DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A SMART ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM USING

INTERNET OF THINGS

BY

OKPARA ELVIS UZOMA

2019/3015015

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING PROGRAMME

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING FACULTY OF

ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF PORT HARCOURT

MAY, 2025
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A SMART ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM USING

INTERNET OF THINGS

OKPARA ELVIS UZOMA U2019/3015015

A Project submitted to the Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering in partial fulfillment of the

Dr. Nkolika Nwazor MAY, 2025

I
 DECLARATION

I, OKPARA ELVIS UZOMA with matriculation number U2019/3015015 declare that the work in this

project report on Design and Construction of a Smart Energy Management System was carried out by

me, that it is my original work, and that it has not been submitted wholly or in part for the award of a

degree in this or any other institution.

OKPARA ELVIS UZOMA Signature/Date: …………………………

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 CERTIFICATION

UNIVERSITY OF PORT HARCOURT

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF ASMART ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

USING INTERNET OF THINGS

BY

OKPARA ELVIS UZOMA U2019/3015015

The Board of Examiners certifies that this project is accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng.) in Electrical/Electronic Engineering.

DESIGNATION NAME SIGNATURE DATE

Supervisor Dr Nkolika Nwazor ------------------ --------------------

Head of Department Dr. Nkolika Nwazor ----------------- --------------------

External Examiner

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 DEDICATION

This project is dedicated to the Almighty God, the University of Port Harcourt and the department of

Electrical and Electronic Engineering.

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 ABSTRACT
The project, titled “Design and Construction of a Smart Energy Management System Using Internet of Things”,
proposes the development of an affordable, scalable and user-friendly platform that allows users to monitor and
control household or small business electrical appliances remotely. The system is designed to detect appliances
operating during off-peak periods, send real-time alerts and optionally perform automated shutdowns to prevent
energy waste and reduce electricity costs. To achieve this, the system integrates embedded micro-controllers, cloud
based Internet of Things platforms and intuitive user interfaces for seamless interaction. Core components include
current and voltage sensors, Wi-Fi enabled micro-controllers (e.g ESP32), relay and mobile/web dashboards for
data visualization and control. The system uses wireless communication protocols to transmit energy usage data to
the cloud, where it is analyzed and presented to the user through an accessible application. The growing global
emphasis on energy efficiency, sustainability and smarter grid interactions provides a compelling context for this
research. Traditional energy consumption patterns, especially in developing countries like Nigeria, often lack
transparency, automation and real- time user control. This project addresses those gaps by offering a practical
solution tailored to the local context, aiming to empower users with actionable insights into their energy
consumption. Ultimately, the system contributes to reducing environmental impact, Promoting cost savings and
supporting smarter, data-driven energy management.

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I extend my deepest gratitude to all who have contributed to the successful completion of this
research project.
First and foremost, I am profoundly thankful to our supervisor, Dr. Nkolika Nwazor, for her invaluable
guidance, unwavering support, and consistent encouragement throughout the research process. Her
insightful feedback and expert advice were pivotal in shaping the direction and quality of this work. I
also wish to express our heartfelt appreciation to our remarkable lecturers for their dedication,
collaboration, and hard work. Their contributions and teamwork were instrumental in achieving the
objectives of this project. Our sincere thanks go to the Head of Department, who is also our amazing
supervisor Dr. Nkolika Nwazor, as well as the faculty and staff of the Department of Electrical and
Electronic Engineering, for providing a conducive academic environment. Special recognition is due to
Dr. A. A. Eteng for his valuable lectures on research methodology in ECE 506.1, which greatly
informed the approach to this work.
I am equally grateful to our peers and colleagues for their collaborative spirit and engaging discussions,
which created a supportive and intellectually stimulating environment.
Finally, I owe a profound debt of gratitude to our families, whose unwavering support, encouragement,
and belief in us have been a constant source of strength and motivation.
Thank you all, and may God bless you abundantly.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

