A Multidisciplinary Approach to Curriculum Development

in Sustainable Built Environment

‫تحليل نظم القدرة‬

‫المستوى الرابع‬
‫مقررات‬
2025-2024

1
 A Multidisciplinary Approach to Curriculum Development
in Sustainable Built Environment

Power System Analysis

Fourth Level
Courses
2025-2024

1
2024/2025
Course contents:
• Representation of power system and per unit
• Short circuit study
• Ybus
• Load flow
• Stability
• Economical operation
Representation of power system
• A balanced three phase system can be represented as one line
diagram(single line diagram) .
• The one-line diagram summarizes the relevant information about the
system for the particular problem studied.
• There are two types of single line diagram (impedance diagram and
reactance diagram ).
Per unit system
The solution of interconnected power system having several different voltage levels
requires the cumbersome transformation of all impedance to a single voltage level.
However, power system engineers have devised the per unit system such that the
various physical quantities such as power, voltage, current and impedance are
expressed as decimal fraction of multiples of base quantities. In this system the
different voltage levels disappear, and the power network involving generators,
transformers, and lines (of different voltage levels) reduces to a system of simple
impedance. The per unit value of any quantity is defined as
Change of Base

1
2
From equation 1 and 2 the relationship between the old and the new per-unit values is :

If the voltage bases are the same :

4
Solution :

4
3
References
• Power System Analysis_Hadi aadat.
• Elements of power system analysis_ William D.Stevenson
Bus Admittance Matrix
 FORMATION OF BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX

Consider the voltage source VS with a source (series) impedance of ZS as shown in Fig(a). Using Norton’s theorem
this circuit can be replaced by a current source IS with a parallel admittance of YS as shown in Fig.(b). The
relations between the original system and the Norton equivalent are
In the typical power system ,few buses only are
connected to each other, so most of Y-bus
elements are zeros
H.W.
 What is a fault ?
Abnormal condition in the electrical power
system that causes failure of the electrical
equipment in the circuit such as : generators
,transformers ,bus bars ,cables and all other
equipment in the system that operate at a given
voltage level
The effects of faults
Depending on the location, the type, the duration, and
the system grounding, faults may lead to :
1- electromagnetic interference with conductors in the
vicinity (disturbance of communication lines),
2- stability problems,
3- mechanical and thermal stress (i.e. damage of
equipment)
4-danger for personnel
Types of faults

• 5% are three phase with or without earth

• 80% are single line-to-ground faults
• 15% are double line faults with or without earth
symmetrical faults:
These faults are rare and
easy to analyze.
when a symmetrical faults
take place ,the system
remain balanced. This
occurs when all three
phases of transmission line
are shorted together or and
to ground.
𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑(𝑥𝑑\\ ) :3-5 cycles
𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑(𝑥𝑑\ ): up to 30 cycles

Steady state ( synchronous reactance or steady state

reactance ) xd
 Fault current at bus k
in Ampere

Pre –fault line to line voltage at

bus k in volts
 Fault impedance

This impedance is :
Zth or
Zkk in Z bus
 1
𝐼𝑓
𝑍 + 𝑗0.12
 1
𝐼𝑓 = = −𝑗4.2481𝑝𝑢.
j0.1154 + 𝑗0.12
The fault is at bus 4 , we
need z44 and it’s
equivalent to zth
 IG

If Im
𝑉1 = 1 − 𝐼𝑓 𝑍14
𝑉2 = 1 − 𝐼𝑓 𝑍24
𝑉3 = 1 − 𝐼𝑓 𝑍34
𝑉4 = 1 − 𝐼𝑓 𝑍44
Introduction to Load Flow
Analysis
What is load flow ?
Load flow analysis, also known as power flow analysis or steady-state
analysis, is a crucial part of power system analysis in electrical
engineering. It is used to determine the steady-state operating
conditions of an electrical power system, typically an electric grid. Load
flow analysis involves the computation of various electrical quantities,
such as voltage, current, and power, to ensure that the system operates
within safe and acceptable limits.
The primary goals of load flow analysis are as follows:
• Voltage Profile: Load flow analysis helps in calculating and analyzing the voltage
magnitudes and phase angles at various buses (nodes) within the power system.
This information is crucial to ensure that voltage levels are within acceptable
ranges and that customers receive the required voltage quality.
• Active and Reactive Power Flow: Load flow analysis determines the flow of
active power (real power) and reactive power (imaginary power) between
different elements of the power system, such as generators, transformers, and
transmission lines. This information is essential for managing the power system's
capacity and losses.
• Line and Equipment Loading: Load flow analysis provides insights into the
loading of various components, such as transmission lines, transformers, and
circuit breakers. Overloaded equipment can lead to overheating and, in extreme
cases, equipment failure.
• Losses Calculation: By analyzing the active and reactive power flows, load flow
analysis helps in estimating the power losses in the system. Minimizing losses is
essential for improving the overall efficiency of the power grid.
 Benefits of Load Flow Analysis:
1. Network Planning: Load flow analysis is a crucial tool for network planning and expansion. It helps
determine the required capacity upgrades and reinforcements to accommodate load growth and
ensure reliable power supply.

