CHAPTER 18

Polygons and Quadrilaterals

18-1. Parallelograms C
B
A parallelogram ( ) is a quadrilateral with two pairs of
parallel opposite sides. h
E
In ABCD , AB CD and BC AD .
A D
b
Properties of Parallelogram
Opposite sides are congruent. AB CD and BC AD
Opposite angles are congruent. BAD BCD and ABC ADC
Consecutive angles are supplementary. m ABC m BAD 180 and m ADC m BCD 180
The diagonals bisect each other. AE CE and BE DE

B C
A rhombus is a parallelogram with four sides of equal measure. 5
3 4 6
The diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular to each other, and
each diagonal of a rhombus bisects a pair of opposite angles. h
In rhombus ABCD , AB BC CD DA , AC BD , 2 7
1 8
m 1 m 2 m 5 m 6 , and m 3 m 4 m 7 m 8 . A b D

Theorem
The area of a parallelogram equals the product of a base and the height to that base. A b h
1
The area of a rhombus is half the product of the lengths of its diagonals ( d1 and d 2 ). A d1 d 2
2

Example 1 Find the values of the variables in 3x 5

y 6
the parallelogram shown at the right. 2y 4

x 11

Solution x 11 3x 5 Opposite sides of are .

16 2x x 8
y 6 2y 4 The diagonals of bisect each other.
y 10

Example 2 Find the area of parallelogram PQRS Q 12 R

shown at the right.
10

Solution Notice that PQT is a 30 -60 -90 triangle. 60

P S
T
1 1
PT PQ (10) 5
2 2
QT 3PT 3(5) 5 3
Area of PQRS b h 12 5 3 60 3
296 Chapter 18

Exercise - Parallelograms

5
Questions 1-5 refer to the following What is the measure of QTR ?
information.

P Q
1 2
T

3 R
S

In PQRS above, PT x 2 y , ST 8 x y ,
PR 32 , TQ 26 , m 1 6a , m 2 10a , 6
m 3 a2 7 and m PRS 4a . A B

1
E 4
What is the value of x ?
D C
5

What is the area of rhombus ABCD above?

2
What is the value of y ?

P Q

3
15
What is the measure of PQR ?

T 9 S 20 R

In the figure above, PQRS is a parallelogram

and PTS is a right triangle. What is the area of
4 the parallelogram PQRS ?
What is the measure of QRS ?
Polygons and Quadrilaterals 297

18-2. Rectangles, Squares, and Trapezoids B C

A rectangle is a quadrilateral with four right angles. The
diagonals of a rectangle are congruent and bisect each other. w
The diagonals divide the rectangle into four triangles of equal area. E
In rectangle ABCD , AE BE CE DE . A D
Area of ABE Area of BCE Area of CDE Area of DAE
B C
If a quadrilateral is both a rhombus and a rectangle, it is a square.
A square has four right angles and four congruent sides. The
diagonals of a square are congruent and bisect each other. s
E
In square ABCD , AB BC CD DA , AB BC CD DA ,
and AE CE BE DE . A D
s

A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with exactly one pair of parallel sides. b2 C

B
The midsegment of a trapezoid is parallel to the bases and the length
M N
of the midsegment is the average of the lengths of the bases. Trapezoid h
1 A D
ABCD with median MN , AD MN BC and MN (b1 b2 ) . b1
2
If the legs of a trapezoid are congruent, the trapezoid is an C
B
isosceles trapezoid. The diagonals of an isosceles trapezoid are
congruent. Each pair of base angles of an isosceles trapezoid
is congruent. For isosceles trapezoid ABCD at the right,
AC BD , m BAD m CDA , and m ABC m BCD . A D

Theorems - Areas of Rectangle, Square, and Trapezoid

The area of a rectangle is the product of its base and height. A b h
The area of a square is the square of the length of a side. A s2
1
The area of a trapezoid is half the product of its height and sum of the bases. A h(b1 b2 )
2

Example 1 Find the areas of the quadrilaterals shown below.

a. b. 8

16 6 2
h h
30 45
b 12

Solution a. The quadrilateral is a rectangle.