DECLARATION II
CERTIFICATION III
DEDICATION IV
ABSTRACT V
ACKNOWLEDGMENT VI
TABLE OF CONTENT VII
LIST OF FIGURES VIII
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS IX
CHAPTER ONE 1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 2
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 2
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 2
1.5 SCOPE OF PROJECT 3
1.6 SUMMARY OF CHAPTERS 4
CHAPTER TWO 5
2.1 INTRODUCTION TO SMART ENERGY MANAGEMNET SYSTEMS 5
2.2 ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES IN SMART ENERGY MANAGEMENT 5
2.3 APPLIANCES MONIRORING AND REMOTE SWITCHING 7
2.4 OFF-PEAK AUTOMATION AND NOTIFICATION SYSTEMS 9
2.5 COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS AND PLATFORMS 11
2.6 REVIEW OF RELATED AND RESEARCH 12
2.7 CONCLUSION 14
CHAPTER THREE 16
3.1 DESIGN METHODOLOGY 16
3.1.1 SYSTEM HARSWARE DESIGN 16
3.1.2 SYSTEM SOFTWARE 26
3.2 DESIGN ANALYSIS 30
REFERENCES 32

VII
 LIST OF FIGURES 28
Figure 3.1 - Block Diagram of Syatem Design Stake. 28
Figure 3.2 - ESP32 Microcontroller Module. 29
Figure 3.3 - ACs712 Current Sensor. 30
Figure 3.4 - ZMPT101B Voltage Sensor. 31
Figure 3.5 - Relay Module. 32
Figure 3.6 - Liquid Crster Display (LCD). 33
Figure 3.7 - Arduino Development Environment. 33
Figure 3.8 - Arduino Serial Monitor. 36
Figure 3.9 - Blynk Console. 37

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 LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

GSM Atmel Mega (Microcontroller series by Atmel)

IoT Internet of Things

AI Artificial Intelligence

ML Machine Learning

ESP32 Espressif Systems 32-bit Microcontroller

Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity

EMF Electromotive Force

IDE Integrated Development Environment

vii
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 CHAPTER 1

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

In many developing countries, including Nigeria energy consumption is poorly managed due to limited

awareness and lack of tools to enforce efficient use, Household and businesses commonly experience

high electricity bills and frequent power outages, Often appliances are left running even when they are

not needed- either because the user forget to turn them off or was unaware that the device was still

consuming electricity. Traditional electricity meters provide only the total amount of energy used over

a billing cycle, without offering insights into which appliances are active at a particular time. This

makes it difficult for users to take action in real-time or identify energy wastage during periods of low

activity.

IoT offers a transformative solution by enabling real-time monitoring, control and automation of

energy-consuming devices. By integrating sensors, micro-controllers and communication modules,

users can detect which appliances are on and take necessary actions, especially during off-peaks hours,

with mobile computing and wireless networks, users can respond to alerts and control devices from

anywhere, enabling better power usages.

The introduction of such statement not only empowers users to save money and energy but also

contributes to broader environmental goals by reducing unnecessary energy consumption.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Energy consumption in many homes and offices continues to be inefficient due to lack of visibility into

the status of individual appliances. Most users are unaware when specific appliances are active,

especially during off-peak hours when their use may be unnecessary. This lack of awareness often

results in devices being left on unintentionally, leading to energy wastage and higher electricity bills.

Additionally. The absence of remote control systems makes it difficult for users to manage appliances

while away from the premises. Users are limited to manual methods of switching devices on or off,

which can be inconvenient and prone to oversight. In many care, appliances continue running due to

1
forgetfulness or because users are unaware of their operational status.

Moreover, most exciting systems do not offer automated features that could switch off idle appliances

during off-peak periods without direct user input. This creates a dependency on users to remember and

act, which is not always reliable. The inability to automate such basic yet critical tasks leads to

continued inefficiency in energy use. This project seeks to address these challahnes by developing an

Iot-based solution that monitors appliances currently in use, sends notifications during off-peak periods

and provides the option for users to turn them off manually or automatically. This approach ensures

greater convenience, enhances energy efficiency and reduces waste, all while empowering users with

real-time control and actionable information.

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

This project aims to design and construct a smart energy management system using IoT that monitors

appliances in use and provides remote and automated control to prevent unnecessary energy

consumption during off-peak hours.

