PHYSICS MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM

CHAPTER-04
MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM (10 Marks)
Electromagnetism: The magnetism due to electric current in a conductor is called
Electromagnetism.
Oersted experiment:
It’s a simple experiment to demonstrate magnetic effect of electric current.
Let us consider a wire A B which is connected to a battery, Now let us take magnetic needle
which is kept in between A and B.

Now magnetic needle is deflected from the initial position.

If we reserve the battery, magnetic needle gets deflected in opposite direction.

• The deflection of magnetic needle changes with strength of electric current.

• The deflection of needle increases with increase in current and vice versa
• Now oersted concluded, electric current in conductor produces magnetic effect.

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• The direction of deflection of magnetic needle due to electric current can be found by
Ampere swimming rule.
Ampere Swimming Rule:
Imagine a man, swimming along the direction of current facing the needle, such
that current enters his feet, the north of magnetic needle deflects towards his left.
Force on a charged particle moving in a magnetic field:
Force exerted by magnetic field on moving electric charge or current carrying conductor is
called magnetic force.
A moving charge, experiences in a magnetic field.
⃗⃗⃗ × 𝐵
Then the force is given by, F=q (𝑉 ⃗)

The direction of force is perpendicular to both V and B

Force is proportional to magnitude of charge.

F is proportional to velocity and magnetic field B.
F=qVB sin 𝜽
Case-1: If 𝜃 = 0°(𝑜𝑟)180° ⇒ 𝐹 = 0
Charge moves parallel (or) anti-parallel to the direction so no force experience.
Case-2: 𝜃 = 90° ⇒ 𝐹 = 𝐵𝑞𝑉
Then charges move right angle to magnitude B.
Case-3: 𝜃 = 270° ⇒ 𝐹 = −𝐵𝑞𝑉
Case-4: If V= 0, then charge particle is at rest in magnetic field ∴ 𝑛𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑.
Fleming’s LEFT hand rule
If 1st 3 fingers of left hand are stretched such that they are mutually perpendicular and the
forefinger gives direction of magnetic field, middle finger gives direction of current, thumb
gives direction of force.

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Magnetic field
The magnetic field of point is numerically equal to the force on a unit positive charge moving
to the point perpendicular to the field with unit velocity i.e
F=Bqv sin𝜃
𝐹 𝐹
B=𝑞𝑣 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 1𝐶 1𝑚𝑠−1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 90°

S.I unit of magnetic field is Tesla (or) Wbm-2 (or) webermeter-2

Tesla: Magnetic field at point is said to be 1 Tesla if 1 Coulomb of charge is moving through
point with a velocity 1m/s at right angle to the field experience a force of 1 Newton
1𝑁 1𝑁
1 Tesla = 1𝐶 1𝑚𝑠−1 (or) 𝐴𝑀

Motion along a charged particle

Let us consider a particle carrying ‘q’ moving with velocity ‘V’ entering a magnetic field at right
angle in figure the magnetic field is perpendicular to plane of paper and that is inward.
The magnetic force is given by
⃗)
F = q (𝑣×𝐵
=qvB sin𝜃 [𝜃 = 90°]
F = qvB
The direction of force is given by Fleming’s left-hand rule. The magnetic force is always
towards the center of a circle therefore this provides centripetal force
F = Fcp
𝑚𝑣 2
qvB = 𝑟
𝑚𝑣 𝑃 𝑞𝐵𝑟
r = 𝑞𝐵 = 𝑞𝐵 ⟹ v = 𝑚

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Angular Speed Time Frequency

