 / 23.75 for 2 marks (no conversion of mm to cm
and incorrect sf)
1

(c) (blood) travels through (the) pulmonary vein

1
(blood) enters left atrium
1
(blood) enters (the) left ventricle
1
(blood) leaves the heart via / through (the) aorta
allow blood travels through arterioles
allow blood (travels round the body and) reaches the cells /
tissues via / in capillaries
1
ignore ref to valves / systole / diastole throughout

(d) Level 3 (5-6 marks):

Relevant points (reasons / causes) are identified, given in detail and logically linked
to form a clear account.

Level 2 (3-4 marks):

Relevant points (reasons/causes) are identified, and there are attempts at logical
linking. The resulting account is not fully clear.
 Level 1 (1-2 marks):
Points are identified and stated simply, but their relevance is not clear and there is
no attempt at logical linking.

No relevant content (0 marks)

Indicative content

S = structural F = functional

• (S) both have a large surface area

• (S) villi have many microvilli
• (S) alveolar walls are not flat / are folded

• (F) to maximise diffusion (of gases) / absorption of (food) molecules

• (S) both have many capillaries / good blood supply / capillaries near the
surface
• (F) to maintain concentration / diffusion gradient

• (S) both have thin walls / walls that are one cell thick / one cell thick surface
• (F) to provide a short diffusion distance (for molecules to travel)

• (S) villi have many mitochondria

• (F) to provide energy for active transport (of food molecules)

• (S) cells of the villi have microvilli / more projections

• (F) to further increase the surface area / increase the number of proteins in the
membrane / to allow more active transport to take place
[15]

Q12.
(a) salivary glands and pancreas
1

(b) starch / substrate fits into active site (of enzyme)

1

shape of active site is unique / complementary to substrate

allow converse
or
substrate is specific to active site / enzyme
allow enzyme has a high specificity for substrate
1
bonds (within starch / substrate
or
between sugar molecules) are broken
1

(c) converted to new carbohydrates / glycogen / named organic compound (e.g. protein
/ fat)
1

(d) to allow (the starch and amylase / solutions) to equilibrate (to the temperature of the
water bath)
 or
to get the starch and amylase / solutions to the same temperature / 20 °C
or
to get the starch and amylase / solutions to the (same) temperature of the water
bath
1

(e) 40 °C
all wells contain a symbol
and

must contain at least two crossed wells at the end

allow final three wells crossed

1
60 °C
all wells contain a symbol
and

must have fewer crossed wells at the end than at 40 °C

allow all wells ticked (✔)
for either mp do not allow a crossed well followed by a ticked
well
1

(f) more accurate

allow (so) closer to (the) true value
1

(because) it is a quantitative measure

allow (it’s) an actual value as opposed to an opinion
or
less / not subjective
allow colour is only qualitative
1

(g) 0.07 (%)

1

(h) starch is broken down less quickly (at 20 °C)

allow converse
1

because, at 20 °C, substrates / enzymes / molecules have less (kinetic) energy

1

(i) 1.08 (arbitrary units)

1

at 80 °C, enzyme / amylase has denatured

allow description of denaturation
do not allow enzyme is killed
1

so starch is not broken down (at all)

allow the concentration of starch is still 0.5%
 1
[16]

Q13.
(a) to kill microorganisms on / in the flask
or
so only microorganisms in the milk caused the results
allow bacteria / fungi / microbes
do not accept viruses
ignore germs
1

(b) heating
1

to over 100 °C
allow place in oven / pressure cooker
do not accept disinfectant
allow other suitable method – e.g. use of UV
1

(c) to prevent microorganisms entering from the air

allow bacteria / fungi / microbes for microorganisms
do not accept viruses
ignore germs
1

(d)
0 olive-green 7

1 olive-green 7

2 olive-green 7

3 orange-green 6
all correct for 1 mark
1

(e) (pH meter) – more accurate / more precise

allow more exact
allow can measure to 0.1 pH unit
or to smaller intervals of pH
1

(leaving…6 days) – obtain greater pH change

or
because there was (very) little change in 3 days
allow more acid will be made
1

(f) scale > of x-axis

and
 x-axis labelled (time in) days
1

points plotted correctly

all 7 correct = 2 marks
5 or 6 correct = 1 mark
2

line of best fit = smooth curve through points

do not accept ruled point-to-point
1

(g) (1st day) too few bacteria

1

(after day 1 more bacteria so more) acid made

1

(days 5-6) sugar / food used up

or
low pH denatures enzymes
or
low pH kills bacteria
allow enzymes do not work
do not accept enzymes killed
1

(h) (similarity) – same start pH /

pH7 and end pH / pH4.5
or
same pH change / change = 2.5
1
(difference) – faster
1
[16]

Q14.
(a) any two from:
• sprinkled through air
• air spaces between stones
• thin layer over stones (for efficient diffusion)
• slow flow (for efficient diffusion)
2

(b) green algae

1

(c) (large / small) protist

1

(d) Level 2 (3-4 marks):

Scientifically relevant facts, events or processes are identified and given in detail to
form an accurate account.

Level 1 (1-2 marks):

Facts, events or processes are identified and simply stated but their relevance is not
 clear.

No relevant content (0 marks)

Indicative content

digestion:
• (external) enzymes released
• role of enzymes – e.g. amylase / protease / lipase
• substrates & products – e.g. starch ⟶ sugar / protein ⟶ amino acids / fat ⟶
fatty acids

absorption:
• by diffusion / active transport

deamination:
• amino acids ⟶ ammonia / ammonium ions

release of other ions:

• e.g. phosphate / nitrate / magnesium

respiration:
• produces carbon dioxide (+ water)
or
equation is given
• release of energy allows other processes to take place e.g. active transport
[8]

Q15.
(a) red blood cell
1

(b) 44
1

(c) retina
1

(d) 7 and 8 / the parents

do not have A (allele)
or only have a (allele) or are aa
allow converse – if parents had an A (allele) they would have
Stickler syndrome
1

so children cannot inherit A

or can only inherit a

or

the parents show the recessive characteristic

so must be homozygous
(recessive)
or must be aa
or parents cannot have A
 1

(e) parental genotypes:

12 = Aa and 18 = aa
or parental gametes:
12 = A + a and 18 = a + a
1

derivation of offspring genotypes

allow ecf
1

identification of Aa offspring as Stickler

1

probability = 0.25 / / 1 in 4 / 25% / 1:3

allow ecf – e.g. 0.5 if 12 = AA
do not accept 3:1
do not accept 1:4
1
[9]

Q16.
(a) ventricle
1

(b) lungs
1

(c) valve circled on heart

1

(d) no fatty deposit

1

healthy artery is wider / bigger hole / has more blood flow

1

(e) statins
1

stent
1

(f) any two from:

• smoking
• high-fat diet
• lack of exercise
allow:
• overweight / obese
• having high blood pressure
• having high cholesterol
2

(g) 8 (%)
 1

(h) more males have coronary heart disease than females

1
[11]

Q17.
(a) to show the experiment was more repeatable
1

(b) (circle) 0.0 at 20 °C

1

(c) ignored it / did not use it

ignore repeated it
1

(d) increases the rate of reaction up to 30 °C

1

(e) 60 °C
1

(f) do the experiment at 30 °C, 35 °C and 40 °C

1

(g) Level 2 (3–4 marks):

A detailed and coherent plan covering all the major steps is provided. The method is
set
out logically taking into account control variable and appropriate measurements. The
plan could be repeated by another person to determine the effect of pH on
breakdown of starch by amylase.

Level 1 (1–2 marks):

Simple statements relating to relevant apparatus or steps are made but they may
not
be in a logical order. The plan would not allow another person to determine the
effect of
pH on breakdown of starch by amylase.

0 marks:
No relevant content.

Indicative content
• range of at least 3 pH values / use of buffer solutions
• control variables / keep amount or concentration of starch and amylase the
same
• keep temperature the same using water bath / electric heater
• use iodine test to make qualitative observations
• observe colour changes at different temperatures
• do repeats at each pH
4
[10]

Q18.
(a) 300
 1

(b) suitable scale on y-axis

1

label y-axis
1

4 bars drawn correctly

allow 1 mark for 3 correct bars
2

(c) increases from 50 to 500

1

then decreases from 500 to 0

1

(d) carbohydrates broken down / digested into sugars

1

broken down by carbohydrase or amylase

1

(e) absorption of glucose

1

into blood
1

by active transport
allow diffusion
1
[12]

Q19.
(a) stomach and pancreas correctly labelled
1

(b) bacteria not killed (by stomach acid / HCl) and so they damage mucus lining
1

so acid / HCl damages stomach tissue / causes an ulcer

allow bacteria infect stomach tissue
1

(c) if the cancer is malignant

1

(cancer) cells can spread to other organs

1

via the blood forming a secondary tumour

do not award marking points 2 or 3 without marking point 1
1

(d) add Biuret reagent to food sample

allow sodium / potassium hydroxide (solution) + copper
 sulfate(solution)
1

mauve / purple colour shows protein present

1

(e) damaged villi reduce surface area for absorption (of food molecules)
1

(therefore) fewer amino acids and glucose absorbed

1

with less glucose transfer of energy from respiration is reduced

1

and fewer amino acids available to build new proteins

1
[12]

Q20.
Level 3 (5–6 marks):
A detailed and coherent explanation is provided with most of the relevant content, which
demonstrates a comprehensive understanding of the human circulatory system . The
response makes logical links between content points.

Level 2 (3–4 marks):

The response is mostly relevant and with some logical explanation. Gives a broad
understanding of the human circulatory system. The response makes some logical links
between the content points.

Level 1 (1–2 marks):

Simple descriptions are made of the roles of some of the following: heart function, gas
exchange, named blood vessels, named blood cells. The response demonstrates limited
logical linking of points.

0 marks:
No relevant content.

Indicative content
• dual / double circulatory system which means that it has higher blood pressure and
a greater flow of blood to the tissues
• heart made of specialised (cardiac) muscle cells which have long protein filaments
that can slide past each other to shorten the cell to bring about contraction for
pumping blood
• heart pumps blood to lungs in pulmonary artery so that oxygen can diffuse into
blood from air in alveoli
• blood returns to heart via pulmonary vein where muscles pump blood to the body via
aorta
• oxygen carried by specialised cells / RBCs which contain haemoglobin to bind
oxygen and have no nucleus so there is more space available to carry oxygen
• arteries carry oxygenated blood to tissues where capillaries deliver oxygen to cells
for respiration and energy release
• thin walls allow for easy diffusion to cells
• large surface area of capillaries to maximise exchange
• waste products removed eg CO2 diffuse from cells into the blood plasma
• blood goes back to the heart in veins which have valves to prevent backflow
• cardiac output can vary according to demand / is affected by adrenaline
 accept annotated diagrams
[6]

Q21.
(a) (i) large intestine = E
1
small intestine = D
1
stomach = B
1

(ii)
extra lines cancel
3

(b) The concentration in the blood is lower.