The main objectives of this study are:

i. To design a system that allows users to remotely switch electrical appliances on or off

using a mobile app or web interface.

ii. To implement real-time detection of appliances currently in

iii. To notify users when appliances are active during off-peak hours.

iv. To enable automatic shutdown of selected appliances during off-peak periods.

v. To promote cost savings and environmental sustainability through intelligent control.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF PROJECT

The significance of this project is relevant and timely, considering the increasing focus on energy

conservation and the high cost of electricity in many parts of the world. By helping users identify

2
appliances remotely or automatically, the system promotes energy efficiency and cost savings. The

system is especially valuable in environments with unstable or expensive power supply, such as in

Nigeria. Being able to detect which appliances are still running when they should not be and taking

immediate action, ensures that the users are not unknowingly incurring extra costs.

From an academic and research perspective, the project showcase how IoT technology can be applied

to real-life problems. It use affordable and accessible components, making it replicable and expandable

for future improvements. Additionally, the project supports sustainability goals by encouraging

responsible energy consumption. It demonstrates how small changes in the monitoring and control can

lead to significant savings and environmental benefits.

1.5 SCOPE OF PROJECT

This study is developed specifically for residential and small office use, with a focus on monitoring and

managing commonly used appliances such as lights, fans, air conditioners, refrigerators and televisions.

The central purpose is to identify appliances that remain in use during off-peak hours and provide users

with the ability to control them remotely or automatically disable them to prevent energy wastage. The

system will allow user to interact with their devices through a mobile or web application, where they

can check the real-time status of application and receive system notifications if any are active during

predefined off-peak periods. In addition to this, the system offers automated controls that can be set

based on users preferences to ensure that selected appliances are turned off during those times without

manual intervention.

While the system provides appliance status detection and basic control features, it dose not include

functions such as detailed energy consumption tracking or long-term pattern analysis. Furthermore, the

solution is not intended for large-scale industrial settings or for system tailored to offer convenience,

reduce energy costs and encourage more responsible energy use within homes and small business

premises.

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1.6 SUMMARY OF CHAPTERS

Chapter one introduces the background, problem, aim and scope of the project. It lays out the

significance and objectives clearly.

Chapter two presents a comprehensive literature review covering previous works on IoT-based

appliances monitoring and control systems, particularly those focused on improving energy efficiency

through automation and remote access.

Chapter three explains the design and methodology of the system, including hardware setup, software

development, network communication and system integration.

Chapter four provides implementation details, test conducted and analysis of the system’s performance

on predefined criteria.

Chapter five summarize the key findings, discusses limitations encountered during the development

and suggests possible future improvements and extensions.

This structure ensures a thorough understanding of the project while highlighting both technical and

practical contributions.

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 CHAPTER 2

2.1 INTRODUCTION TO SMART ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

In today,s world, here energy demand continuous to grow alongside concerns about climate change and

rising utility costs, the need for smarter and more efficient energy management has never been greater.

People are no longer just interested in how much electricity they consume-they also want to know how,

when and where that energy is being used. This shift has led to a surge in research and innovation

aimed at developing systems that can help monitor and control energy use more intelligently. Advances

in digital technology-particularly the internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine

Learning (ML)-have transformed what is possible in this space. These technologies make it feasible to

build systems that can not only track appliances usage in real-time but also respond automatically

based on patterns or user preferences. Imagine being able to receive a notification when your air

conditioner is left running during off-peak hours, or better yet, having it turn off automatically to save

energy. These are no longer futuristic ideas- they are becoming everyday realities.

This chapter explores the key technologies, systems and research efforts that have laid the foundation

for smart energy management. It reviews how modern tools are being integrated into rel-world

applications to make use more responsive, efficient and user-centered, special attention is given to IoT

as a core enabler of smart systems, particularly in residential and small office settings where

affordability and ease of use are essential.

By reviewing related projects and relevant literature, this chapter also identifies current challenges and

limitations, helping to explain why the proposed IoT-enabled system is both necessary and timely. It

sets the stage for understanding how this project contributes a practical, cost-effective solution for

managing appliances especially during off-peak hours-through remote monitoring, intelligent

automation and real-time notifications.