1
h (16) 8 , b h 3 8 3 Use the 30 -60 -90 ratio.
2
A b h 8 3 8 64 3 Area formula for rectangle

b. The quadrilateral is a trapezoid.

h 2 6 2 h 6 Use the 45 -45 -90 ratio.

1 1
A h(b1 b2 ) (6)(8 12) 60 Area formula for trapezoid
2 2
298 Chapter 18

Exercise - Rectangles, Squares, and Trapezoids

1 4

B C Q 3 R
8

5 2
30
P S
A D 10

In square ABCD above, the length of diagonal What is the area of trapezoid PQRS above?
AC is 5 2 . What is the area of the square?
A) 20
B) 24
C) 26
D) 32

Questions 2 and 3 refer to the following

information.

B 12
C
5
E
9 Q

A D 15
9

In the figure above, ABCD is a rectangle.

R
P
2
13
What is the length of AE ? S

What is the area of trapezoid PQRS above?

A) 64
B) 72
3 C) 76
What is the area of CED ? D) 84
Polygons and Quadrilaterals 299

18-3. Regular Polygons

A regular polygon is a convex polygon with all sides congruent and all angles congruent.
A polygon is inscribed in a circle and the circle is circumscribed about the polygon where each vertex
of the polygon lies on the circle. The radius of a regular polygon is the distance from the center to a vertex
of the polygon. A central angle of a regular polygon is an angle formed by two radii drawn to consecutive
vertices. The apothem of a regular polygon is the distance from the center to a side.

Center: O
Radius: OP, OQ, OR,
O S Central Angle: POQ, QOR,
Interior Angle: PQR, QRS ,
a R
Apothem: OA, OB, (Denoted with letter a.)
B
P A Q
Regular Octagon

Theorems - Angles and Areas of Regular Polygons

The sum of the measures of the interior angles of an n- sided polygon is (n 2)180 .
(n 2)180
The measure of each interior angle of a regular n- sided polygon is .
n
The sum of the measures of the exterior angles of any polygon is 360.
1
The area of a regular polygon is half the product of the apothem a , and the perimeter p . A ap
2

Regular Polygons Inscribed in Circles

60 108 120 135

90

120 90 72 60 45

Equilateral Triangle Square Regular Pentagon Regular Hexagon Regular Octagon

Central angle 120 Central angle 90 Central angle 72 Central angle 60 Central angle 45
Interior angle 60 Interior angle 90 Interior angle 108 Interior angle 120 Interior angle 135

4
Example 1 A regular hexagon with the length of side of 4 is
shown at the right. Q
Find the area of the regular hexagon.
a
P R
Solution m PQR 360 6 60 S
1 1
m PQS m PQR (60) 30
2 2
1 1
PS PR (4) 2
2 2
a 3 PS 2 3 30 -60 -90 triangle ratio is used.
1 1 1
A ap (2 3)(24) 24 3 A ap
2 2 2
300 Chapter 18

Exercise - Regular Polygons

Questions 1 - 4 refer to the following Questions 5 - 7 refer to the following

information. information.
B

Q x
O
10 6
a
A D C
P S R

The figure above is a regular pentagon whose

The figure above is an equilateral inscribed in
radius is 6.
a circle with radius 10.

1 5
What is the measure of AOC ? What is the value of x ?

2 6
What is the length of OD ? What is the measure of RQS ?

3 7
What is the length of BD ? Which of the following equations can be used
to find the value of a ?

a
A) sin RQS
6
a
4 B) cos RQS
6
What is the area of ABC ?
6
C) sin RQS
a
A) 45 3
6
B) 50 3 D) cos RQS
a
C) 60 3

D) 75 3