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PLC - Alcohols

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PLC - Alcohols

Uploaded by

shushp46
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Alcohols

You should know: R A G


4.2.1a i Because of the -OH functional group, alcohols are polar
Properties of

molecules and are able to form hydrogen bonds.


Alcohols

How hydrogen bonding affects the water solubility, volatility


and boiling points of alcohols.
ii How to classify alcohols into primary, secondary, and tertiary
alcohols
4.2.1b Alcohols undergo complete combustion when they are
heated in a plentiful supply of oxygen:
Alcohols + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water
e.g.
C2H5OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O
4.2.1c Aldehydes are a homologous series of organic compounds
containing the C=O (carbonyl) functional group at the end of
a carbon chain.

Ketones are a homologous series of organic compounds


containing the C=O (carbonyl) functional group in the middle
of a carbon chain.
Reactions of Alcohols

Carboxylic acids are a homologous series of organic


compounds containing the -COOH (carboxyl) functional
group at the end of a carbon chain.

4.1.1d The general formula for aldehydes is CnH2n+1CHO.


The general formula for ketones is CnH2nO.
The general formula for carboxylic acids is CnH2n+1COOH.
How to use the general formula for aldehydes, ketones, and
carboxylic acids to predict the formula of any member of the
series.
4.1.1a How to name aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids using
the IUPAC rules of nomenclature.
4.2.1c Alcohols can be oxidised by an oxidising agent like acidified
dichromate (VI) ions (Cr2O72-/H+). The most common source
of this is from mixing potassium dichromate (VI), K2Cr2O7,
and dilute sulphuric acid, H2SO4.
4.2.1c i Primary alcohols can be partially oxidised to form aldehydes.
Primary alcohols can be fully oxidised to form carboxylic

1
acids.
Aldehydes can be oxidised to form carboxylic acids.
To partially oxidise an alcohol, the aldehyde needs to be
distilled as it is formed.
To fully oxidise an alcohol, the reactants need to be heated
under reflux.
4.2.1c ii Secondary alcohols can be oxidised to form ketones.
4.2.1c iii Tertiary alcohols are resistant to oxidation.
Tertiary alcohols can only be oxidised by combustion.
Because of tertiary alcohols' resistance to oxidation, you can
use acidified potassium dichromate (VI) as a test to
distinguish tertiary alcohols from primary and secondary
alcohols.
4.2.1d Water can be eliminated from alcohols in the presence of an
acid catalyst (e.g. H3PO4 or H2SO4) and heat to form a
mixture of alkene products. If these alkenes have E/Z
isomers, then both isomers will form.
4.2.1e Alcohols can undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions with
halide ions in the presence of acid (e.g. NaBr/H2SO4) to form
haloalkanes.

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