2.2 ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES IN SMART ENERGY MANAGEMENT

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Recent technological advancements have redefined how we manage and consume energy. At the heart

of this transformation are intelligent systems that rely on innovations like Artificial Intelligence

(AI)

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and Machine Learning (ML), Big Data and mostly notable, the Internet of Things (IoT). These

enabling technologies work together to make energy systems more adaptive, efficient and responsive to

user behaviour. Artificial Intelligence(AI) and Machine Learning (ML) are pivotal in turning energy

systems from reactive setups into predictive and autonomous frameworks. These technologies can

analyze historical usage patterns to forecast demand, detect abnormalities and automate decision-

making processes in real time (Ahmed &Li, 2024). For example, an AI system might learn when

household occupants typically use the air conditioning and automatically suggest more cost-efficient

scheduling based on energy tariffs (Mehta & Singh, 2024).

Complementing these capabilities is Big Data, which refers to the vast amount of energy-related data

collected by smart devices. Through sophisticated analytics, this data becomes a valuable asset,

enabling more precise and personalized control strategies (Singh & Sharma 2023). When paired with

ML algorithms, big data helps systems continuously improve, becoming smarter and more efficient

over time (Ayoade & Olaniyi, 2023).

Central to the implementation of all these innovations is the Internet of Things (IoT). The IoT serves as

the backbone of smart energy systems by linking appliances, sensors, controllers and cloud platforms

into a cohesive network. Through IoT, everyday appliances become “Smart” Capable of being

monitored, controlled and automated remotely (Ahmad & Patel, 2022).

Sensors play a critical role by collecting real-time data on appliances status-such as whether a device is

on, off or idle. Microcontrollers, such as the ESP32, process this information locally and communicate

with users interfaces or cloud platforms (Eze & Nnamdi, 2022). Connectivity modules, such as those

supporting Wi-Fi, GSM, or Zigbee, enable continuous communication between devices and central

systems (Patel &Raj 2023).

Smart meters have contributed significantly to improving visibility in household energy usage, their

capabilities remain large constrained to reporting aggregate consumption data. Typically, these devices

offer a cumulative overview of energy usage across an entire building or facility, without

distinguishing between individual appliances. Consequently, users are often left without critical insight

7
into which specific devices are driving energy demand, making it difficult to identify inefficiencies or

implement targeted conservation strategies (Oladipo &Yusuf, 2023; Singh & Sharma, 2023).

By constant, modern IoT-enabled energy management systems address this limitation through more

grsnulsr, appliance-level monitoring. These systems incorporate smart plugs, embedded sensors, and

intelligent controllers capable of capturing and analyzing real-time operational data from individual

appliances. Such functionality allows users to not only observe usage patterns but also to automate

device control based on predefined conditions or learned behavior. For instance, users can be notified

when a device is operating during high-tariff periods or remotely deactivate appliances left running

unnecessarily (Joseph & Bhatia, 2024; Eze & Nnamdi, 2022). The key distinction lies in the level of

interactivity and precision offered. Whereas smart meters serve primarily as passive recording

instruments, IoT-based systems provide dynamic, user-centric control mechanisms. This empowers

users to engage in proactive energy management—reducing waste, optimizing consumption, and

ultimately lowering operational costs—based on timely and actionable insights.

Furthermore, mobile and web-based platforms act as control centers, allowing users to view the current

status of appliances, receive notifications, and schedule operations from anywhere (Joseph & Bhatia,

2024). These platforms not only improve convenience but also empower users with insights that

encourage more responsible energy use (Hassan & Abubakar, 2024).

The convergence of these technologies supports the development of intelligent, user-friendly energy

management systems. They enable users to move from manual, guess- based control to data-driven

automation that reduces energy waste and operating costs. In regions with inconsistent electricity

supply or high tariffs—such as parts of Nigeria—these systems have shown significant promise in

improving energy reliability and efficiency (Oladipo & Yusuf, 2023; Ndubuisi & Okafor, 2023),

modern energy management. They enable real-time decision-making, remote control and smart

automation—key features that this project seeks to implement in a practical, scalable, and affordable

solution for residential and small-office use.

2.3 APPLIANCE MONITORING AND REMOTE SWITCHING

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One of the core capabilities of any smart energy management system is the ability to track the status of

household or office appliances and control them remotely. This feature not only improves convenience

but plays a crucial role in reducing unnecessary energy consumption—especially when devices are left

on unintentionally.