2. Operational Planning: Power utilities use load flow analysis to plan and optimize the operation of
the power grid. This includes scheduling generator dispatch and managing the flow of power to
minimize losses.

3. Voltage Regulation: Load flow analysis aids in maintaining acceptable voltage levels throughout
the power system, ensuring that customers receive power at the desired quality.

4. Fault Analysis: It is used to study the impact of faults (short circuits) on the power system and
assess the system's ability to withstand and recover from such events.

5. Economic Analysis: By considering factors like generation costs and transmission losses, load flow
analysis supports economic decision-making in the operation and expansion of power systems.
Ex:Load flow analysis using power world simulator
Types of buses in power system

1. Slack Bus (Swing Bus): As mentioned earlier, the slack bus, also
known as the swing bus, is a reference bus with a specified voltage
magnitude and phase angle. Its phase angle is usually set to zero,
and it serves as the reference point for calculating the voltage
angles at other buses.
2. Generator Bus (PV Bus): Generator buses, often referred to as PV
(constant voltage and real power) buses, represent buses where
synchronous generators are connected. At these buses, the voltage
magnitude and real power generation are specified. Reactive power
is allowed to vary within limits to maintain the specified voltage
magnitude.
3. Load Bus (PQ Bus): Load buses, also known as PQ (constant real and
reactive power) buses, represent buses where electrical loads are
connected. At these buses, both the real and reactive power
consumption are specified. Voltage magnitudes are allowed to vary.

Generator
Slack bus
bus

Load bus
 Mathematical formulation of load flow problem
(Gauss Seidel method )
Load buses : P &Q (known) , V & δ (unknown)

PV buses : P & V (known) , Q & δ (unknown)

For each load bus we should know expression for V and for each PV bus we should find expression for Q and V.

Let us consider a system as shown in fig.

 ‫(‪)1‬‬

‫‪As we know that‬‬

‫(‪)2‬‬

‫نعوض (‪ )2‬في المعادلة (‪ )1‬بما يساويه نحصل على‬

‫نحل بالنسبة ل ‪V1‬‬
In the same way, we can conclude equations for v2 and v3
The general equation at each bus
H.W.
What are the
limitations of gauss
seidel method ?
Example 4
Example 5
42 CONTENTS

The transformer equivalent impedance referred to the high-voltage side is

µ ¶2
400
Ze2 = (0.9 + j1.8) + (128 + j288) = 488 + j1008 Ω
20
The high-voltage base impedance is
(400)2
ZB 2 = = 4000 Ω
40

488 + j1008
Zpu 2 = = 0.122 + j0.252 pu
4000
We note that the transformer per unit impedance has the same value regardless of
whether it is referred to the primary or the secondary side.

3.13. Draw an impedance diagram for the electric power system shown in Figure
26 showing all impedances in per unit on a 100-MVA base. Choose 20 kV as the
voltage base for generator. The three-phase power and line-line ratings are given
below.
G1 : 90 MVA 20 kV X = 9%
T1 : 80 MVA 20/200 kV X = 16%
T2 : 80 MVA 200/20 kV X = 20%
G2 : 90 MVA 18 kV X = 9%
Line: 200 kV X = 120 Ω
Load: 200 kV S = 48 MW +j64 Mvar

¾»........T 1 ....
. ..... 1 2
T2 ......
........
... ..
¾»
...
...
.....
.....
Line ...
. .....
.....
G1 ...........
...
. .....
....
.....
...........
...
..
....
.....
.....
G2
... ..
½¼ ........
.....
.... ........
.....
.... ½¼
Load
?