𝑣 𝐷 1
ω=𝑟 T=𝑣 F=𝑇

1 𝑞𝐵𝑟 𝑚𝑣 𝑞𝐵
=𝑟[ ] 2𝜋𝑟 2𝜋[ ] = 2𝜋𝑚
𝑞𝐵
𝑚 = =
𝑣 𝑣
𝑞𝐵
ω= 2𝜋𝑚𝑣 2𝜋𝑚
𝑚 = =
𝑞𝐵𝑣 𝑞𝐵

Helical path of charged particle moving in magnetic field

Let a particle +q moving with a velocity ‘v’ entering an uniform magnetic field. This can be
resolved into two components i.e v cos𝜃 along B v sin𝜃 ⊥ 𝑡𝑜 𝐵
We know that the magnetic force is given by F = qvB
The pitch of helical path (p) is distance travelled by particle along a direction of the field in
one period of revolution of circular path.
P = v cos𝜃 𝑇
2𝜋𝑚𝑣 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
P= 𝑞𝐵

NOTE:
1. The path of a charged particle moving along or opposite(anti-parallel) to the uniform
electric field is STRAIGHT PATH. (FORCE ≠ 𝟎)
2. The path of a charged particle moving perpendicular to the uniform electric field is
PARABOLIC PATH.
3. The path of a charged particle moving along or opposite(anti-parallel) to the uniform
magnetic field is STRAIGHT PATH. (FORCE = 𝟎)
4. The path of a charged particle moving perpendicular to the uniform magnetic field is
CIRCULAR PATH.
5. Negatively charged particle enters a magnetic field perpendicular to the field lines, it
will trace a circular path

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6. The path of a charged particle in uniform magnetic field with initial velocity at an angle
between 00 and 900 with the magnetic field direction is HELICAL PATH.
7. The value of force experienced by a neutron moving in electric /magnetic field along/
perpendicular to the field is ZERO.
8. The path of a neutron moving in uniform electric/magnetic field along/ perpendicular
to the field is STRAIGHT PATH.
Expression for magnetic force on a straight current carrying conductor.

Let us consider a current carrying conductor, I in a cross-section area A. Let ‘n’ be the number
of free electrons per unit volume. ‘dl’ be the small length of conductor vd be the average drift
velocity then the magnetic force is given by
F = eVd Bsin𝜃
F = N(eVd B sin𝜃)
N = ndlA
F = ndlAeVd B sin𝜃
w.k.t , I = neAVd
F = Idl B sin𝜃

∫ 𝐹 = ∫ 𝐼𝑑𝑙 𝐵 sin𝜃
F = IB sin𝜃 ∫ 𝑑𝑙
F = BIl sin 𝜃

⃗)
𝐹 = I (𝑙 ×𝐵
NOTE:
Case1: The force is maximum when 𝜃 = 900
Case2: The force is minimum when 𝜃 = 00
LORENTZ FORCE
When a charged particle q moves in a both electric and magnetic field it experiences
a net force is called as Lorentz force

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Lorentz force, F = Force on charge (q) in electric field + force on charge (q) in magnetic
field.
Lorentz force (F) = qE +Bqv
= q[E + Bv]

F = q [𝐸⃗ + (𝑣 × 𝐵
⃗ )]

q =magnitude of charge 𝐸⃗ = electric field intensity.

⃗ = magnetic field
𝐵 𝑣= velocity of charged particle
BIOT SAVART’S LAW (OR) LAPLACE LAW

The magnetic field produced at a point because of a current element is directly proportional
to the
i. Strength of electric current.
ii. Length of the current element.
iii. Sine of the angle between current element and line joining a point.
iv. Inversely proportional to square of the distance between the point and the current
elements.
dB 𝛼 𝐼 𝜇0 = 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦
dB 𝛼 𝑑𝑙 𝜇0 = 4𝜋 × 10-7 H/m
𝜇0 4𝜋 × 10−7
dB 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = =10−7 H/m
4𝜋 4𝜋
1
dB 𝛼 𝑟2
𝐼𝑑𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝜇 𝐼𝑑𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
dB 𝛼 ⟹ dB = 4𝜋0
𝑟2 𝑟2

Vector form

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⃗⃗⃗⃗ ×𝑟 )
𝜇0 𝐼(𝑑𝑙
⃗ =
𝑑𝐵
4𝜋 𝑟3

RIGHT HAND THUMB RULE: If a straight current carrying wire is imagined to be gripped in the
right-hand fist such that the outstretched thumb pointing in the direction of current in the
wire, then the curled fingers indicate the direction of magnetic field.
Applications of Biot-savart’ s Law (or) Magnetic field due to circular current carrying loop.