Appliance monitoring involves the use of sensors and smart plugs to determine whether a device is on

or off, and in more advanced systems, to measure real-time power consumption. Such monitoring

enables users to understand how individual appliances contribute to overall energy use (Joseph &

Bhatia, 2024). Systems that provide appliance-level visibility help users identify energy-intensive

devices and detect when appliances are left running during periods of inactivity or off-peak hours

(Ahmad & Patel, 2022).

Remote switching takes this one step further by allowing users to control appliances from a distance.

This is typically achieved through mobile applications or web platforms linked to IoT-enabled

microcontrollers such as ESP32 or Arduino boards (Eze & Nnamdi, 2022). With these platforms, users

can manually switch off appliances even when they are away from home or the office. In more

advanced implementations, switching can be automated based on predefined schedules or usage

patterns (Suleiman & Okonkwo, 2023).

These technologies are especially valuable in contexts where users often forget to switch off devices

such as fans, air conditioners, or water heaters—common in many households. By integrating mobile

alerts and control interfaces, systems can provide real-time feedback and encourage more responsible

usage behaviors (Hassan & Abubakar, 2024).

Several studies and case implementations have demonstrated the effectiveness of remote switching. For

instance, Khan and Sharma (2019) showcased a smart home model where appliances could be

monitored and switched off via a mobile dashboard, resulting in measurable energy savings. Similarly,

the system presented by Adeyemo and Ogundele (2022) enabled users to remotely disable selected

appliances and achieved enhanced efficiency in residential settings.

In addition to manual control, many systems also support event-based automation. This means

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appliances can respond to triggers, such as motion detection or time-based schedules. For example, an

electric fan might automatically turn off if no motion is detected in a room for a set period (Singh &

Sharma, 2023). These capabilities are particularly useful for minimizing standby power losses—energy

consumed by appliances even when they are not actively in use.

Remote switching solutions can also be integrated with notification systems to inform users about

ongoing appliance usage. These alerts are often sent through SMS, push notifications, or email,

depending on the platform used (Zhao & Kim, 2022). Such features add another layer of user

awareness and control.

In summary, appliance monitoring and remote switching are essential features of modern energy

management systems. They empower users with visibility, flexibility and control, helping to prevent

waste and reduce electricity bills. In this project, these features are fundamental—ensuring users can

monitor appliance usage in real time and take action whenever necessary, whether manually or

automatically.

2.4 OFF-PEAK AUTOMATION AND NOTIFICATION SYSTEMS

Managing energy usage during off-peak hours is one of the most effective ways to reduce electricity

bills and alleviate stress on the power grid. Off-peak periods typically refer to times when overall

energy demand is low—such as late at night or early in the morning—and electricity tariffs may be

reduced. Leveraging automation and notifications during these periods can significantly improve

energy efficiency and user convenience.

Off-peak automation involves programming appliances or entire systems to operate differently based

on the time of day. For example, certain devices can be turned off or set to lower power modes

automatically during off-peak periods (Patel & Raj, 2023). In more advanced systems, AI and machine

learning models can analyze user behavior and local tariff schedules to adjust appliance activity

intelligently without user intervention (Ahmed & Li, 2024).

One of the most widely implemented approaches is time-based scheduling, where appliances are

programmed to switch on or off at specific times. Smart plugs or relays, controlled via IoT-enabled

1
0
microcontrollers, are typically used to manage this behavior (Suleiman & Okonkwo, 2023). This

allows users to, for instance, ensure that water heaters, air conditioners, or lighting systems are disabled

automatically during off-peak hours when usage is unnecessary.

Notification systems complement automation by keeping users informed about their energy usage.

These systems use sensors and network protocols to monitor appliance status and send alerts when

certain conditions are met—such as an appliance running during a predefined off-peak period (Joseph

& Bhatia, 2024). Notifications can be delivered via push messages, SMS, or email, depending on user

preference and system configuration.

Several studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of combining automation with alerts. For example,

Sharma and Patel (2023) developed a system that provided real-time alerts when energy consumption

exceeded set thresholds during off-peak hours. The system empowered users to take immediate action

and resulted in noticeable reductions in wasted electricity. Likewise, Banerjee and Rao (2023)

highlighted the importance of automated load shifting in smart homes, noting that predictive

scheduling could optimize energy usage without constant user input.