FIGURE 26
One-line diagram for Problem 3.13

The base voltage VB G1 on the LV side of T1 is 20 kV. Hence the base on its HV
side is
µ ¶
200
VB1 = 20 = 200 kV
20
This fixes the base on the HV side of T2 at VB2 = 200 kV, and on its LV side at
µ ¶
20
VB G2 = 200 = 20 kV
200
 CONTENTS 43

The generator and transformer reactances in per unit on a 100 MVA base,
from (3.69)and (3.70) are
µ ¶
100
G: X = 0.09 = 0.10 pu
90
µ ¶
100
T1 : X = 0.16 = 0.20 pu
80
µ ¶
100
T2 : X = 0.20 = 0.25 pu
80
µ ¶ µ ¶2
100 18
G2 : X = 0.09 = 0.081 pu
90 20
The base impedance for the transmission line is

(200)2
ZBL = = 400 Ω
100
The per unit line reactance is
µ ¶
120
Line: X= = 0.30 pu
400
The load impedance in ohms is

(VL−L )2 (200)2
ZL = ∗ = = 300 + j400 Ω
SL(3φ) 48 − j64

The load impedance in per unit is

300 + j400
ZL(pu) = = 0.75 + j1.0 pu
400
The per unit equivalent circuit is shown in Figure 27.
j0.2
..... ..... .....
j0.3
..... ..... .....
j0.25
.........................
... .... .... ... ... .... .... ... . . . .

..... .....
. .
........ ........
.......
.
.
j0.1 .......
.
.
j0.081
.. . . .. . .

¶³ 0.75 + j1.0 ¶³
G1 G2
µ´ µ´

FIGURE 27
Per unit impedance diagram for Problem 3.11.
44 CONTENTS

........
T1 .... ........
T2 ....
1 ...
... ....
...
... 2 3 ...
... ....
...
... 4
...
............
....
........
Line 1 ...
............
....
........
... ...
. ... ...
.
.. ..... .. .....
........
..
. ....
......
220 kV ........
..
. ....
......
¾» ¾»
G ........
T4 M
....
½¼ ... .... ½¼
.....
T3 .... ............
...
...
.....
.....
....
....
...
.. ....
...
... 5 6 ...
.. ....
.....
...
............
....
........
Line 2 ............
.
... .....
....
... ...
. ... .....
.. ..... .. ....
....
........
..
. ....
......
110 kV ..
.............
. .....
......
... ....
.. ....
... .....
Load
........ ....
?

FIGURE 28
One-line diagram for Problem 3.14

3.14. The one-line diagram of a power system is shown in Figure 28.

The three-phase power and line-line ratings are given below.
G: 80 MVA 22 kV X = 24%
T1 : 50 MVA 22/220 kV X = 10%
T2 : 40 MVA 220/22 kV X = 6.0%
T3 : 40 MVA 22/110 kV X = 6.4%
Line 1: 220 kV X = 121 Ω
Line 2: 110 kV X = 42.35 Ω
M: 68.85 MVA 20 kV X = 22.5%
Load: 10 Mvar 4 kV ∆-connected capacitors
The three-phase ratings of the three-phase transformer are
Primary: Y-connected 40MVA, 110 kV
Secondary: Y-connected 40 MVA, 22 kV
Tertiary: ∆-connected 15 MVA, 4 kV
The per phase measured reactances at the terminal of a winding with the second
one short-circuited and the third open-circuited are
ZP S = 9.6% 40 MVA, 110 kV / 22 kV
ZP T = 7.2% 40 MVA, 110 kV / 4 kV
ZST = 12% 40 MVA, 22 kV / 4 kV
Obtain the T-circuit equivalent impedances of the three-winding transformer to the
common MVA base. Draw an impedance diagram showing all impedances in per
unit on a 100-MVA base. Choose 22 kV as the voltage base for generator.

The base voltage VB1 on the LV side of T1 is 22 kV. Hence the base on its HV side
 CONTENTS 45

is
µ ¶
220
VB2 = 22 = 220 kV
22
This fixes the base on the HV side of T2 at VB3 = 220 kV, and on its LV side at
µ ¶
22
VB4 = 220 = 22 kV
220
Similarly, the voltage base at buses 5 and 6 are
µ ¶
110
VB5 = VB6 = 22 = 110 kV
22
Voltage base for the tertiary side of T4 is
µ ¶
4
VBT = 110 = 4 kV
110
The per unit impedances on a 100 MVA base are:
µ ¶
100
G: X = 0.24 = 0.30 pu
80
µ ¶
100
T1 : X = 0.10 = 0.20 pu
50
µ ¶
100
T2 : X = 0.06 = 0.15 pu
40
µ ¶
100
T3 : X = 0.064 = 0.16 pu
40
The motor reactance is expressed on its nameplate rating of 68.85 MVA, and 20
kV. However, the base voltage at bus 4 for the motor is 22 kV, therefore
µ ¶µ ¶2
100 20
M: X = 0.225 = 0.27 pu
68.85 22
Impedance bases for lines 1 and 2 are