Consider a circular coil of radius ‘r’ and ‘n’ be the number of turns. Let I be the current flowing
through the coil. Let P be a point which is at a distance of x from center of coil to find magnetic
field at point P. Imagine 2 diametrically opposite current element each of length ‘dl’ at AB and
CD.
From Biot savart’s law
𝜇 𝐼𝑑𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
dB = 4𝜋0 𝑅2

𝜃 = 90°
𝜇 𝐼𝑑𝑙
dB = 4𝜋0 ⟶ (1)
𝑅2

The point P resolved into two components along vertical dB cosα and along horizontal
dB sinα. The vertical components cancel each other and horizontal component adds
each other.
𝐵 = ∑ 𝑑𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 ⟶ (2)
𝑜𝑝𝑝 𝑟
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = = ⟶ (3)
𝐻𝑦𝑝 𝑅

(1) and (3) in (2)

𝜇 𝐼𝑑𝑙 𝑟
B = ∑ 4𝜋0 𝑅2 𝑅

𝜇 𝐼𝑟
= 4𝜋0 𝑅3
∑ 𝑑𝑙

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Σ𝑑𝑙 = 2𝜋𝑟
𝜇 𝐼𝑟
B = 24𝜋0 𝜋𝑟
𝑅3
1
R =√𝑟 2 + 𝑥 2 = (𝑟 2 + x2)2
3
R3 = (𝑟 2 + x2)2
𝜇 2𝜋𝐼𝑟 2
B = 4𝜋0 3
(𝑟 2 + 𝑥 2 )2

𝜇 2𝑛𝜋𝐼𝑟 2
= 4𝜋0 3
(𝑟 2 + 𝑥 2 )2

When x=0 (at centre)

𝜇0 2𝜋𝑛𝐼𝑟 2
B= 4𝜋 𝑟3
𝜇 2𝜋𝑛𝐼
B = 4𝜋0 𝑟

Note: graph representing variation of magnetic field with distance from center of circular loop
carrying current

Ampere circuital law

The line integral of mag field around any closed curve enclosing an area is equal to the 𝜇0
times the net current passing through the surface.

∮ B.dl = 𝜇0 𝐼 enclosed

∮ B.dl = 𝜇0 𝐼

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EXPRESSION FOR MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A STRAIGHT CURRENT CARRYING WIRE BY

APPLYING AMPERE’S CIRCUITAL LAW.
Consider a closed plain curve with current I passing through the curve the boundary is made
up of number of small elements each of length dl.
From Ampere’s circuit law

∮ B.dl = 𝜇0 𝐼
B.2𝜋r= 𝜇0 𝐼
𝝁𝟎 𝑰
B= 𝟐𝝅𝐫

SOLENOID
Solenoid is a device consisting of ‘n’ number of turns of insulated wire wound on a non-
conducting hollow cylinder, with it’s diameter small compared to it’s length.
Expression for magnetic field produced by a long solenoid.

Let us consider a long solenoid with its length ‘l’ much greater than diameter. Let ‘n’ be the
number of turns in the solenoid. The mag field inside the solenoid is shown in the figure.

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Let us consider amperean path abcda

Let i be the current passing through each turn of solenoid.
From Ampere’s circuital law

∮ B.dl = 𝜇0 𝐼 ------(1)
𝑏 𝑐 𝑑 𝑎
∮ B.dl = ∮𝑎 B.dl + ∮𝑏 B.dl + ∮𝑐 B.dl + ∮𝑑 B.dl
𝑏
∮ B.dl = ∮𝑎 B.dl + 0 + 0 + 0

Mag field due to bc, cd and da is zero because there will be no mag field.
𝑙
∮ B.dl =𝐵 ∫𝑜 𝑑𝑙

= Bl ]𝑙𝑜
= B(l-o)
=Bl -------(2)
The total current passing through the solenoid is given by i = I*nl ------(3)
Sub (2) and (3) in (1)
Bl = 𝜇0 𝐼 𝑛 𝑙
B = 𝝁𝟎 𝑰 𝒏
Note: Variation of magnetic field with the distance from the Centre of solenoid.