1
[7]

Q22.
(a) (i) without oxygen
allow not enough oxygen
ignore air
ignore production of CO2
ignore energy
1

(ii) more / high / increased lactic acid (at end)

allow approximate figures (to show increase)
ignore reference to glucose
1

(b) (i) 1.5

allow only 1.5 / 1½ / one and a half
1

(ii) increases at first and levels off

ignore subsequent decrease
 1

suitable use of numbers eg

rises to 10 / by 9 (dm3 per min)
or
increases up to 1.5 (min) / levels off after 1.5 (min) (of x axis timescale)
allow answer in range 1.4 to 1.5
or
after the first minute (of the run)
1

(iii) supplies (more) oxygen

1
supplies (more) glucose
1
need ‘more/faster’ once only for full marks
allow removes (more) CO2 / lactic acid / heat as an
alternative for either marking point one or two, once only

for (more) respiration

1

releases (more) energy (for muscle contraction)

do not allow energy production or for respiration
1
[9]

Q23.
(a) a catalyst / speeds up a reaction
ignore it is not used up
1

it is a protein or it is specific / described or it has an active site

allow it only acts on one molecule
1

(b) cytoplasm
1

(c) Advantage:

any one from:

• heat would denature proteins in milk
• heat alters texture or flavour of milk
• catalase / enzyme is specific or only affects hydrogen peroxide
• less energy / fuel / lower temperature used so less expensive or less pollution
1

Disadvantage:

any one from:

• (some pathogens may survive) causing illness
• catalase / enzyme left in milk or may cause allergies or may alter taste
1
[5]
Q24.
(a) The damaged alveolus has a smaller surface area.
1

(b) Less oxygen is taken in.

1
[2]

Q25.
(a) (i) any one from:
• glucose
• oxygen
• carbon dioxide
• urea
• water
allow hormones
allow named example of a product of digestion
1

(ii) (cardiac) muscle

allow muscular
1

(b) (i) B
1

(ii) D atrium / atria

ignore references to left or right
1

E ventricle(s)
ignore references to left or right
1

(c) (i) a vein

1

(ii) an artery
1

(iii) keeps artery open / wider

allow ecf from part cii
1

(so) blood / oxygen can pass through (to the heart muscle)
1
[9]

Q26.
(a) (healthy alveolus has a) larger surface area
allow larger SA:Volume ratio
accept converse for alveoli from person with emphesema
 allow walls between alveoli disintegrate or fluid accumulation
in alveoli
1

(b) less oxygen into the blood / muscles

less only needed once
1

(so) less respiration

ignore ref. to anaerobic respiration
1

(and therefore) less energy is released (for exercise)

do not allow energy is produced / made
do not allow energy for respiration
1
[4]

Q27.
(a) (i) doesn’t have valves
allow veins have valves
1

has a thicker wall or thicker layer of muscle

allow has a smaller lumen
ignore references to elastic (in walls)
1

(ii) any two from:

• (artery has) more oxygen
• (artery has) more glucose
allow (artery has) more amino acids / fatty acids
• (artery has) less carbon dioxide
• (artery has) less lactic acid
ignore urea
ignore reference to pressure
accept converse for veins if veins is clearly stated
2

(b) any two from:

• no rejection
allow no tissue matching required
• abundant supply
• low risk of infection
allow named example ie HIV, CJD
• longer shelf life
allow less space needed for storage
ignore side effects
2
[6]

Q28.
(a) 55%
2 marks for correct answer alone
accept 54 − 56
5.5 / 10 × 100 alone gains 1 mark
2

(b) any three from:

• amino acids
• antibodies
• antitoxins
• carbon dioxide
• cholesterol
• enzymes
• fatty acid
• glucose
• glycerol
• hormones / named hormones
• ions / named ions
• proteins
• urea
• vitamins
• water.
ignore blood cells and platelets
ignore oxygen
max 1 named example of each for ions and hormones
allow minerals
3

(c) Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the Quality of
Communication (QC) as well as the standard of the scientific response.
Examiners should also refer to the information in the Marking Guidance and
apply a ‘best-fit’ approach to the marking.

0 marks
No relevant content.

Level 1 (1 – 2 marks)
There is a description of pathogens with errors or roles confused.
or
the immune response with errors or roles confused.

Level 2 (3 – 4 marks)
There is a description of pathogens and the immune response with some
errors or confusion
or
a clear description of either pathogens or the immune response with few
errors or little confusion.

Level 3 (5 – 6 marks)
There is a good description of pathogens and the immune response with very
few errors or omissions.

Examples of biology points made in the response:

 • bacteria and viruses are pathogens
credit any ref to bacteria and viruses
• they reproduce rapidly inside the body
• bacteria may produce poisons / toxins (that make us feel ill)
• viruses live (and reproduce) inside cells (causing damage).

white blood cells help to defend against pathogens by:

• ingesting pathogens / bacteria / (cells containing) viruses

credit engulf / digest / phagocytosis
• to destroy (particular) pathogen / bacteria / viruses
• producing antibodies
• to destroy particular / specific pathogens
• producing antitoxins
• to counteract toxins (released by pathogens)
credit memory cells / correct description
• this leads to immunity from that pathogen.
6
[11]

Q29.
(a) Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the Quality of Communication
(QC) as well as the standard of the scientific response. Examiners should also refer
to the information in the Marking guidance and apply a ‘best-fit’ approach to the
marking.

0 marks
No relevant content.

Level 1 (1−2 marks)

The method described is weak and could not be used to collect valid results,
however does show some understanding of the sequence of an investigation.

Level 2 (3−4 marks)

The method described could be followed and would enable some valid results
to be collected, but lacks detail.

Level 3 (5−6 marks)

The method described could be easily followed and would enable valid results
to be collected.

Examples of the points made in the response:

• bean seedlings of same age
• cut material from same part of each organ (for repeats) e.g. top 1 cm of
stem / a whole cotyledon / seed
• equal mass of each organ
accept weight for mass
• grind / homogenise
• in equal amounts of water / buffer
• equal volumes of hydrogen peroxide solution
• equal concentrations of hydrogen peroxide solution
• same temperature
• temperature maintained in water bath
• quantitative measure of gas production eg height of foam in mm / collect
 gas in graduated syringe in cm3
• for same time period
• repetitions (3+ times)
• calculate mean for each.
6

(b) (i) correct answer: 40

1 mark for 45 as the anomalous result has been included in
the calculation
or

1 mark for

or
2

(ii) vertical axis correctly labelled:

‘Enzyme activity in arbitrary units’
allow ecf from (b)(i)
1

points plotted correctly ±1 mm

deduct 1 mark for each incorrect plot
2

suitable line of best fit

not feathery, not point to point
1

(iii) 6.0 / 6
allow ± 0.1
if 6.0 not given, allow correct for candidate’s graph ± 0.1
1

(iv) in range 0 to 14 units

allow correct for candidate’s graph
1

(v) enzyme denatured / enzyme (active site) shape changed

allow substrate no longer fits (active site)
ignore reference to temperature
do not allow enzyme dies
1
[15]

Q30.
(a) (i) 64
1

(ii) 36
allow e.c.f from (i) i.e. 100 − answer given in (a)(i)
1
 (iii) any one from:
• only considers 16-year-olds
ignore lack of evidence
allow does not refer to all ages
• only about some / 5 countries
allow does not refer to all countries.
1

(b) the more exercise done the healthier a person is

allow the more exercise done the higher the health rating
allow the less exercise done the lower the health rating
1

(c) having a high cholesterol level

1

(d) (i) antibodies

1

(ii) antibiotics
1
[7]

Q31.
(a) (i) a catalyst
1

(ii) protein
1

(iii) salivary glands

1

(b)

extra lines from any enzyme cancels that mark

3
[6]
Q32.
(a) (i) glycerol
1

(ii) pancreas / small intestine

accept duodenum / ileum
ignore intestine unqualified
1

(b) any two from:

• type of milk
• volume / amount of milk
• vol. bile equals vol. water
• volume of lipase
• concentration of lipase
• temperature
ignore time interval
ignore solution unqualified
do not allow pH
ignore starting pH
ignore volume / amount of bile / water
ignore concentration of bile
accept amount of lipase if neither volume nor concentration
given
2

(c) (i) fatty acid (production)

1

(ii) faster reaction / digestion (with bile)

or
pH decreases faster (with bile)
or
takes less time (with bile)
or
steeper fall / line (with bile)
allow use of data
ignore easier
1

(iii) all fat / milk digested

or
same amount of fatty acids present
or
(lower pH) denatures the enzyme / lipase
allow all reactants used up
ignore reference to neutralisation
allow enzyme won’t work at low pH
do not allow enzyme killed
1
[7]
Q33.
(a) 5624
allow 2 marks for:
• correct HR = 148 and correct SV = 38 plus wrong
answer / no answer
or
• only one value correct and ecf for answer
allow 1 mark for:
• incorrect values and ecf for answer
or
• only one value correct
3

(b) (i) Person 2 has low(er) stroke volume / SV / described

eg Person 2 pumps out smaller volume each beat
do not allow Person 2 has lower heart rate
1

(ii) Person 1 sends more blood (to muscles / body / lungs)

1

(which) supplies (more) oxygen

1

(and) supplies (more) glucose

1

(faster rate of) respiration or transfers (more) energy for use

ignore aerobic / anaerobic
allow (more) energy release
allow aerobic respiration transfers / releases more energy
(than anaerobic)
do not allow makes (more) energy
1

removes (more) CO2 / lactic acid / heat

allow less oxygen debt

or less lactic acid made

or (more) muscle contraction / less muscle fatigue
if no other mark awarded,
allow person 1 is fitter (than person 2) for max 1 mark
1
[9]

Q34.
(a) (i) alveoli / alveolus
allow air sacs
allow phonetic spelling
1
 (ii) any one from:
• protection (of lungs / heart)
• help you breathe / inflate lungs.
1

(b) (i) diffusion

1

(ii) capillaries
1

(iii) any two from:

• (have many) alveoli
allow air sacs
• large surface / area
• thin (exchange) surface or short diffusion pathway
accept only one / two cell(s) thick
• good blood supply / many capillaries
allow (kept) ventilated or maintained concentration gradient.
2
[6]

Q35.
(a) Lung
1

(b) Filtering the blood

1

(c) They will take in water and burst

1

(d) (i) 6
1

(ii) less than 28

1

(iii) urea not reabsorbed

or
dialysis (fluid) has removed urea
1

(e) (i) antibodies

1

(ii) Tissue typing the donor kidney

1
[8]
Q1.
(a) any two from:
• carbon dioxide / CO2
• urea
• protein
• water / H2O
• hormones / insulin.
ignore food / waste / alcohol / drugs / enzymes
ignore glucose and oxygen
allow two correct hormones for 2 marks
allow two correct food components for 2 marks
allow antibodies
allow antitoxins
2

(b) (i) plasma

1

platelets
1

(ii) (cardiac) muscle

allow muscular
1

(c) Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the Quality of Written
Communication (QWC) as well as the standard of the scientific response.
Examiners should also refer to the information in the Marking Guidance and
apply a ‘best-fit’ approach to the marking.

