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CLAB SEM 2 (1)

The document contains solutions to five mathematical problems involving differential equations and numerical methods. Problem 1 uses Euler's method to solve a differential equation, while Problem 2 employs the Runge-Kutta 4th order method. Problems 3 and 4 involve integration using Simpson's 1/3 method and analyzing a 1D harmonic oscillator's properties, respectively.

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Jit De
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2 views7 pages

CLAB SEM 2 (1)

The document contains solutions to five mathematical problems involving differential equations and numerical methods. Problem 1 uses Euler's method to solve a differential equation, while Problem 2 employs the Runge-Kutta 4th order method. Problems 3 and 4 involve integration using Simpson's 1/3 method and analyzing a 1D harmonic oscillator's properties, respectively.

Uploaded by

Jit De
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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𝒅𝒚

Problem-1: Solve using Euler Method 𝟓 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚 , 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒚(𝟎) = 𝟏 for interval 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟑 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒉 =
𝟎. 𝟏

CODE:

clc;

clear;

% Euler's Method for dy/dx = (3/5) * x^3 * y

% Given

h = 0.1; % Step size

x = 0:h:0.3; % Interval from 0 to 0.3

y = zeros(size(x)); % Initialize y

y(1) = 1; % Initial condition y(0) = 1

% Function f(x, y)

f = @(x, y) (3/5) * x^3 * y;

% Euler's Method loop

for i = 1:length(x)-1

y(i+1) = y(i) + h * f(x(i), y(i));

end

% Display results

disp('x y');

disp([x' y']);

% Plot

plot(x, y, 'o-');

xlabel('x');

ylabel('y');

title('Euler Method');

grid on;

OUTPUT:

x y

0 1.0000
0.1000 1.0000

0.2000 1.0001

0.3000 1.0005

GRAPH:

𝒅𝒚
Problem-2. Solve the differential equation 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙 + 𝒚, with the initial condition 𝒚(𝟎) = 𝟏 using the using
Runge kutta 4th order method in octave. Use a step size of the 𝒉 = 𝟎. 𝟏 and compute the solution from 𝒙 =
𝟎 𝒕𝒐 𝒙 = 𝟏.

Answer/Code:

clear;

% define the differential equation as a function.

f= @(x,y) x+y;

% initial condition.

x_0=0;

y_0=1;

h=0.1;

n=10;

% initial vectors/ array.

x = zeros(1, n+1);

y = zeros(1, n+1);
% Set initial values

x(1) = x_0;

y(1) = y_0;

% Runge-Kutta 4th Order Method

for i = 1:n

k1 = h * f(x(i), y(i));

k2 = h * f(x(i) + h/2, y(i) + k1/2);

k3 = h * f(x(i) + h/2, y(i) + k2/2);

k4 = h * f(x(i) + h, y(i) + k3);

y(i+1) = y(i) + (1/6)*(k1 + 2*k2 + 2*k3 + k4);

x(i+1) = x(i) + h;

endfor

% Display the results

disp(' x y');

disp([x' y']);

% Plot the result

plot(x, y, '-o');

xlabel('x');

ylabel('y');

title('Runge-Kutta 4th Order Method for dy/dx = x + y');

grid on;

OUTPUT: RK41

x y

0 1.0000

0.1000 1.1103

0.2000 1.2428

0.3000 1.3997

0.4000 1.5836
0.5000 1.7974

0.6000 2.0442

0.7000 2.3275

0.8000 2.6511

0.9000 3.0192

1.0000 3.4366

GRAPH:

Problem-3. Integration using Simpson 1/3 Method. (i) ∫ 𝒙𝟑 𝒅𝒙 where the limit(1,3).

Answer:

CODE:

clear;

%Integration using Simpson 1/3 rule.

a=1; %lower limit of the function.

b=3; %upper limit of the function.

n=100;

h = (b - a) / (n);

x = a:h:b;

y = x.^3; %function.

s_odd=4*sum(y(2:2:end-1));
s_even=2*sum(y(3:2:end-2));

integration=(h/3)*(y(1)+y(end)+s_odd+s_even);

disp("Value of this Integration using Simpson 1/3 rule-")

disp(integration)

OUTPUT:

Value of this Integration using Simpson 1/3 rule-

20.000

Problem-4: An 1D hermonic oscillator assumed ℏ = 𝟏 , 𝝎 = 𝟏, 𝒌 = 𝟏. There plot partition function vs


temperature, average energy vs temperature and Cv vs temperature.

CODE:

clc;

clear;

% Define constants

h_bar = 1; % Reduced Planck's constant (assuming normalized units)

w = 1; % Angular frequency (assuming normalized units)

k = 1; % Boltzmann constant

n_max = 100; % Maximum quantum number

% Define temperature range

T = 1:200;

% Initialize partition function and average energy arrays

Z = zeros(size(T));

avg_E = zeros(size(T));

sq_avg_E = zeros(size(T));

C_v= zeros(size(T)); % initial vectors of C_v

% Loop over temperature values

for i = 1:length(T)

B = 1 / (k * T(i));

E = (0:n_max) + 0.5; % Energy levels


E_m=E.^2;

exp_term = exp(-B * E * h_bar * w);

Z(i) = sum(exp_term);

avg_E(i) = sum(E .* exp_term) / Z(i); % Corrected element-wise multiplication and division

sq_avg_E(i) = sum(E_m .* exp_term) / Z(i); % square average of energy function.

C_v(i)=[sq_avg_E(i) - (avg_E(i))^2 ]*k*B;

endfor

% Plot the partition function vs temperature

plot(T, Z);

xlabel('Temperature (T)');

ylabel('Partition Function (Z) & Average Energy');

title('Partition Function, Average Energy vs Temperature');

grid on;

hold on;

% Plot the average energy vs temperature

plot(T, avg_E, 'r-');

hold on;

plot(T, C_v, 'b-');

legend('Partition Function (Z)', 'Average Energy (\langleE\rangle)' , 'C_v');

hold off;

OUTPUT GRAPH:
Problem-5:

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