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Force between 2 parallel current carrying conductor

Let us consider 2 infinitely long parallel conductors carrying current I1 and I2 in same directions
b/w two conductors.
The mag field on the conductor 2 due to the current I1 is given by
𝜇0 2𝐼1
B1 = 4𝜋 d

The force experienced per unit length of conductor in mag field B1 is given by
F2 = B1 I2l
F2 = B1 I2 (l=1m)
𝜇0 2𝐼1 𝐼2
F2 = 4𝜋 d

Similarly, the mag field on the conductor 1 due to the current I2 is given by
𝜇0 2𝐼2
B2 = 4𝜋 d

The force experienced per unit length of conductor in mag field B2 is given by
F1 = B2 I1l
F1 = B2 I1 (l=1m)
𝜇0 2𝐼1 𝐼2
F1 = 4𝜋 d
𝝁𝟎 𝟐𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐
:. F = 𝟒𝝅 𝐝

DEFINITION OF AMPERE
4𝜋 × 10−7 2×1×1
F= ×
4𝜋 1

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F = 2 × 10−7 N/m
Ampere is a current which is maintained in 2 infinitely long parallel conductor of negligible
area of cross section 1m in vacuum causes a force of 2 × 10−7 Nm-1.
NOTE

• If current flows in same direction force are attractive.

• If current flows in opposite direction force are repulsive.
Magnetic dipole moment of current loop:
It is the product of current flowing through the loop and are of the loop.
M= I A or M= nIA
S I unit Am2
Its vector quantity. And direction is normal to the plane of the loop.
Torque on current carrying rectangular loop in uniform magnetic field

• Let us consider a rectangular conducting loop ABCD of length ‘l’ and breadth ‘b’ kept
in uniform mag field.
• Let ‘I’ be the current flowing in clockwise direction.
• Let 𝜃 be the angle b/w the plain of loop and mag field B.

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• WKT, Force acting on a conductor of length ‘l’ in uniform mag field ‘B’ is force on arm
‘AB’

⃗ ) = BIl sin 𝜃
FAB= FCD=I (𝑙 × 𝐵
Force F3 on AD and force F4 on BC is equal and opposite and act along same line, hence they
cancel each other.
𝜏 = Force on either arm × level arm
=BIl sin 𝜃 ×b
= IB (l×b) sin 𝜃

𝜏 =IAB sin 𝜃 or 𝜏 =MB sin 𝜃 or 𝜏 = 𝑚 ⃗

⃗⃗ × 𝐵
‘N’ no of turns
𝜏 =INBA sin 𝜃
Special cases:
1. 𝜃 = 900 2. 𝜃 = 00
𝜏 =INBA 𝜏 =0

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Moving coil galvanometer (MCG)

DEFINITION
It is a used to detect/measure a small electric current flowing in the circuit.
PRINCIPLE
When a current carrying coil is kept in uniform mag field it experiences a torque.
CONSTRUCTION

• It consists of a coil wound on a non-metallic frame. The coil suspended b/w two poles
of permanent magnets which are cylindrical in nature.
• The coil is suspended with a movable torsion head ‘H’ by a strip (or) wire made up of
phosphor bronze.
• The end of wire is connected to terminal T2 and other end of coil is connected to
terminal T1 followed by light spring ‘S’.
• The spring exerts a restoring torque on coil. A plain mirror is attached to strip to note
the deflection of coil using lamp and scale arrangement.
• The whole system is enclosed in non-metallic wood to avoid air disturbance.

THEORY
The current flowing through a coil experiences a torque.
𝜏 =NIBA sin 𝜃
𝜃 = 900
𝜏 =NIBA

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As coil gets deflects the spring is twisted and restoring torque is developed.