0 marks
No relevant content

Level 1 (1−2 marks)

There is a description of at least one advantage of the cow tissue valve
or
a description of at least one disadvantage of the cow tissue valve.

Level 2 (3−4 marks)

There is a description of at least one advantage of the cow tissue valve
and
at least one disadvantage of the cow tissue valve.

Level 3 (5−6 marks)

There is a description of the advantages and disadvantages of the cow tissue
valve
or
a description of several advantages of the cow tissue valve and at least one
disadvantage.

Examples of the points made in the response

Advantages of cow tissue valve:

 • abundant supply of cows
• so shorter waiting time
ignore can take many years to find a suitable human donor
• no need for tissue typing
• quicker operation
• less invasive or shorter recovery time
• cheaper operation costs
• less operation / anaesthetic risks.

Disadvantages of cow tissue valve:

• made from cow so possible objections on religious grounds

ignore ethical arguments
• new procedure so could be unknown risks
allow possible transfer of disease from cow
• risks of using a stent eg. blood clots, stent breaking or valve
tearing
• not proven as a long term treatment
• may be rejected
ignore information copied directly from the table without
value added.
6
[11]

Q2.
(a) (i) has the least amount of glucose
allow least amount of fat or no fat
1

(to) transfer energy (for the run)

allow (to) release energy (for the run)
do not allow produces energy
do not allow ‘energy for respiration’
1

(ii) any one from:

• cells will work inefficiently
• absorb too much water / swell / overhydrate
• lose too much water / shrink / dehydrate
ignore turgid / flaccid
cells burst is insufficient
allow cramp in muscle.
1

(b) any three from:

• thermoregulatory centre
• (has temperature) receptors
• (which) monitor blood temperature (as it flows through the brain)
• (temperature) receptors in the skin
• (receptors) send impulses to the brain
ignore vasoconstriction / vasodilation / sweating
 allow hypothalamus
impulses sent to the thermoregulatory centre = 2 marks.
3

(c) (i) (sports drinks) contain a lot of glucose

1

(a person with diabetes) does not produce insulin or does not produce
enough insulin
allow (person with diabetes) has cells which do not respond
to insulin
do not allow insulin produced by liver
1

so blood glucose / sugar levels will rise too high or to a dangerous level
1

(ii) inject insulin

or
have an insulin pump (fitted)
do not allow swallow insulin
accept exercise
accept inhale insulin
accept take metformin or other correctly named drug
allow pancreatic transplant
1
[10]

Q3.
(a) (i) diaphragm
accept phonetic spelling
1

(ii) (because) the volume (inside the jar) increases

maximum two marks if no reference to correct part of model
1

(causing) the pressure to decrease

1

(and) air enters the balloon

allow oxygen
1

(b) (i) (so it moves by) diffusion

do not allow osmosis or active transport
1

from a high concentration (of oxygen) to a low concentration

allow down its / oxygen concentration gradient from the air
or to the blood
or
(because) there is a high(er) concentration (of oxygen) in the air or there
 is a low(er) concentration of oxygen in
the blood
ignore reference to amount of oxygen
1

(ii) many gill filaments

must be in the correct pairs to gain 2 marks
1

(give a) large surface / area

do not allow surface area to volume ratio
or
thin
(so) short diffusion pathway
or
good blood supply
(to) maintain the concentration gradient
or
water continually flows over them / continually ventilated
(to) maintain the concentration gradient
1
[8]

Q4.
(a) (i) diffusion
1

(ii) carbon dioxide

accept CO2 / CO2
do not accept CO2
1

(iii) red blood cells

1

(b) 70
if no / incorrect answer then
70 000 000
or
280 x 0.25 gains 1 mark
ignore doubling the answer
2

(c) allows more gas / oxygen / CO2

(exchange)
do not accept air
1
[6]

Q5.
(a) any three from:
 • parts of organisms have not decayed
accept in amber / resin
allow bones are preserved
• conditions needed for decay are absent
accept appropriate examples, eg acidic in bogs / lack of
oxygen
• parts of the organism are replaced by other materials as they decay
accept mineralised
• or other preserved traces of organisms, eg footprints, burrows and
rootlet traces
allow imprint or marking of organism
3

(b) (i) teeth for biting (prey)

must give structure + explanation
1

claws to grip (prey)

accept sensible uses
1

wing / tail for flight to find (prey)

1

(ii) any two from:

• new predators
• new diseases
• better competitors
• catastrophe eg volcanic eruption, meteor
• changes to environment over geological time
accept climate change
allow change in weather
• prey dies out or lack of food
allow hunted to extinction
2
[8]

Q6.
(a) (i) sucrose
1

(ii) fructose is sweeter than sucrose

1

can use less fructose (for same sweetness)

1

cheaper / can use in slimming food

allow ‘less calories ’
accept ‘better for diabetics’
1
 (b) (i) carbohydrases
1

(ii) denatured / shape changed

ignore ‘inactivated’
allow ‘enzyme / shape destroyed’
1

(iii) faster reaction

1

so more product made / product made in shorter time

allow ‘60 °C will kill microorganisms’
1

(c) any two from:

• enzyme can be re-used / not wasted

• constant-flow system
• can be automated
• product (= food) not contaminated by enzyme / enzyme may give allergic
reaction / no need to separate P from E
allow ‘people do not want to eat enzymes’
2

(d) any three from:

• volume is smaller so costs less to heat / to maintain temperature / to

build
• temperature is cooler so costs less to heat / to maintain temperature /
loses less heat to surroundings
• reaction time is shorter so reduces running costs (re. heating / stirring) or
can make more product in time
• 1-stage product refining c.f. 4 stages, leading to reduced labour / time
cost
need to qualify each point with respect to how it lowers costs
3

(e) (i) 4500

correct answer = 2 marks
allow 1 mark for: 1500 x 3
2

(ii) enzyme used for longer / less enzyme needed

1

less money spent on enzyme

1
[17]

Q7.
(a) (i) capillaries
1
 (ii) platelets
1

(iii) fibrinogen changes to fibrin

1

(b)

1 mark per correct row

or
1 mark per correct column
whichever is greater
3

(c) (i) antibody / antigen has specific shape

ignore active site
1

antibody fits antigen / has shape complementary to antigen

1

(ii) group A has anti-B antibodies which bind to B-antigens

1

join / clump RBCs together so too big to pass through capillary / block
capillary
1

any one consequence: lack of O2 / food / blood supply to body cells or

cells can’t respire
ignore ‘cells die’ / ‘person dies’ - look for cause
1
[11]

Q8.
(a) (i) stomach
1

(ii) small intestine

1

(b)

salivary small
stomach pancreas
glands intestine
 amylase ✓ ✕ ✓ ✓

lipase ✕ ✕ ✓ ✓

protease ✕ ✓ ✓ ✓

1 mark per correct row

or
if no correct row max 1 mark for any one correct column
2

(c) enzyme / protease / pepsin most effective in acid conditions / low pH

accept optimum / correct pH
do not accept ref to incorrectly named enzymes
ignore killing bacteria
ignore acid breaks down food
1

(d) Enzyme Breakdown products

3
[8]

Q9.
(a) (i) muscular
1

(ii) 7
1

(iii) an electrical device

1

(b) (i) in sequence:

5
1

7
1
 2
1

(ii) 3
1

(c) (i) prevent backflow (of blood) / allow flow in only one direction / in the
correct direction
1

(ii) A
no mark, but max 2 marks if incorrect

2 / atrium contracts / pressure in 2 increases

1

blood pushes ball (down / towards ventricle / towards 5 )

allow this point even if valve in wrong part of heart
1

(opens valve which) allows blood into 5 / ventricle

or converse points re closing the valve
1

(d) (i) involvement of platelets / eg platelets ‘trigger’ clotting process / release

enzyme(s) / release ‘clotting factors’
1

fibrinogen to fibrin
or
meshwork formed (which traps blood cells)
1

(ii) any four from:

to gain 4 marks candidates should include at least:
one advantage and one disadvantage

Advantages

(improved circulation / O2 supply) provides:

• more cell respiration

• more energy released
• (more) active life / not so tired / more physical activity

Disadvantages

• danger of surgery / operation

• infection from surgery / operation
• valve may need replacing
• clots may form and block blood vessels
may need to take anti-coagulants – eg warfarin
• clots may cause heart attacks / strokes
4
[17]
Q10.
(a) (Type 2) diabetes / heart disease / deficiency disease / named
allow a relevant health problem
ignore obesity or over / under weight / anorexia
1

(b) (i) provides more (energy / sugar) than is used

idea of sugar being high in / having a lot of energy eg
contains a lot of calories
allow it is turned to fat or stored (as fat)
1

(ii) fat
1

(c) (i) C
1

(ii) no health problems

allow as others (may) have (possible) health problems
ignore reference to sweetness
1

(iii) idea of informed choice

eg in case you have health problems / allergies
allow legal requirement
ignore diabetes
1
[6]

Q11.
(a)

extra line from any drug cancels that mark

4
 (b) (i) any one from:

• (live) animals
accept named examples, eg mice
ignore people / volunteers
• cells
• tissues
do not allow plants
1

(ii) to check that the drug works

1

to find the best dose to use

1

(iii) only scientists at the drug company

1

(c) (i) 420

1

(ii) statin(s)
1

(iii) any one from:

• side effects
allow cost
• other medication
allow patient choice
• other (medical) conditions
allow family history or age
1
[11]

Q12.
(a) (i) A = (cell) membrane
1

B = cytoplasm
do not accept cytoplast
1

(ii) To control the activities of the cell

1

(b)
 extra lines cancel
3
[6]

Q13.
(a) (i) amino acid(s)
accept peptide(s)
do not allow polypeptide(s)
1

(ii) protease
1

(b) (i) 2
1

(ii) repeat
do not allow other enzyme / substrate
 1

using smaller pH intervals between pH1 and pH3

allow smaller intervals on both sides of / around pH2
allow smaller intervals on both sides of / around answer to
(b)(i)
1