Another important concept is demand-side management, where users are encouraged or incentivized to

reduce consumption during peak periods and shift usage to off-peak times. IoT-enabled systems make

this possible by integrating with smart meters and responding to utility company signals or user-

defined schedules (Yadav & Jain, 2024). Off-peak automation is especially beneficial in regions like

Nigeria, where power supply may be irregular and expensive. A system that can automatically reduce

consumption during less critical hours not only saves money but also helps maintain stability in the

local energy grid (Oladipo & Yusuf, 2023).

Integrating off-peak automation with real-time notification systems creates a more intelligent and

responsive energy management solution. These features allow users to make better decisions, reduce

energy waste, and increase their awareness of how and when electricity is being used. This project

incorporates both elements—automated off-peak control and alert systems—as core functions of its

smart energy management design.

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2.5 COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS AND PLATFORMS

At the core of any IoT-based energy management system lies a reliable communication infrastructure.

Without the ability for devices to send and receive information seamlessly, real-time monitoring and

control would not be possible. This is why choosing the right communication protocols and platforms

is crucial to the success of a smart energy system.

IoT devices rely on various communication technologies to exchange data between sensors,

microcontrollers, cloud platforms, and user interfaces. Each protocol has its own strengths, making it

suitable for different use cases depending on factors like range, speed, power consumption, and cost.

One of the most widely used protocols is Wi-Fi, which offers high-Speed data transmission and is ideal

for smart homes or small offices with existing wireless infrastructure. It allows devices like smart plugs

or embedded controllers to connect to the internet and interact with cloud services and mobile

applications in real time (AI-Jubair 7Hussain, 2023).. However, Wi-Fi can consume significant power,

making it less ideal for battery-operated sensors.

GSM (Gloobal System for Mobile Communication) is another popular opinion, especially in areas

whee Wi-Fi coverage is unreliable. GSM modules enable IoT devices to send data over cellular

networks, which can be particular useful for remote alerts or SMS-based notifications (Patel &Raj,

2023; Ndubuisi & Okafor, 203). While GSM offers wide coverage, it usually comes with hgiher

operational costs and slower data rates compared to Wi-Fi.

For low-power and short-range communication, Zigbee is often used. It supports mesh networking

meaning devices can relay information to one another to extend coverage across a building. This is

particularly beneficial in energy systems that require multiple sensors distributed throughout a home or

office (Zhao & Kim, 2022). Zigbee is also energy-efficient, making it suitable for systems that run on

batteries. Another increasingly popular protocol in IoT applications is Message Queuing Telemetry

Transport 9MQTT). Designed for lightweight communication over constrained networks, MQTT is

ideal for devices that need to send small packets of data efficiently and reliably. It uses a publish-

subscribe model, allowing devices to “subscribe” to specific data streams and receive updates in real

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time (Yadav & Jain, 2024).

On top of these protocols are the platforms that manage communication and provide interfaces for

users. Cloud services like Blynk, fire-base or custom web servers are often used to store data, trigger

actions and deliver alerts to users (Eze & Nnamdi, 2022). These platforms bridge the gap between the

physical devices and the user, ensuring that data flows smoothly from the appliance to the application-

and back.

From a user’s perspective, these communication technologies are mostly invisible. What they

experience is a mobile or web application that provides real-time status updates, control switches, and

notifications. But behind the scenes, this seamless experience depends on reliable and well-integrated

communication protocols working determine the efficiency, responsiveness and scalability of an IoT-

based smart energy system. This project incorporates Wi-Fi for real-time internet connectivity, along

with mobile/web platforms to ensure access and interaction for users- ensuring a dependable and

intuitive experience.

2.6 REVIEW OF RELATED PROJECTS AND RESEARCH

As smart energy systems become more mainstream, numerous academic and industry-based projects

have explored the use of IoT technologies to improve energy efficiency. These initiatives vary in scope,

design and implementation, but they all share the common goal of making energy use smarter, more

transparent and more controllable. Reviewing these existing systems not only helps to understand what

has already been achieved but also sheds light on the areas that still require innovation-especially in

relation to off-peak automation and user-centered control.