:. 𝜏 / = K∅
NIAB = K∅
K∅
I = 𝑁𝐴𝐵
K
I = G∅ [G = 𝑁𝐴𝐵 ]

G = Galvanometer constant
I∝∅
USES OF MOVING COIL GALVANOMETER

• It is used to detect electric current in circuit.

• It is converted into ammeter by putting low resistor parallel to it.
• It is converted into voltmeter by connecting high resistance in series to it.
SENSITIVITY OF A GALVANOMETER
A galvanometer is said to be sensitive if a small current flows through a coil of galvanometer
produces a large deflection.
CURRENT SENSITIVITY
It is defined as deflection produced in the galvanometer per unit electric current.
∅
I Sensitivity = 𝐼
∅
= K∅
𝑁𝐴𝐵

NAB∅
= K∅

NAB
= K

S. I. unit division /ampere or div/A

Current sensitivity can be increased by
1. Increasing the magnetic field.
2. Increasing the number of turns.
3. Increasing area of the coil.
4. Decreasing restoring torque per unit deflection.
VOLTAGE SENSITIVITY
It is defined as deflection produced in galvanometer per unit voltage.
∅ ∅
V Sensitivity = 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅

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∅
= RK∅
𝑁𝐴𝐵

NAB∅
= RK∅

NAB
= RK

Voltage sensitivity in galvanometer can be

=>increased by increase in
(a) number of turns
(b) area of coil
(c) magnetic field
=>decreased by increase in
(a) resistance of the galvanometer.
(b) restoring torque per unit deflection.
S.I. UNIT division/volt or div/v.
CONVERSION OF GALVANOMETER TO AMMETER
Ammeter is an instrument used to measure electric current in a circuit.
Galvanometer is converted into ammeter by connecting a shunt resistance parallel to the
galvanometer.

IgRg = rs (I-Ig)
𝑰𝒈 𝑹𝒈
rs = 𝑰−𝑰𝒈

The resistance of ideal ammeter is zero.

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CONVERSION OF GALVANOMETER TO VOLTMETER.

Voltmeter is an instrument used to measure the potential difference across the two ends of
a circuit.
Galvanometer is converted into voltmeter by connecting large resistance in series to the
galvanometer.

V= VG + VR
= IgRG + IgR
V = Ig (RG + R)
𝑉
= RG + R
𝐼𝑔

𝑽
R = 𝑰𝒈 - RG

The resistance of ideal voltmeter is infinity.

Distinguish between ammeter and voltmeter.

Ammeter Voltmeter
1.Device used to measure the current. 1.Device used to measure potential
difference.
2. It should be connected in series in circuit. 2.It should be connected in parallel in circuit.
3. Its resistance should be low. 3. Its resistance should be high.
4. resistance of an ideal ammeter is 0 4. resistance of an ideal voltmeter is ∞
5. A galvanometer is converted into 5. A galvanometer is converted into
ammeter by connecting a shunt resistance voltmeter by connecting large resistance in
parallel to the galvanometer. series to the galvanometer
*****

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Most important questions:

⃗)
1. Derive the expression for magnetic force on a current carrying conductor: 𝐹 = I (𝑙 ×𝐵
2. What is Lorentz force? Write the expression for Lorentz force and explain the terms.
3. A negative charged particle enters a magnetic field normal to the direction of magnetic
field. What is the nature of the path traced by it?
4. When will the magnetic forces on a moving charge be the (i) maximum (ii) minimum in a
magnetic field?
5. Derive the expressions for (i) radius (ii) angular frequency and (iii) time period of revolution
of charged particle moving perpendicular to the magnetic field.
6. Derive an expression for the magnetic field at any point on the axis of a circular current
loop/coil.
7. What is a solenoid? Write the expression for magnetic field at a point inside the solenoid.
8. Write the expression for force per unit length between two straight parallel current carrying
conductors of infinite length. Hence define “ampere”. Or obtain an expression for the force
between two infinitely long straight parallel conductors carrying current and define ampere.
9. State Ampere’s circuital law. Using it derive the expression for magnetic field at a point due
to a long straight wire carrying current.
10. (i) Define current sensitivity of a galvanometer. (ii) Define voltage sensitivity of a
galvanometer.
11. How can a moving coil galvanometer be converted into voltmeter? Explain with a diagram
and expression.
12. How can a moving coil galvanometer be converted into ammeter? Explain with a diagram
and expression.
13. Derive an expression for torque acting on a current carrying conductor in a uniform
magnetic field.
PREVIOUS YEAR EXAM QUESTIONS:
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
1. What is the nature of the force between two parallel conductors carrying current in
the same direction? (M-14) (J-14)
2. State Ampere’s circuital law. (M-15) (J -19) (S-20)
3. A negative charged particle enters an electric field in the direction of electric field.
What is the nature of the path traced by it? (J-15)
4. What is a cyclotron? (M-16)