(iii) enzyme / pepsin denatured / shape changed

do not allow enzyme killed
allow enzyme ‘destroyed’
1

enzyme / pepsin no longer fits (substrate)

allow enzyme / pepsin does not work
1

(c) hydrochloric (acid)

allow phonetic spelling
accept HCl
allow HCL
ignore hcl
do not allow incorrect formula –e.g. H2Cl / HCl2
1
[8]

Q14.
(a) (i)

one mark for each line

extra line negates a mark
3

(ii) any one from:

• carbon dioxide / CO2

• urea
do not allow urine
ignore water
 ignore ions
1

(b) (i) B
1

(ii) D
1

(iii) vein
accept correct named
examples
1

(c) (i) any one from:

• keeps artery / blood vessel open or widens artery / blood vessel

• allows (more) blood to heart / cardiac muscle
• (allows) blood to flow more easily
• allows (more) oxygen to heart / cardiac muscle
1

(ii) any two from:

• bleeding
allow blood clots
• infection
• damaging blood vessels
• damaging the heart
• risk from anaesthetic
2
[10]

Q15.
(a) (i) defence against or destroy pathogens / bacteria / viruses / microorganisms
do not allow ‘destroy disease’
accept engulf pathogen / bacteria / viruses / microorganism
accept phagocytosis
accept produce antibodies / antitoxins
allow immune response
1

(ii) they are small fragments of cells

1

(b) liver
in this order only
1

kidney(s)
1

(c) any two from:

• that it doesn’t cause an immune response or isn’t rejected / damaged by

 white blood cells
• whether it is a long lasting material / doesn’t decompose / corrode / inert
• if it is strong (to withstand pressure)
• it will open at the right pressure
• that it doesn’t cause clotting
• that it doesn’t leak or it prevents backflow
• non toxic
ignore correct size
2
[6]

Q16.
A + B most effective (treatment)
ignore descriptions of LDL levels
1

D is (the most) effective (treatment)

D is the best single (treatment)
1

neither A nor B (alone) are effective

allow increase risk of heart disease instead of not effective
1

can’t tell if C is effective

OR
A + C is not effective
1
[4]

Q17.
(a) any two from:
or allow converse for outdoors

• constant speed
• variable speed

• constant effort
• variable terrain

• constant temperature
• traffic conditions

• variable temperature
• wind (resistance)
• rain / snow
allow weather

allow pollution only if qualified by effect on body function but

ignore pollution unqualified
if no other marks obtained allow variable conditions outdoors
 2

(b) Brain
1

(c) (i) 20 800

correct answer with or without working gains 2 marks
if answer incorrect, allow 1 mark for use of 1200 and 22 000
only
2

(ii) oxygen
apply list principle
1
do not accept other named substances eg CO2 water

glucose / sugar
allow glycogen
ignore food / carbohydrate
1

(iii) respire aerobically

1

(iv) carbon dioxide

1

lactic acid
1

(d) increased heart rate

ignore adrenaline / drugs
accept heart beats more but not heart pumps more
1
[11]

Q18.
(a) (i) directly proportional
gains full marks

or
0.1 rise in rate for 1% rise in concentration
accept increased concentration: increased rate or positive
correlation or proportional for 1 mark
2

(ii) 0.6
allow ± 0.01
1

(b) (0.5% trypsin) cheaper

ignore more profit
1
 (35°C) faster reaction
allow (35°C) optimum / best temperature
1

so takes less time to make product

1

extra heating cost outweighed by savings on enzyme cost

1

(c) (i) any two from:

• breaks down / digests food

allow pre-digests protein / food
allow easier for baby to digest

• from protein into amino acids / peptides

• makes soft(er) / runni(er)

allow description of texture change
allow make (more) soluble
2

(ii) correct named enzyme

1

correct function
to gain 2 marks function must relate to correctly named
enzyme

Eg

carbohydrase
accept amylase / maltase / lactase
1

starch → sugar or lactose → glucose or making sugar syrup

or

isomerase

glucose → fructose or making slimming foods

or

lipase

fats / oils → fatty acids or removal of grease stains

accept other correct example
[11]

Q19.
(a) (i) mitochondrion / mitochondria
 must be phonetically correct
1

(ii) carbon dioxide / CO2

1

water / H2O
1
in either order
accept CO2 but not CO2
accept H2O or HOH but not H2O

(iii) diffusion
1

high to low concentration

allow down a concentration gradient
1

through (cell) membrane or through cytoplasm

do not accept cell wall
1

(b) ribosomes make proteins / enzymes

1

using amino acids

1

part A / mitochondria provide the energy for the process

allow ATP
do not accept produce or make energy
1
[9]

Q20.
(a) genes
1

chromosomes
1

(b) (i) higher yield

1

less use of pesticides

1

(ii) any two from:

• uncertain about effects on health

• fewer bees

• might breed with wild plant

 • seeds only from one manufacturer
2
[6]

Q21.
(a) pancreas
apply list principle
1

(b) (i) protein

apply list principle
1

(ii) any one from:

• (controlling / changing) diet

accept sugar(y foods) / named eg
ignore references to starch / fat / protein / fibre

• exercise
accept example, eg go for a run

• pancreas transplant
accept named drug eg metformin
1

(c) (i) increase

ignore reference to women
1

then fall
1

relevant data quote (for male)

eg max at ages 65–74 or starts at 10 (per thousand) or max
at 130 (per thousand) or ends at 120 (per thousand)
accept a difference between any pairs of numbers in data set
accept quotes from scale eg ‘130’ or ’130 per thousand’ but
not ’130 thousand’; to within accuracy of +/- 2 (per thousand)
1

(ii) (between 0 and 64) more females (than males) or less males (than
females)
ignore numbers
allow eg females more diabetic than males
1

(over 65) more males (than females) or less females (than males)
allow eg males more diabetic than females
1
[8]
Q22.
(a) (i) any two from:

• fibres not damaged

• machines last longer / machines not damaged by stones

Only one from:

• shorter time or quicker

• lower temperature
uses less energy or cheaper for energy as an alternative to
shorter time / lower temperature, if neither of these given
no mark for cheaper unqualified
2

(ii) any two from:

• different enzymes (for different dyes)

• enzymes expensive
no mark for expensive alone

• enzymes have to be removed (from denim material) (after washing

/ treatment)
2

(b) protease
apply list principle
1
[5]

Q23.
(a) B
no mark for “B” alone, the mark is for B and the explanation.

large(r) surface / area or large(r) membrane

accept reference to microvilli
ignore villi / hairs / cilia
accept reasonable descriptions of the surface eg folded
membrane / surface
do not accept wall / cell wall
1

(b) (i) any one from:

• (salivary) amylase

• carbohydrase
1
 (ii) many ribosomes
do not mix routes. If both routes given award marks for the
greater.
1

ribosomes produce protein

accept amylase / enzyme / carbohydrase is made of protein

or

(allow)

many mitochondria (1)

mitochondria provide energy to build / make protein (1)

accept ATP instead of energy
1
[4]

Q24.
(a) stomach is acidic / has low pH
allow any pH below 7
ignore stomach is not alkaline
1

lactase works best / well in alkali / high pH / neutral / non-acidic conditions

allow any pH of 7 and above
accept works slowly in acid conditions
allow figures from table with a comparison
ignore reference to temperature
1

(b) any three from:

• (below 40(°C)) increase in temperature increases rate / speed of

reaction

• reference to molecules moving faster / colliding faster / harder / more

collisions

• enzyme optimum / works best at 40°C

allow value(s) in range 36 – 44
ignore body temperature unless qualified

• high temperatures (above 40°C) / 45°C / 50°C enzyme denatured

allow synonyms for denaturation, but do not allow ‘killed’
denaturation at high and low temperature does not gain this
mark
ignore references to time / pH
3

(c) any two from:

 • acid neutralised or conditions made neutral / alkali
accept bile is alkaline

• (allow) emulsification / greater surface area (of lipid / fat)

allow description of emulsification eg fat broken down /
broken up into droplets
do not accept idea of chemical breakdown

• lipase / enzymes (in small intestine) work more effectively / better

allow better for enzymes
ignore reference to other named enzymes
2
[7]

Q25.
(a) (i) capillary
1

(ii) diffusion
1

(b) (i) Z
ignore any names
1

(ii) large / increased surface / area

allow all food absorbed

or to absorb more food

or improved diffusion
1
[4]

Q26.
(a) A
no mark - can be specified in reason part
if B given - no marks throughout
if unspecified + 2 good reasons = 1 mark

high(er) pressure in A
allow opposite for B
do not accept ‘zero pressure’ for B

pulse / described in A
accept fluctuates / ‘changes’
allow reference to beats / beating
ignore reference to artery pumping
2

(b) (i) 17
 1

(ii) 68
accept correct answer from student’s (b)(i) × 4
1

(c) oxygen / oxygenated blood

allow adrenaline
ignore air

glucose / sugar
extra wrong answer cancels - eg sucrose / starch / glycogen
/ glucagon / water
allow fructose
ignore energy
ignore food
2
[6]

Q27.
(a) (i) A = (cell) wall
ignore cellulose
1

B = cytoplasm
1

(ii) any one from:

accept has DNA instead of a nucleus, but not just has DNA

• bacterial cell / it has no nucleus

allow no mitochondria

• DNA free in cytoplasm

ignore size

• has no vacuole / no vesicles

ignore strands of DNA
1

(b) (i) yeast grows best / better / well or optimum temperature for yeast / more
yeast present
allow yeast works best / better / well
1

(yeast) makes CO2 or respires / respiration

allow fermentation
1

(ii) bacterium grows best / better / well / more bacteria present or optimum
temperature for bacterium
ignore microorganisms / microbes
allow works / respires best / better / well
 1

(bacterium) makes (lactic) acid

do not allow wrong acid
1
[7]

Q28.
(a) A − saliva(ry) gland
1

B − liver
1

C − duodenum
ignore small intestine
1

D − pancreas
accept phonetic spellings
1

(b) (i) any three from:

• chewing / muscle contraction / mechanical digestion
allow churning
• protease enzymes
allow pepsin / trypsin
• in stomach / small intestine / duodenum / from pancreas
• (break down protein) into amino acids
allow (poly)peptides
3

(ii) neutralises acid pH / makes conditions alkaline

1

so lipase can work

1

emulsifies fat
1

to give large(r) surface area for lipase / enzyme action

1

(c) (i) starch

ignore carbohydrate
1

(ii) breakdown stops

allow slows down
1

because stomach produces / contains acid / has low pH

1

and amylase cannot work in acid / low pH

 accept amylase is denatured / changes shape
1
[15]

Q29.
(a) (i) (as a result of) uncontrolled / abnormal growth / division of cells
ignore mutation
allow cells dividing with no contact inhibition
1