(220)2
ZB2 = = 484 Ω
100
(110)2
ZB5 = = 121 Ω
100
46 CONTENTS

1 j0.20 j0.25 j0.15 4

..... ..... .....
. ..... ..... ..... .....
. ..... ..... ..... .....
. .....
... ..... ..... ... ... ..... ..... ... ... ..... ..... ...

-I

...... j0.16
..... ..... .....
j0.35
..... ..... .....
j0.06
..... ..... .....
j0.18
..... ..... .....
......
. ...... ...... ...... ...... .
...... ... ..... ..... ... ... ..... ..... ... ... ..... ..... ... ... ..... ..... ... ........
j0.3 ............... .....
..
........
..
...
j0.27
...... ........ .....
..
.........
..
0.12 Im
?
¶³ ..... ¶³
Eg G M E
m
µ´ −j10 µ´

FIGURE 29
Per unit impedance diagram for Problem 3.14.

Line 1 and 2 per unit reactances are

µ ¶
121
Line1 : X= = 0.25 pu
484
µ ¶
42.35
Line2 : X= = 0.35 pu
121
The load impedance in ohms is
(VL−L )2 (4)2
ZL = ∗ = = −j1.6 Ω
SL(3φ) j10
The base impedance for the load is
(4)2
= 0.16 Ω ZBT =
100
Therefore, the load impedance in per unit is
−j1.6
= −j10 pu ZL(pu) =
0.16
The three-winding impedances on a 100 MVA base are
µ ¶
100
ZP S = 0.096 = 0.24 pu
40
µ ¶
100
ZP T = 0.072 = 0.18 pu
40
µ ¶
100
ZST = 0.120 = 0.30 pu
40
 CONTENTS 47

The equivalent T circuit impedances are

1
ZP = (j0.24 + j0.18 − j0.30) = j0.06 pu
2
1
ZS = (j0.24 + j0.30 − j0.18) = j0.18 pu
2
1
ZT = (j0.18 + j0.30 − j0.24) = j0.12 pu
2

The per unit equivalent circuit is shown in Figure 29.

3.15. The three-phase power and line-line ratings of the electric power system
shown in Figure 30 are given below.

T T2 .....
Vg ........... 1...........
¾»
.. ....
1 Line 2 ........
...
.....
.... Vm ¾»
. ...
... ... ... ...
............ ... ............ ...
G ...
... ...
....
........ ...
... ....
...
........ M
½¼ ........
... ....
...... ........
... ....
...... ½¼

FIGURE 30
One-line diagram for Problem 3.15

G1 : 60 MVA 20 kV X = 9%
T1 : 50 MVA 20/200 kV X = 10%
T2 : 50 MVA 200/20 kV X = 10%
M: 43.2 MVA 18 kV X = 8%
Line: 200 kV Z = 120 + j200 Ω
(a) Draw an impedance diagram showing all impedances in per unit on a 100-MVA
base. Choose 20 kV as the voltage base for generator.

(b) The motor is drawing 45 MVA, 0.80 power factor lagging at a line-to-line ter-
minal voltage of 18 kV. Determine the terminal voltage and the internal emf of the
generator in per unit and in kV.

The base voltage VB G1 on the LV side of T1 is 20 kV. Hence the base on its HV
side is
µ ¶
200
VB1 = 20 = 200 kV
20
This fixes the base on the HV side of T2 at VB2 = 200 kV, and on its LV side at
µ ¶
20
VB m = 200 = 20 kV
200
48 CONTENTS

The generator and transformer reactances in per unit on a 100 MVA base,
from (3.69)and (3.70) are
µ ¶
100
G: X = 0.09 = 0.15 pu
60
µ ¶
100
T1 : X = 0.10 = 0.20 pu
50
µ ¶
100
T2 : X = 0.10 = 0.20 pu
50
µ ¶ µ ¶2
100 18
M: X = 0.08 = 0.15 pu
43.2 20
The base impedance for the transmission line is
(200)2
ZBL = = 400 Ω
100
The per unit line impedance is
120 + j200
Line: Zline = ( ) = 0.30 + j0.5 pu
400
The per unit equivalent circuit is shown in Figure 31.

j0.2
....... ........ .......
0.3 + j0.5
... .. .. ....... ........ .......
j0.20
...........................
... .... ... ... ..... ............. ........ ........... .... ... ... .. ... ... ..
.. ... ...