In a recent study, Ayoade and Olaniyi (2023) reviewed several IoT-based energy management systems

and identified a growing trend toward integrating mobile applications and cloud computing to monitor

energy use in real-time. Their analysis showed that while most systems provide real-time appliance

status, few of them support automated shutdowns during off-peak periods—an essential feature for

reducing energy waste.

Khan and Sharma (2019) developed a smart home system that allowed remote control of lights and

12
fans using mobile applications. The system was effective in enabling manual switching, but lacked

predictive or automated functions that could turn off devices based on usage patterns or time-based

rules. Similarly, Al-Jubair and Hussain (2023) proposed an IoT-based energy monitoring platform

capable of displaying real-time appliance data via a web interface. While the project offered good

visibility, it still relied on user action to manage appliances, with no automation features for off-peak

control.

Another practical implementation was presented by Adeyemo and Ogundele (2022), who developed an

IoT-enabled system specifically for residential buildings in Nigeria. Their system allowed users to

monitor power consumption and control appliances remotely, which helped reduce electricity costs.

However, the project emphasized manual control rather than automation, and it did not incorporate

intelligent notification systems for off-peak periods.

A review of recent studies shows that many existing smart energy systems still rely heavily on smart

meters for tracking electricity usage. While these meters are useful for providing overall consumption

data, they are limited in scope. Most smart meters cannot distinguish between individual appliances,

offering only total energy readings for the entire household or facility (Khan & Sharma, 2019; Ayoade

& Olaniyi, 2023). This limitation makes it difficult for users to identify which devices consume the

most energy or to manage energy use more efficiently. In addition, smart meters are generally passive

—they collect and report data but do not allow users to interact with or control appliances directly (Al-

Jubair & Hussain, 2023). They also lack support for key features such as remote switching and

intelligent automation, which are essential in modern energy management systems, especially in

regions with unstable power supply or time-based tariffs (Suleiman & Okonkwo, 2023).

As a result, while smart meters serve as a useful foundation for monitoring, they are not sufficient on

their own. More advanced, IoT-based systems are needed to provide the real-time control, automation,

and appliance-level insights required for truly smart and efficient energy management.

In contrast, Ahmed and Li (2024) proposed a more advanced framework that integrates AI for real-

time prediction of appliance usage. Their model enabled energy optimization by learning usage

13
behavior and automatically adjusting device schedules. While technically impressive, such AI-driven

systems often require more processing power and complex configurations, making them less accessible

or cost-effective for small-scale users.

Suleiman and Okonkwo (2023) focused on improving energy efficiency in a local Nigerian context by

creating a system that supported basic scheduling features. However, it still lacked dynamic, real-time

response to off-peak detection and did not support immediate user alerts.

These projects provide valuable insights and prove the viability of IoT in energy management. Yet,

several gaps remain:

I. Many systems focus on manual control but lack true automation.

II. Few solutions offer off-peak awareness or intelligent scheduling.

III. Some rely on complex infrastructure, which can limit development in low resource environment.

IV. User notifications and remote override options are often missing or Underdeveloped.

This project aims to bridge these gaps by offering a well-balanced solution that combines real-time

appliance monitoring, off-peak automation, and user notifications through a simple mobile/web

interface. Unlike many reviewed systems, it is designed to be cost-effective, user-friendly, and

specifically tailored to home and small office settings—where energy savings and usability are top

priorities.

2.7 CONCLUSION

The literature reviewed in this chapter affirms the transformative impact of emerging technologies—

particularly the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML)—on

the field of smart energy management. These technologies enable the development of systems capable

of real-time monitoring, automated control, and intelligent decision-making, offering users greater

efficiency, flexibility, and insight into their energy consumption.

However, despite these advancements, several limitations persist within existing systems. A notable

constraint is the continued reliance on conventional smart meters, which primarily provide aggregate

energy usage data. While effective for overall consumption tracking, smart meters lack the granularity

14
required to monitor individual appliances, thereby limiting users' ability to identify specific sources of

inefficiency or to implement targeted energy-saving strategies. Furthermore, smart meters are

inherently passive, offering limited interactivity and no built-in support for automation, remote control,

or behavioral adaptability.