(ii) benign tumours do not invade / spread to other tissues / do not form
secondary tumours
accept converse for malignant
accept benign tumours do not metastasise
1

(b) via the blood / circulatory system

accept via lymphatic system
1

(c) (i) incidence is increasing

1

more rapidly (over the years)

ignore figures
1

difference between rich and poor areas is getting less

or

the incidence is rising fastest in people from poor areas

accept converse for people from rich areas
1

(ii) risk factor is UV from sunlight

ignore ionising radiation
1

more UK citizens going abroad or taking holidays in the Sun

or

poorer people can afford holidays in the Sun

or

more poorer people are taking holidays in the Sun

1
[8]

Q30.
(a) (i) A lung
 1

B rib
1

C diaphragm
1

D alveolus / alveoli
1

(ii) (B moves) up(wards) / out / up and out

1

(C moves) down(wards) / flattens

do not allow inwards
ignore outwards
if neither mark gained allow 1 mark for correct reference to
muscle contraction
1

(b) (i) 1640

1

1440
1

1720
allow max 1 for 3 correct values using of bottom of piston:
1380 + 1180 + 1480 to 1485
1

(ii) 1600
correct answer gains 2 marks
if answer incorrect allow 1 mark for evidence of
(1640 + 1440 + 1720) ÷ 3
allow ecf from (b)(i)
allow use of two numbers divided by two if one is considered
anomalous:

= 1680
for 2 marks
2

(c) two groups of students − one group sports activity participants, other not
allow students as a group
1

fair test eg groups same height / same mass / same sex

1

measure air breathed in by each student / repeat previous experiment then

calculate mean for group
1

(d) pointer remains still after breathing / cylinder will move down after breathing
 (in)
1

error reading volume less likely

allow more accurate / reliable
1

(e) (i) operator squeezes bag

1

air forced / pushed into lungs

or

positive pressure ventilator

1

(ii) any two from:

• air pressure / volume not regulated

• operator will tire / must be present at all times / variable intervals
• too much / too little air
allow may ‘overbreathe’ the patient
2
[20]

Q31.
(a) Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the Quality of Communication
(QC) as well as the standard of the scientific response. Examiners should also refer
to the information on page 5, and apply a ‘best − fit’ approach to the marking.

0 marks
No relevant content.

Level 1 (1 − 2 marks)
The method described is weak and could not be used to collect valid results
however does show some understanding of the sequence of an investigation.

Level 2 (3 − 4 marks)
The method described could be followed and would enable some results to be
collected but lacks detail.

Level 3 (5 − 6 marks)
The method described could be easily followed and would enable valid results
to be collected.

examples of biology points made in the response:

• (use of measuring cylinder to) measure equal volumes of detergent solution

• (use of dropping bottle to) apply same number of drops / amount of stain to
each piece of cloth
• include stainless cloth as control
• use of forceps to transfer cloths
• use of test tubes as containers for detergent solution + stained cloth
• use water bath to provide a range of temperatures
• cloths left in detergent solution at each temperature
 • for same length of time or measure time
taken to remove stain
• repetition
• assessing the stain removal
6

(b) (i) y axis: labelled ‘Time (taken to remove stain in) minutes’ plus suitable
scale
data spread greater than half of grid
1

points or bars plotted correctly to within ± 1 mm

deduct 1 mark for each incorrect plot up to a maximum of 2
2

one suitable line of best fit drawn on graph

not feathery
not extrapolated to (0,0)
not point to point as on this occasion it is inappropriate
1

(ii) 6 ± 0.1
accept ecf from student graph
1

(c) activity of enzyme still very high / 84% / over 80%

or
only lost 15% / 16% activity
allow above 60 °C marked decrease in activity
allow 85%
1

any two from:

• rate of reaction high at 60 °C / higher than at lower temperatures

allow in terms of reaction kinetics / collisions
• higher temperatures would increase (energy) costs
or
might damage cloth
ignore enzyme denaturation
• higher temperatures / 60 °C is better (than lower temperatures) to remove
other stains / named stains

or
better for killing bacteria / infection control
eg grease
2
[14]

Q32.
(a) any six from:

• hormone(s) / named produced by pancreas

• if blood glucose levels are too high, insulin is produced / released
 • allowing glucose to move from the blood
into the cells / named eg liver
• glucose is converted to glycogen
• if blood glucose levels fall, glucagon is produced / released
• glycogen is converted to glucose
• causing glucose to be released into the blood
6

(b) diabetes that occurs when the body (cells) do not respond / are less
responsive to insulin
1

(c) (i) higher BMIs due to increase in mass / weight (relative to height) /
obesity
1

obesity / being overweight / being fat is a (significant) risk factor for Type
2 diabetes
allow causes Type 2 diabetes
1

(ii) any three from:

• related to described change in diet eg fast foods

• and less exercise
• which increases the chance of obesity / increases BMI
• increased awareness has helped to slow the increase
3
[12]

Q33.
(a) (i) idea of ‘normal’ food / diet
e.g. ‘the same as usual’ or ‘the same as before’
allow balanced diet
allow none of the slimming programmes
ignore healthy diet
1

(ii) for comparison

accept to show the test is valid
allow to show the effect of the slimming programmes
allow to see if the slimming programmes work
ignore idea of fair test / reliable
do not allow accurate / precise
1

(b) (i) (at first) large / rapid (loss / change of body mass)
1

then small (loss / change) / levelling off

accept ‘loss of mass decreased’ for 2 marks
1

(ii) all lost body mass (compared to the control group)

 1
[5]

Q34.
(a) (i) rate of chemical reactions (in the body)
1

(ii) any two from:

• heredity / inheritance / genetics

• proportion of muscle to fat or (body) mass

allow (body) weight / BMI

• age / growth rate

• gender
accept hormone balance or environmental temperature
ignore exercise / activity
2

(b) (i) 77
correct answer with or without working gains 2 marks
allow 1 mark for 70 / 56 or 1.25 or 5
2

(ii) increase exercise

accept a way of increasing exercise
1

reduce food intake

accept examples such as eat less fat / sugar
allow go on a diet or take in fewer calories
ignore lose weight
ignore medical treatments such as gastric band / liposuction
1
[7]

Q35.
(a) (substance / chemical) that affects body chemistry / chemical reactions in the body
1

(b) statin / aspirin / neither recommended

no mark, may be implied. If no recommendation or
implication, max 4 marks
answers should be comparative

any five from:

• argued evaluation in favour of aspirin or statin or neither

answers could include reference to

 accept converse for statins / aspirin but not as advantage of
one and disadvantage of other

for statins:

• more people in studies

• so data / findings more repeatable

accept reliable for repeatable
ignore accurate / precise

• reduces cholesterol but aspirin doesn’t

allow reduces cholesterol but no evidence about aspirin

• aspirin (may) causes bleeding / poor clotting but statins do not

allow aspirin causes bleeding / poor clotting but no evidence
about statins

• smaller (total) percentage suffer side-effects

• monitored by doctor, aspirins not

for aspirin:

• cheaper

• can be bought over the counter rather than prescribed

• statins cause serious damage / muscle damage / kidney failure but

aspirins do not

similarities:

• both have similar effect on reducing (non-fatal) heart attacks

• incidence of side-effects low in both

allow (for aspirin) higher reduction of risk of heart attack
5
[6]
Q1.
(a) (i) villus
1

(ii) its outer surface is one cell thick

cancel 1 mark for each extra box ticked
1

it has a large surface area

1

it has good blood supply

1

(b) diffusion
1
[5]

Q2.
(a) (i) B or D
1

(ii) A or B
1

(b) any four from:

more / faster must be implied at least once for full marks

• increased blood (flow)

ignore reference to breathing

• (more) oxygen supplied or aerobic respiration

allow less anaerobic (respiration) or and prevents oxygen
debt

• (more) glucose / sugar / food supplied

ignore feeding

• (higher rate of) respiration

• (more) energy needed / released

allow made

• (more) carbon dioxide removed

• (muscles) doing (more) work or muscles contracting

• remove heat / cooling

• remove lactic acid or less lactic acid formed

4
[6]
Q3.
(a) any two from:

• arthritis
allow damaged joints

• diabetes
accept high blood sugar

• high blood pressure

• strokes
allow blocked blood vessels / thrombosis

• allow breathing difficulties

ignore cancer
ignore high cholesterol
2

(b) (i) any two from:

to gain marks there must be a comparison
ignore comparison at single age

• lower number of women deaths up to age of 75-80

• higher number of women deaths after 80

ignore women die older or men die younger

• men’s peak higher

• men’s peak at an earlier age

• men’s death start earlier than women

• more men than women die of heart disease

2

(ii) any two from:

• men smoke more (cigarettes)

ignore alcohol

• more men smoke

• men under more stress

• men less active

• more men overweight / eat more / less diet conscious or different fat
distribution
ignore reference to body size

• genetic factors
 • men might have lower metabolic rate
ignore references to hormones

• men less likely to visit doctor even though they have symptoms
2

(c) points can be in any order

laboratory tests / tests on tissues

or
tests on animals
or
tests for toxicity
ignore computer simulations
1

tests for side effects on volunteers / healthy people / small numbers

1

widespread testing
or
testing for optimum dose
or
test on patients / sick people
or
test to see if it is effective
accept use of placebo
1
[9]

Q4.
(a) (i)

all three correct = 3 marks

two correct = 2 marks
one correct = 1 mark
 extra line from a large food molecule cancels the mark
3

(ii) sugars
1

fatty acids and glycerol

1

amino acids
must be in this order
1

(b) liver
1
[7]

Q5.
(a) B
no mark for ÉBÉ, alone

large(r) surface / area or large(r) membrane

accept reference to microvilli
accept reasonable descriptions of the surface
do not accept wall / cell wall
ignore villi / hairs / cilia
1

(b) (i) any one from:

• insulin / hormone
if named hormone / enzyme must be correct for pancreas

• enzyme / named enzyme

1

(ii) many ribosomes

1

(ribosomes) produce protein

accept insulin / hormone / enzyme named is (made of)
protein

or

allow many mitochondria (1)

provide energy to build protein or to make protein (1)

accept ATP for energy
1
[4]

Q6.
 (a) stomach is acidic / has low pH
allow any pH below 7
ignore stomach is not alkaline
1

lactase works best / well in alkali / high pH / neutral / non-acidic conditions

allow any pH of 7 and above
accept works slowly in acid conditions
allow figures from table with a comparison
ignore reference to temperature
1