.....
+ + .....
.. ..
......... .........
j0.15 ..
.........
.
Vg Vm ..
.........
.
j0.15
...... ......

¶³ ¶³
Eg Em
µ´ µ´
− −

FIGURE 31
Per unit impedance diagram for Problem 3.15.

(b) The motor complex power in per unit is

456 36.87◦
Sm = = 0.456 36.87◦ pu
100
and the motor terminal voltage is
186 0◦
Vm = = 0.906 0◦ pu
20
 CONTENTS 49

0.456 −36.87◦
I= = 0.56 −36.87◦ pu
0.906 0◦

Vg = 0.906 0◦ + (0.3 + j0.9)(0.56 −36.87◦ = 1.317956 11.82◦ pu

Thus, the generator line-to-line terminal voltage is

Vg = (1.31795)(20) = 26.359 kV

Eg = 0.906 0◦ + (0.3 + j1.05)(0.56 −36.87◦ = 1.3756 13.88◦ pu

Thus, the generator line-to-line internal emf is

Eg = (1.375)(20) = 27.5 kV

3.16. The one-line diagram of a three-phase power system is as shown in Figure 32.
Impedances are marked in per unit on a 100-MVA, 400-kV base. The load at bus 2
is S2 = 15.93 MW −j33.4 Mvar, and at bus 3 is S3 = 77 MW +j14 Mvar. It is
required to hold the voltage at bus 3 at 4006 0◦ kV. Working in per unit, determine
the voltage at buses 2 and 1.

V1 V2 V3
j0.5 pu j0.4 pu

? ?
S2 S3

FIGURE 32
One-line diagram for Problem 3.16

S2 = 15.93 MW − j33.4 Mvar = 0.1593 − j0.334 pu

S3 = 77.00 MW + j14.0 Mvar = 0.7700 + j0.140 pu
4006 0◦
V3 = = 1.06 0◦ pu
400
S∗ 0.77 − j0.14
I3 = 3∗ = = 0.77 − j0.14 pu
V3 1.06 0◦
V2 = 1.06 0◦ + (j0.4)(0.77 − j0.14) = 1.16 16.26◦ pu
50 CONTENTS

Therefore, the line-to-line voltage at bus 2 is

V2 = (400)(1.1) = 440 kV
S∗ 0.1593 + j0.334
I2 = 2∗ = = 0.054 + j0.332 pu
V2 1.16 −16.26◦
I12 = (0.77 − j0.14) + (0.054 + j0.332) = 0.824 + j0.192 pu
V1 = 1.16 16.26◦ + (j0.5)(0.824 + j0.192) = 1.26 36.87◦ pu

Therefore, the line-to-line voltage at bus 1 is

V1 = (400)(1.2) = 480 kV

3.17. The one-line diagram of a three-phase power system is as shown in Figure

33. The transformer reactance is 20 percent on a base of 100-MVA, 23/115-kV and
the line impedance is Z = j66.125Ω. The load at bus 2 is S2 = 184.8 MW +j6.6
Mar, and at bus 3 is S3 = 0 MW +j20 Mar. It is required to hold the voltage at bus
3 at 1156 0◦ kV. Working in per unit, determine the voltage at buses 2 and 1.

V1

... . .
..... ............ ......
....... .......
....................................
... . .

V3
V2 j66.125 Ω
?
S2 ?
S3
FIGURE 33
One-line diagram for Problem 3.17

S2 = 184.8 MW + j6.6 Mvar = 1.848 + j0.066 pu

S3 = 0 MW + j20.0 Mvar = 0 + j0.20 pu

1156 0◦
V3 = = 1.06 0◦ pu
115
S∗ −j0.2
I3 = 3∗ = = −j0.2 pu
V3 1.06 0◦
V2 = 1.06 0◦ + (j0.5)(−j0.2) = 1.16 0◦ pu
 CONTENTS 51