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5. When will the magnetic forces on a moving charge be the maximum in a magnetic
field? (J-16)
6. What is Lorentz force? (J-17)
7. Define current sensitivity of a galvanometer. (J-18)

8. Write the expression for force experienced by a straight conductor of length 𝑙 carrying
⃗⃗⃗ (J-18)
a steady current I, moving in a uniform magnetic field𝐵.
9. Write the expression for force acting on a moving charge in a magnetic field. (M-19)
10. When does the force acting on a charged particle moving a uniform magnetic field is
maximum? (J -19)
⃗ = 0.1𝑘̂𝑇 applied.
11. In a region, an electric field 𝐸⃗ = 5×103 𝐽̂NC-1 and a magnetic field of 𝐵
A beam of charged particles is projected along X direction. Find the velocity of the
charged particle which move un-deflected in this cross fields. (M-20)(Ans: V=E/B)
12.When does the force experienced by a straight conductor carrying conductor placed
in a uniform magnetic field become maximum and minimum? (S-20)
13.What is the magnitude of the magnetic force on a charged particle moving anti-
parallel to a uniform magnetic field? (M-22)
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
1. State Ampere’s circuital law and represent it mathematically. (J-14)
2. A galvanometer having coil of resistance 12𝛺 gives full scale deflection for a current
of 4mA. How can it be converted into a voltmeter of range 0 to 24V? (J-16)
3. Mention an expression for the magnetic field produced at the Centre on the axis of a
current carrying a solenoid and explain the terms. (J-19)
THREE MARK QUESTIONS
1. Give an expression for force acting on a charge moving in magnetic field and explain
the symbols. When does the force become maximum? (J-14)
2. Explain with the circuit diagram how to convert a galvanometer into an ammeter. (M-
15) (J-19)
3. State Ampere’s circuital law. Using it derive the expression for magnetic field near a
point due to a long straight current carrying conductor. (J-15) (M-18)
4. How can a moving coil galvanometer be converted into a voltmeter? Explain with the
diagram. (M-17) (J-17)

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5. Write the expression for force per unit length between two straight parallel current
carrying conductors of infinite length. Hence define SI unit of current ‘ampere’(M-19)
6. How would you convert a galvanometer into ammeter? Explain (S-20)
7. Write the two reasons to show that, ‘the galvanometer as such cannot be used as an
ammeter’. Give the method of converting the galvanometer into an ammeter. (M-22)
Ans : High Sensitivity, High Resistance.
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS
1. Derive an expression for the magnetic field strength at any point on the axis of a
circular current loop using Biot-Savart’s law. (M-14) (M-15) (M-17) (M-18) (M-19)
2. Derive the expression for the force between two straight parallel conductors carrying
current in same direction and hence define ampere. (J-15) (M-16) (J-16) (J-17) (J-18)
(M-20)
3. With the help of a diagram, derive the expression for the torque on a rectangular loop
placed in a uniform magnetic field. (M-22)
4. A circular copper coil of mean radius 6.284 cm has 20 turns. If a current of 2 A is passed
through this coil, find the magnitude of the magnetic field at its Centre. Also find the magnetic
dipole moment of this current coil. Given: μ0=4𝞹×10-7Hm-1. (M-22)
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ARJUN N 9972926015 20