(b) any three from

• (below 45(°C)) increase in temperature increases rate / speed of reaction

• reference to molecules moving faster / colliding faster / harder / more

collisions

• optimum / best at 45(°C)

allow value(s) in range 41 - 49

• high temps / above 45(°C) (rate slows due to) denaturation of enzyme /lactase
allow synonyms of denaturation but not killed
denaturation at high and low temperature does not gain this
mark
ignore body temperature
ignore references to time / pH
3

(c) any two from

• acid neutralised or conditions made neutral / alkali

accept bile is alkaline

• (allow) emulsification / greater surface area of fat / lipid

allow description of emulsification eg fat is broken down /
broken up into droplets

• enzymes (in small intestine) work (more effectively / better)

allow better for enzymes
2
[7]

Q7.
(a) B
1

(b) Narrow(er) small(er) / thin(ner)(air) passages / bronchioles

allow muscle fibres are contracted
allow oxygen instead of air
 or less air can pass through
ignore reference to surface area

or harder for air to enter

1

(c) (i) salbutamol causes relaxation / reduces contraction

1

(ii) widens / enlarges / bronchioles / (air) passages

allow oxygen instead of air

or allows air through more easily

or allows person to breathe more easily

1
[4]

Q8.
(a) (i) 120
1

(ii) 11 760 or
correct answer from candidate’s answer to (a)(i)
correct answer with or without working
if answer incorrect
120 × 98 or
candidate’s answer to (a)(i) × corresponding SV gains 1
mark
if candidate uses dotted line / might have used dotted
line(bod) in (a)(i) and (a)(ii) no marks for (a)(i) but allow full
ecf in (a)(ii) eg 140 x 88 = 12320 gains 2 marks
2

(b) trained athlete has higher stroke volume / more blood per beat
1

same volume blood expelled with fewer beats

or for same heart rate more blood is expelled

1

(c) increased aerobic respiration

or

decreased anaerobic respiration

allow correct equation for aerobic respiration
accept don’t have to respire anaerobically
1

increased energy supply / need

1
 less lactic acid formed

or to breakdown lactic acid or less O2-debt

1

can do more work or can work harder / faster / longer

accept muscle contraction for work

or less fatigue / cramp / pain

1
[9]

Q9.
(a) opaque / less transparent / blue
allow mixture becomes dark / black
ignore thicker
1

(b) (i) 7 (minutes) or in range 6.7 to 7

award 2 marks for correct answer

if answer is incorrect evidence of selection of

40(% light intensity) either in working or in graph
2 for 1 mark
2

(ii) any two from:

• slower / takes longer at lower temperatures

• (40oC is) optimum / best temperature

allow near to 37oC / body
temperature where enzymes work best

• enzyme denatured / destroyed / damaged at higher temperatures

allow description of denaturation
2

(c) (i) isomerase

allow phonetic spelling
1

(ii) fructose is sweeter than glucose

needed in smallerquantities or less is needed
2
[8]

Q10.
 (a) (i) artery
1

(ii) capillary
1

(b) alveoli
1

red blood cells

1

nucleus
1
[5]

Q11.
(a) (i) 19 800
for correct answer ignore working or lack of working
165 × 120 but no answer / wrong answer = 1 mark (ignore
extras)
2

(ii) any two from:

• for respiration
ignore oxygen debt

• energy released
allow energy produced

• prevents anaerobic respiration

• prevents build-up of lactic acid

2

(b) any two from:

• increased breathing rate(*)

• increased depth of breathing or deep breathing(*)

(*)more breathing is max 1 mark
ignore increase in heart rate
allow heavier breathing
do not allow harder breathing

• dilation of arteries / vasodilation

allow blood vessels dilate
do not allow veins / capillaries dilate

• blood diverted from elsewhere

ignore name of organ
2
[6]
Q12.
(a) any two from:

• age

• gender

• mass

• number in group

• time
2

(b) any two from:

• highest (mean) mass loss on Rosemary Conley or Rosemary

Conley most effective

• least (mean) mass loss in control group or mean

2

(c) (Atkins)

costs least
1

mass loss very similar to other diets or second highest mass loss
or as effective as other diets
1

(d) any two from:

• (exercise) increases metabolic rate / respiration

ignore sweating

• (exercise) needs / uses energy / calories

allow burns fat / calories
do not accept energy for respiration

• (this) energy comes from food / fat

• less food / energy/ calories converted to fat

2
[8]

Q13.
(a) (i) B
1

(ii) any one from:

• largest area of / most digestion (of lipid)

allow agar / jelly / mixture broken down / digested
 do not allow digestion of bacteria / lipase
ignore digestion by bacteria

• largest clear area

1

(b) any two from:

• effect of pH / pH described

• effect of temperature

• effect on different types of lipid / fat

• cost or allergic reactions or effect on skin / fabrics / or

environment or interaction with other chemicals in
powder or shelf life
2

(c) enzymes / named enzyme denatured / destroyed

allow active site(of enzyme) altered
1
[5]

Q14.
(a) A = alveolus
allow air sac / alveoli
1

B = diaphragm
ignore labelling of C and D
1

(b) A
1

(c) (i) red blood cells

1

(ii) plasma
1
[5]

Q15.
(a) A
no mark – can be specified in reason part
if B given = no marks throughout
if unspecified plus two good reasons = 1 mark

high(er) pressure in A
allow opposite for B
do not accept ‘zero pressure’ for B
1
 pulse / described in A
accept fluctuates / ‘changes’
allow reference to beats / beating
ignore reference to artery pumping
1

(b) (i) 17
1

(ii) 68
accept correct answer from candidate’s (b)(i) × 4
1

(c) (i) oxygen / oxygenated blood

allow adrenaline
ignore air
1

glucose / sugar
extra wrong answer cancels eg
sucrose / starch / glycogen / glucagons / water
allow fructose as an alternative to glucose
ignore energy
ignore food
1

(ii) carbon dioxide / CO2 / lactic acid

allow CO2 / CO2
ignore water
1
[7]

Q16.
(a) any two from:

• neutralises acid / makes conditions alkaline / raises pH

• enzymes (in small intestine) work (more/most effectively)

or stop/prevents enzymes being denatured

• emulsifies fats/lipids or description of emulsification

do not accept breakdown unqualified

• larger surface area

2

(b) (i) bile / bilirubin / pigment / broken down haemoglobin /

substance / cholesterol linked to movement or effect
1

does not get to the intestine / food / faeces

or cannot leave liver or effect not happening (in intestine)
1
 (ii) bilirubin / pigment / broken down haemoglobin
not ‘bile’ alone
1

(deposited) in skin
only award if bilirubin / pigment / broken down haemoglobin
given
allow carried in the blood
1
[6]

Q17.
(a) B = rib
1

C = diaphragm
1

(b) (i) D
allow lower case
1

(ii) carbon dioxide

1
[4]

Q18.
(a) (i) A or C
allow lower case
1

(ii) B or D
allow lower case
1

(b) (i) 60
1

(ii) 4
1

(c) red blood cells

1
[5]

Q19.
(a) (i) increased / thick(er)
allow more / wide(r) / broad
1

(ii) decreased
1
 (b) 1
IGNORE working or lack of working
correct figures from table 2.1 and 1.1 but no answer / wrong
answer = 1 mark
2
[4]

Q20.
(a) any three from:

• rose rapidly (during exercise) / use of approximate figures

• then more slowly (during exercise)

accept rate (of increase) slows down

• to max 126 / at 5 minutes / end of exercise

• rapid fall (during recovery) or use of approximate numbers

• then less rapid fall / use of approximate numbers

• returned to resting rate (60 bpm) by 11 minutes

3

(b) arteries dilate / widen

accept muscle in wall relaxes
1

(c)

4
[8]

Q21.
(a) any two from:

• transport up / against concentration gradient / low to high concentration

 • uses energy

• use of protein / carrier

2

(b) microvilli – large(r) surface area

accept have carriers
1

mitochondria – release energy or make ATP

do not accept ‘makes energy’
1
[4]

Q22.
(a) diet or description
1

(b) exercise
or group meetings
or same number of kilocalories per day
or time
or group size
1

(c) any two from: eg

• scientists didn’t observe amount of exercise

or volunteers cheated on exercise(*)

• scientists didn’t observe the amount of food

or volunteers cheated on food(*)
(*)if no marks awarded for first 2 bullet points allow don’t
stick to plan or cheated for 1 mark

• mass of subjects not controlled

• age of subjects not controlled

• gender of subjects not controlled

• occupation of subjects not controlled

• different proportions of subjects completed course

allow not all completed course

• low number of subjects

ignore not repeated
2

(d) any two from: (yes)

 • low carbohydrate / Group 1 / people / they lost more mass
ignore more people lost weight
allow greater change in mass

• low carbohydrate / Group 1 / people / they lost more body fat

ignore more people lost body fat
allow greater change in body fat

• low carbohydrate diet / Group 1 / people / they resulted in more HDL

allow better HDL to LDL balance
allow greater change in HDL
2
[6]

Q23.
(a) lipase
allow phonetic spelling
allow lipidase
1

(b) (i) fall then rise owtte eg down then up

allow faster then slower
ignore explanations
1

minimum / least / fastest / best / optimum at 39–41(°C)

allow it falls to 40(°C)
if no other marks gained, ‘falls to an optimum’ gains 1 mark
1

(ii) (yes)
there is no mark for circling ‘yes’
maximum 1 mark if No is circled

any two from:

• less heat / energy / electricity / power required /

used / wasted
ignore lower temperature

• conserves fuel supplies

or less fuel used

• less pollution from power stations

owtte
accept less global warming
or
less CO2 / carbon emissions / greenhouse gases
or
less SO2 / acid rain
 NB only direct effects
less pollution only is not enough
2

(c) any two from:

max 1 mark for reference to cell

• enzyme / lipase
accept any named enzyme

• destroyed / denatured
allow damaged / broken down
not ‘killed’

• reference to (specific) shape changed

ignore detergent / it
2
[7]

Q24.
(a) (i) red cell
1

(ii) diffusion
1

(iii) haemoglobin
1

(iv) a nucleus
1

(b) (on diagram) arrow from any part of blood to air

1
[5]

Q25.
(a) any two from:

• large surface / area or many villi or have microvilli

accept big surface / area

• thin surface or thin wall or surface 1-cell thick or

capillaries near surface or permeable or partially permeable
accept they are thin
do not allow thin cell wall

• many blood vessels or many capillaries or capillary network

or good blood supply
ignore ‘constant blood flow’ owtte
ignore extras eg moist or reference to gases
 • have enzymes
ignore release enzymes
• accept reference to lacteal as 5th point
• allow reference to having mitochondria
2

(b) (i) small(er) (surface area) / flat(ter) / short(er)

or not as folded
or fewer capillaries owtte
allow small(er) lacteal
ignore references to wide / thick / spread out etc
1