Therefore, the line-to-line voltage at bus 2 is

V2 = (115)(1.1) = 126.5 kV

S2∗ 1.848 − j0.066

I2 = ∗ = = 1.68 − j0.06 pu
V2 1.16 0◦
I12 = (1.68 − j0.06) + (−j0.2) = 1.68 − j0.26 pu
V1 = 1.16 0◦ + (j0.2)(1.68 − j0.26) = 1.26 16.26◦ pu

Therefore, the line-to-line voltage at bus 1 is

V1 = (23)(1.2) = 27.6 kV
Power System Stability
 What is the Power system stability
Power system stability is the ability of an electric power system, for a given
initial operating condition, to regain a state of operating equilibrium after being
subjected to a physical disturbance, with most of the system variables bounded
so that practically the entire system remains intact. The disturbances mentioned
in the definition could be faults, load changes, generator outages, line outages,
voltage collapse or some combination of these.
Power system stability can be broadly classified into rotor angle, voltage and
frequency stability. Each of these three stabilities can be further classified into
large disturbance or small disturbance, short term or long term.
Classification of power system stability
Rotor angle stability
“It is the ability of the system to remain in synchronism when subjected to a
disturbance”.
The rotor angle of a generator depends on the balance between the electromagnetic
torque due to the generator electrical power output and mechanical torque due to the
input mechanical power through a prime mover. Remaining in synchronism means that
all the generators electromagnetic torque is exactly equal to the mechanical torque in
the opposite direction. If in a generator the balance between electromagnetic and
mechanical torque is disturbed, due to disturbances in the system, then this will lead to
oscillations in the rotor angle.
Rotor angle stability is further classified into small disturbance angle stability and
large disturbance angle stability
Voltage stability
“It is the ability of the system to maintain steady state voltages at all the system
buses when subjected to a disturbance. If the disturbance is large then it is
called as large-disturbance voltage stability and if the disturbance is small it is
called as small-disturbance voltage stability”. Unlike angle stability, voltage
stability can also be a long term phenomenon.
In case voltage fluctuations occur due to fast acting devices like induction
motors, power electronic drive, HVDC etc then the time frame for
understanding the stability is in the range of 10-20 s
and hence can be treated as short term phenomenon. On the other hand if
voltage variations are due to slow change in load, over loading of lines,
generators hitting reactive power limits, tap changing transformers etc then
time frame for voltage stability can stretch from 1 minute to several minutes.
Frequency stability
“It refers to the ability of a power system to maintain steady
frequency following a severe disturbance between generation and
load”. It depends on the ability to restore equilibrium between
system generation and load, with minimum loss of load. Frequency
instability may lead to sustained frequency swings leading to
tripping of generating units or loads. During frequency excursions,
the characteristic times of the processes and devices that are
activated will range from fraction of seconds like under frequency
control to several minutes, corresponding to the response of devices
such as prime mover and hence frequency stability may be a short
term phenomenon or a long term phenomenon.
Types of stability
Steady-state Stability:-
It relates to the response of synchronous machine to a gradually
increasing load. It is basically concerned with the determination of the
upper limit of machine loading without losing synchronism, provided
the loading is increased gradually.
Dynamic Stability:-
It involves the response to small disturbances that occur on the
system, producing oscillations. The system is said to be dynamically
stable if theses oscillations do not acquire more than certain amplitude
and die out quickly. If these oscillations continuously grow in
amplitude, the system is dynamically unstable.
Transient Stability:-
It involves the response to large disturbances, which may cause rather
large changes in rotor speeds, power angles and power transfers. And
it is a fast phenomenon usually evident within a few second.
Generator Motor
Multiply both side with
wm/srated
the real power delivered by the synchronous
generator to the infnite bus is
The equal area criterion is a simple graphical
method for concluding the transient stability of
two-machine systems or a single machine against
an infinite bus. This principle does not require the
swing equation for the determination of stability
conditions. The stability conditions are recognized
by equating the areas of segments on the power
angle diagram between the p-curve and the new
power transfer line of the given curve.
Case 1

Electrical power

Mechanical power
Case 2

Becomes zero
Note :
A1: the acceleration area
A2: the deceleration area

A1=A2
References
• 1-power system analysis and design sixth
edition by J.Duncan Glover
• 2-power system analysis by hadi saadat
Unbalanced faults
Symmetrical components and sequence networks
balanced unbalanced unbalanced
Sequence networks
Unbalanced faults
Single line to ground fault
Zth for zero sequence
HW. Derive for both (Line to Line fault) and (line to line to ground)
HW.Derive and Find the equivalent circuit for the following type of fault
3*0.0833