(ii) less absorption (of digested food) / less digestion / diffusion

accept slower for less
accept description of less digestion
accept less food can get in
do not allow zero absorption
do not allow ‘collection’ of nutrients
1
[4]

Q26.
(a) being overweight
do not accept fat unqualified
allow BMI over 25
1

(b) (i) rose

1

by 8% / from 16% to 24% / by 50% / rapidly then more slowly

1

(ii) any two reasonable suggestions

e.g. less active

accept e.g.s like fewer jobs / more cars / less physically
demanding employment OWTTE

more food / take-aways / fast food

2

(c) (i) high (blood) cholesterol

do not accept combination of 2 labels
ignore references to LDL and HDL
1

(ii) answer in range 8-17 inclusive

1

(iii) some deaths related to more than one factor

 1
[8]

Q27.
(a) any two from:

• birth mass / growth reduced

• smoke contains carbon monoxide

ignore references to poison

• blood carries less oxygen / fetus receives less oxygen

do not accept harder for fetus to breathe
2

(b) (i) it may cause mental illness

1

it may be a ’gateway’ drug to more

harmful substances
three answers max 1
three answers max 0
1

(ii) it is less addictive than amphetamines, tobacco or alcohol

1

it is not associated with major sociological problems

three answers max 1
four answers max 0
1
[6]

Q28.
(a) any three from:

• water
allow breathing / oxygen / carbon dioxide

• ions / minerals / salts

allow sodium / chloride, other ions neutral

• temperature
allow heat

• blood sugar

• heart rate

• blood pressure
ignore urea
3
 (b) contraceptive drug
1

fertility drug
1

(c) (i) eg nicotine, alcohol, cocaine, heroin, painkillers, tranquilisers, LSD

allow cannabis / weed or other alternative names
allow tobacco
ignore smoking / ecstasy
1

(ii) alters body chemistry or craving / needing / dependence

allow psychological dependence
1

withdrawal symptoms on stopping

allow withdrawal described
allow ‘feel ill without it’
1
[8]

Q29.
red (blood cell)
1

platelet
1

white (blood cell)

1

plasma
1
[4]

Q30.
(a) correctly labelled on diagram

(i) ‘X’ on an alveolus

centre of X on the alveolus wall or
inside the alveolus
not if the centre is outside
1

(ii) arrow pointing downwards

accept anywhere but must point down
1

(b) in sequence

1 trachea
 2 bronchi

3 bronchioles

4 alveoli
1

(c) diffusion
accept positive indicator
1
[4]

Q31.
(a) in sequence

starch
1

sugar
1

protein
1

amino acids
1

(b) (too) large or insoluble

do not accept “breaking up”
do not accept complex
accept ‘need to make molecules
smaller / soluble’ – reverse argument
1

cannot be absorbed or
cannot enter blood or
cannot pass through wall / lining of
intestine / gut or villi
“body” not enough
not large intestine
1

(c) mouth
accept positive indication
1

(d) enzymes
allow catalysts
do not accept catalase
1
[8]

Q32.
 (a) lipase
1

(b) fatty acid

ignore glycerol
1

(c) (i) 0.25 or

if correct answer ignore working or lack of working

for 1 mark
2

(ii) fats emulsified or described re. Small droplets or large S.A.

(for enzyme action) or fats ‘mix’ better with water
do not allow breakdown / breakup unqualified
1
[5]

Q33.
thicker surface
1

reduced surface area

accept fewer alveoli
1
[2]

Q34.
(i) On diagram:

oxygen arrow to blood from air and CO2 arrow to air from blood
1

oxygen arrow to red blood cell

1

CO2 arrow from plasma

1

(ii) diffusion
1

(iii) large surface or large area

do not accept space
1
[5]
Q35.

(a) (i) protease

accept peptidase or named protease
e.g. pepsin / trypsin
allow ‘proteinase’
1

(ii) amino acids

accept peptides / polypeptides / peptones
1

(b) points plotted accurately

± square

deduct 1 mark per error

2

best fit curve or ruled point-to-point

if double line within square

allow sharp apex
do not allow single straight line
if no points line defines points
if (5,0) not plotted only penalise 1 mark
bar graph wide bars – no marks

bar graph ± square max 2 for points

1

(c) (i) 2 or correct from candidate’s graph

± square
1

(ii) stomach
1

(d) proteins are large / product is small

1

proteins (may be) insoluble / product is soluble

1

cannot be absorbed / cannot enter blood or cannot pass through gut lining
accept reverse referring to product
1
[10]
Q1.
(a) hold cells together or prevent flow of cells or trap cells
1

(b) 12500
if correct answer, ignore working / lack of working

for 1 mark

ignore any units

2

(c) (i) size RBC approximately same size capillary or

no room for more than one cell or
only one can fit or
RBC is too big
allow use of numbers
do not accept capillaries are narrow
1

(ii) more oxygen released (to tissues) or

more oxygen taken up (from lungs)
1

and any two from:

• slows flow or more time available

• shorter distance (for exchange) or close to cells / capillary wall

• more surface area exposed

2
[7]

Q2.
in correct sequence:

breathing
1

diffusion
1

respiration
1
[3]

Q3.
 (a) (i) liver
1

(ii) on diagram:

‘X’ on liver
must be unambiguous (eg not overlapping gall bladder)
intersection of X in liver
1

(b) stomach
1

small intestine
accept duodenum or ileum
extra wrong answers cancel the mark,
eg small intestine (colon) = no marks
1

(c) amylase not produced by stomach

accept no starch digesting enzymes in the stomach
accept correct enzyme not in stomach
accept only proteases in stomach
do not accept protease does not digest starch
1

acid / low / wrong pH in stomach or enzyme would be denatured in

stomach or amylase only works in neutral / alkaline conditions
incorrect extra information cancels mark
do not accept amylase does not work in the stomach
1
[6]

Q4.
(a) (i) haemoglobin / oxyhaemoglobin
must be phonetic
1

(ii) carries oxygen or forms oxyhaemoglobin

Ignore references to CO2 / iron
cancel if extras like food / glucose
1

from lungs to tissues

1

(b) no nucleus or biconcave disc (described)

ignore references to size
ignore vague references to being
‘round’ / ‘donut’ shaped etc.
1
[4]

Q5.
 an atrium
1

an artery
1

a semi-lunar valve
1
[3]

Q6.
(a) (i) count the pulse or count beats in artery in wrist neck or feel the pulse or
take the pulse or find the pulse
accept use of heart monitor or heart meter
1

(ii) 80
2 marks for correct answer
1f answer incorrect allow 1 mark for showing 8000 divided by
100 or indicating cardiac output divided by stroke volume
2

(iii) Increased activity stroke volume

falls / gets less / should get higher / reach a peak
accept does not increase or changes from 134 cm3 to 127
cm3
1

(iv) 1ncreased / more ventricle contractions

accept heart beat faster or it beats faster or more powerful
contractions
1

(b) (stronger heart muscle) increases cardiac output or increases stroke volume
accept pumps more blood (per beat) or pumps blood faster
ignore heart bigger
1

so more (oxygenated) blood can be sent to muscles

accept more oxygen sent to muscles
1
[7]

Q7.
(i) oxygen into the blood stream
arrow must start inside alveolus and finish outside the
capillary
1

(ii) carbon dioxide out of the blood stream

arrow must start inside the capillary and finish inside the
alveolus
1
 (iii) carries/takes up/releases oxygen or carbon dioxide
accept forms oxyhaemoglobin
1
[3]

Q8.
(a) A white blood cell/leucocytes / phagocytes / lymphocytes
SEPARATE MARKING POINTS
1

make/contain antibodies/antitoxins
or
destroy/engulf/kill bacteria
do not accept fight infection
do not accept fight disease
1

B platelets
1

help clot the blood

do not accept stick together
do not accept from scabs
1

C plasma
1

carries/transports all the cells/digested food/waste products/hormones/carbon

dioxide/platelets/dissolved minerals/antibodies/antitoxins/water

allows blood to flow

1

(b) any four from:

(oxygen) diffuses
1

has affinity for/combines with oxygen / forms oxy-haemoglobin

do not accept absorbed
1

in areas of high oxygen concentration

n.b. ‘pick up oxygen’ is stem of question
1

in conditions of low oxygen concentration it breaks down and releases the oxygen
low oxygen concentration can be implied e.g. active muscles
1
[10]

Q9.
(a) capillaries
1

(b) (oxygen) in red blood cells or

haemoglobin
the candidate must make clear which substance is which for
2 marks
1

(carbon dioxide dissolved in) the plasma

accept in haemoglobin in regions of high carbon dioxide
concentration
accept for 1 mark oxygen + CO2 is transported by red blood
cells or haemoglobin
do not credit red + white blood cells or combinations of right
+ wrong answers
1

(c) one mark for each up to a maximum of three

red blood cells

award 1 mark for blood cells if no red or white

white blood cells (or named white blood cell up to 2)

platelets

urea
accept nitrogenous waste
do not credit waste substances or products

minerals (or one named mineral)

accept ions or salts

vitamins

water

hormones (named hormone up to 3)

protein (named blood proteins up to 2)

glucose
accept other named soluble sugar
do not credit sugar(s) or blood sugar or sucrose

fatty acids or glycerol

amino acids

digested food or nutrients (if individual foods not credited)

do not credit starch or carbohydrates
do not credit nutrition or food
 do not credit oxygen
do not credit haemoglobin

carbon dioxide
accept nitrogen

antibodies

antitoxins

drugs or toxins (named up to 2)

bacteria or viruses

cholesterol
3
[6]

Q10.
one;
1

diffuse;
1

narrow;
1

lowered;
1
[4]

Q11.
(a) liver
1

mouth or salivary glands or

duodenum or small intestine or
pancreas
1

pancreas
accept duodenum or ileum or
small intestine
do not accept stomach
1

stomach or duodenum or ileum or

small intestine or pancreas
1

(b) teeth breakdown food

accept chewing
1
 amylase or saliva (breaks down starch)
1

(c) produces bile (salts)

1

emulsifies (fat) or produces droplets

or disperses fat)
1
[8]

Q12.
(i) liver
1

(ii) liver or B stores glycogen

or pancreas or D makes insulin
1

clear description of link

1
[3]

Q13.
X – oxygen
accept O2

Y – carbon dioxide
accept CO2
[2]

Q14.
(i) any two from:

urea

carbon dioxide

water

lactic acid
2

(ii) higher concentration of glucose or more glucose in blood than cells

1

diffuses across
1
[4]

Q15.
 (a) (i) transport of substances or named substance
or blood around the body
each for 1 mark
2

(ii) breaks down (not digests) food absorption (into blood)

each for 1 mark
3

(b) water filtered from blood

smaller proportion reabsorbed
therefore larger volume
of dilute urine produced
each for 1 mark
4
[9]

Q16.
(a) A – artery
B – capillary
C – vein
3

(b) transport OWTTE

1

(c) increased oxygen decreased carbon dioxide

2
[6]

Q17.
(i) eyes as sense organs/detector/receptors in eye,
electrical signals (impulses),
to co-ordinator,
then to leg muscles/effector
for 1 mark each
4

(ii) affects the nervous system and slows down the reactions
for 1 mark
1
[5]

Q18.
(a) A vein / venule
B capillary
C artery / arteriole
each for 1 mark
3

(b) idea that substances or named substance pass in or out / diffuses

between blood and tissue
 each for 1 mark
e.g. oxygen passes from blood to cells gains 2 marks
2
[5]

Q19.
(a) 10
for 1 mark
1

(b) digested / broken down / made soluble by protease / enzyme

in stomach / in small intestine / from stomach / from pancreas
into amino acids amino acids/smaller molecules/products of digestion absorbed into
blood
any four for 1 mark each
4
[5]

Q20.
(a) correctly labelled structures (i – iv)
each for 1 mark

(allow labels as words or numbers: allow without guidelines

if unambiguously labelled)
4

(b) ideas of
diffusion
greater concentration of oxygen in alveolus / high to low oxygen concentration
membrane / alveolus permeability
any two for 1 mark each
2
[6]

Q21.
(a) digested / broken down / made soluble by protease enzyme
in stomach in small intestine / from stomach / from pancreas
into amino acids
amino acids / small molecules absorbed into blood
any four for 1 mark each
4

(b) ideas that

lipase / enzyme works best in alkaline / neutral conditions
acid denatures or inactivates enzyme / inhibits enzyme activity
bile emulsifies fat / bile produces larger surface area of fats / bile alkaline
for enzyme to work on / which increase activity of enzymes
any three for 1 mark each
3
[7]
Q22.
(a) (i) mitosis
for 1 mark
1

(ii) 1
fertilised egg cell has 1 albino gene from father splits to produce
identical cells / produced by mitosis
each for 1 mark
3

(b) (i) less protection from UV light / UV radiation

for 1 mark
1

(ii) ideas of uncontrolled multiplication of mutated cells reject fast /

rapid cell division cells invade of other parts / cells transported in blood
each for 1 mark
2
[7]

Q23.
(i) increase in CO2 concentration leads to increase in volume of air inhaled
increase of % carbon dioxide has little effect over most of range / large
increase when % carbon dioxide > 5.6 %
each for 1 mark
2

(ii) idea that

depth of breathing changes at low % carbon dioxide, in crease in % CO2
results in volume of each breath increasing without increase / little increase
in number of breaths
each for 1 mark
2
[4]

Q24.
(a) trachea / windpipe
bronchus
alveoli
diaphragm
for 1 mark each
4

(b) alveoli / air sacs (reject capillaries)

for one mark
1

(c) respiration
for one mark
1
 [6]

Q25.
pancreas produces lipase
which breaks down / digests fats into fatty acids and glycerol
liver produces bile / hydrogen carbonate
which neutralises acids / makes alkaline
provides optimum / best / most effective pH for lipase / enzyme action
bile emulsifies fats / description
increasing the surface area for lipase / enzyme to act on
any five for 1 mark each
(digestion is in stomach / liver / pancreas – penalise only
once)
[5]

Q26.
(a) allow carbon dioxide to enter / gaseous exchange (oxygen neutral)
(transpiration neutral)
for one mark
1

(b) guard (cells)

for one mark
1

(c) stops / reduces the rate of water loss / transpiration (reject if dark initiated)
stops / reduces wilting / description e.g. drooping / maintains turgor
for 1 mark each
2
[4]

Q27.
(a) any three from

(concentration of) oxygen increases

by 60 (units)
allow oxygen more than doubles for 2 marks

(concentration of) carbon dioxide decreases

from 46 to 40 by 6 units
allow ‘by a small amount’
N.B. usually the first 2 marks will be for the change in oxygen
and carbon dioxide.
The third mark will be for a quantitative comment on one of
these changes
3

(b) plasma
1
 red (blood) cell / haemoglobin /
oxyhaemoglobin
1
[5]

Q28.
(a) 11
accept 10.5 – 11.5
1

(b) ideas of

increase / rises
1

frequently / often
1

energetically / violently
1
[4]

Q29.
(a) (i) all plots correct

Tolerance ± square
allow 1 mark for 2 correct plots
2

(ii) 6
correct answer with no working = 2
allow 1 mark for (60 100) × 10
N.B. correct answer from incorrectly
recalled relationship / substitution = 0
2

(b) lungs
1

liver
1

kidneys
1
[7]

Q30.
(a) falls
1

from 0.25
1
 to 0.19
but by 0.06 gains two marks
if neither figure given, accept steadily /
at constant rate for one mark
accept mass of oxygen inversely related
/ negative correlation to height above
sea level for 2 marks
1

(b) (i) 1.8

accept correct readings from graph for (5 and 6.8) if
subtraction incorrect for one mark
allow one mark for correct subtraction from incorrect
readings
2

(ii) (blood can carry) more oxygen

1
[6]

Q31.
(a) (i) trachea
accept windpipe
1

(ii) (left) lung or lungs

do not credit right lung
1

(b) carbon dioxide or water vapour

do not credit just ‘water’
1

oxygen
answers in terms of used air or fresh air or of temperature
differences are not acceptable
1
[4]

Q32.
(a) (i) the three features correctly labelled on
cheek cell (which are referred to in
part (ii)
label lines should touch or end very close to part no marks if
leaf cell labelled

nucleus

cytoplasm

cell membrane
 mitochondrion
accept mitochondria or one of these could be labelled
vacuole
3

(ii) any three from

feature function

nucleus controls cell

accept contains genetic material or genes or chromosomes
or stores information
do not credit the brain of the cell

cytoplasm where respiration

occurs
accept contains food or mitochondria

or reactions occurs

membrane less water or

chemicals
accept surrounds the cell or lets some things in but not
others
do not credit keeps things out or protection

in and or out

mitochondria where energy released

ecf from leaf cell labelling
accept chloroplasts make sugar or glucose
accept vacuole contains sap
accept if cell wall mis labelled on cheek cell, support or hold
together
3

(b) fight or ingest or kill bacteria or

germs or viruses or microbes
accept produce antitoxins or antibodies fight disease
(organisms)
do not credit fungus
1

(transport) oxygen or carry

haemoglobin
accept transport carbon dioxide or helps form scabs
1
[8]

Q33.
(a) (i) oxygen
do not credit air
1
 (ii) lung(s)
do not credit blood or nose or windpipe alone but accept as
a neutral answer if included with lungs
1

(b) oxygen
1

lactic acid
both words required
1
[4]

Q34.

ticks or crosses on the RHS

[5]

Q35.
(a) (i) mouth or saliva
accept small intestine
1

starch
1

maltose or glucose
do not credit sugar
1

(ii) small intestine

accept duodenum or jejunum
do not credit intestines
1

fats or lipids or oils

fatty acids or glycerol

2
 (b) (i) salivary
accept pancreas
1

(ii) pancreas
accept small intestine or ileum
1
[8]

Q1.
(i) respiration
1

(ii) oxygen or O2
do not accept O or O2
1

(iii) carbon dioxide or CO2

do not accept CO2
1
[3]

Q2.
(a) to transfer / provide / give release energy
or production of ATP / adenosine triphosphate (molecules)
accept to give heat
1

(b) (i) C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

accept any other
n : 6n : 6n : 6n ratio
do not credit if any other changes have been made
1

(ii) glucose
do not credit sugar / sucrose
1

(c) (i) any two from

 large surface

thin (surface)

moist (surface)

(with a good) blood supply

2

(ii) carbon dioxide

accept water vapour
do not credit just water
1

(d) (i) anaerobic (respiration)

1

(ii) any three from

in mitochondria

glucose decomposes / breaks down / reacts

or glucose → lactic acid for (2) marks

to give lactic acid

or breathing hard
or lactic acid → CO2 + water

causing pain

(leaving an) oxygen debt

(quick) source of energy

(but) less efficient than aerobic respiration

accept less efficient than with oxygen
3
[10]

Q3.

(a) oxygen passes from the air/lungs into the body

gains 1 mark

but
oxygen passes from the air/lungs into the blood
gains 2 marks

carbon dioxide passes from the body into the air/lungs

gains 1 mark

but
 carbon dioxide passes from the blood into the
air/lungs
gains 2 marks
4

(b) increased/5% more

gains 1 mark

but
6 times more (in air breathed out)
gains 2 marks
2
[6]

Q4.

(a) idea
O2 increases
CO2 decreases
for 1 mark each
2

(b) (i) reduced unchanged increased

digestive system brain skin
bone muscles
heart and arteries
All (6) correct gains 4
5 correct gains 3
4 correct gains 2
2/3 correct gains 1

Correct wording not needed if unambiguous. No mark if organ repeated.

4

(ii) more/higher/quicker/faster
gains 1 mark

but
7500 more/from 5,000 to 12,500 more
gains 2 marks

but
7500 cm3/min more
gains 3 marks

or 2½ times more
3
[9]

Q5.
 (a) carbon dioxide in range 2.5-5%
gains 1 mark

but
carbon dioxide closer to 4% than to 3% or 5%
gains 2 marks

OR
oxygen in range 15-17.5%
gains 1 mark

but
If 3 sectors drawn and two correctly labelled,
award marks and ignore remaining sector
Oxygen and carbon dioxide sectors labelled
for 1 mark
3

(b) carbon dioxide

oxygen
for 1 mark each

Do not allow water vapour.

(Allow correct symbols/formulae)
2
[5]

Q6.
(a) less / low
gains 1 mark

but
(also) half as much or still one fifth of what’s breathed in
gains 2 marks
2

(b) for energy / respiration [credit for movement / to keep warm]

[Do not allow "to live"]
for 1 mark
1
[3]

Q7.
(a) (i) increasing one increases the other
gains 1 mark

but
they increase in proportion/ 1/5 taken in at first / 3/10 taken in after 2 weeks
gains 2 marks
2

(ii) idea that more/faster diffusion with higher concentration

 for 1 mark

or
with more oxygen particles/molecules (in same space)
1

(b) (i) can take more oxygen from (the same) air/changes from 30 to
45/increases by 15
gains 1 mark

but
takes 50% more or 1.5 times as much
gains 2 marks

or
increases by 15 mg breath
2

(ii) more red blood cells develop

or
more haemoglobin in the blood
(not just ‘acclimatises’)
for 1 mark
1

(iii) 75
60
each for 1 mark
2
[8]