In addition to these technical limitations, many existing solutions are either overly complex or not

adequately designed for environments with limited infrastructure, such as residential or small-office

settings in regions with unstable electricity supply. The successful implementation of smart energy

systems also depends heavily on the appropriate integration of communication protocols such as Wi-Fi,

GSM, and Zigbee, each of which presents unique considerations related to range, cost, and energy

consumption.

These observations underscore the need for an energy management solution that moves beyond passive

monitoring toward proactive, user-centered control. The IoT-enabled system proposed in this study

addresses these gaps by integrating real-time appliance-level monitoring, off-peak automation, and

intelligent notification features into a cost-effective and scalable design. By offering enhanced control,

responsiveness, and usability, the system represents a practical advancement toward more sustainable

and efficient energy management in residential and small-office contexts.

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 CHAPTER THREE

3.1 DESIGN METHODOLOGY

This chapter used in developing the Smart Energy Management System. It details the integration of

sensors, microcontroller firmware and control logic implemented on the ESP32. The overall goal is to

achieve real-time energy management and automated appliance operation.

Fig 3.1 Block Diagram of System Design Stake

3.1.1 SYSTEM HARDWARE

Figure 3.2 ESP32 Microcontroller Module.

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The ESP32 is an open-source, low-power, system-on-chip (SoC) microcontroller developed by

Espressif Systems and first released in 2016. It is widely adopted in IoT applications due to its built-in

Wi-Fi and Bluetooth (Classic and BLE) capabilities, high processing power, and extensive I/O options.

Unlike traditional microcontrollers, the ESP32 integrates wireless connectivity and advanced features

into a single compact module, making it a powerful platform for both prototyping and full-scale

deployment of smart systems.

The ESP32 is a major evolution beyond the ATmega328P-based boards (such as Arduino Nano or Uno),

offering a significant leap in processing power, memory, and peripheral support while maintaining a

developer-friendly environment compatible with the Arduino IDE, PlatformIO, and Espressif's own ESP-

IDF.

Core Architecture and Processing Capabilities:

At the heart of the ESP32 lies a dual-core Tensilica Xtensa LX6 processor, capable of running at clock

speeds up to 240 MHz, significantly faster than the 16 MHz of the Arduino Nano. It features:

I. 520 KB of SRAM for program execution and variable storage.

II. 448 KB ROM and support for external flash memory (up to 16 MB depending on the

board variant).

III. RTC (Real-Time Clock) and ultra-low-power co-processor for sleep/wake scheduling.

IV. Integrated Wi-Fi (802.11 b/g/n) and Bluetooth v4.2 (BR/EDR and BLE) modules

Form Factor and Connectivity.

Physically, the ESP32 development boards (such as the ESP32 DevKit V1) are breadboard- compatible

and typically measure about 52 mm × 27 mm, weighing just a few grams. The board contains around 30

to 38 I/O pins, depending on the specific variant, and uses a Micro-USB connector for power and

programming.

i. Operates at 3.3V logic level, with an input voltage range of 5V (USB) or 6–12V via Vin.

ii. On-board LDO voltage regulator for stable 3.3V output.

iii. Equipped with capacitive touch sensors, hardware PWM, ADC, DAC, I2C, SPI, UART,

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CAN, and SD card support.

iv. GPIO pins can deliver up to 40mA of current individually.

v. Analog and Digital Capabilities.

vi. 18 12-bit ADC channels (compared to 10-bit on Nano), allowing precise analog readings.

vii. 2 8-bit DAC channels for generating analog voltages.

viii. Up to 16 PWM channels for dimming LEDs or motor control.

ix. Supports interrupts on all GPIOs.

x. High-speed SPI and I2C for sensor/actuator interfacing.

xi. Up to 3 UART channels for serial communication.

Power Efficiency and Low-Power Modes:

Despite its performance, the ESP32 is designed for energy-efficient operation:

I. Active current: ~160–240 mA during full Wi-Fi use.

II. Deep sleep mode: <10 μA, ideal for battery-powered IoT devices.

III. Supports wake-on-touch, wake-on-Wi-Fi, or RTC timer interrupts.

Programming and Development:

The ESP32 can be programmed using:

i. Arduino IDE (easy for beginners).

ii. PlatformIO (for advanced users).

iii. Espressif IoT Development Framework (ESP-IDF) for full control.

It supports OTA (Over-the-Air) firmware updates, web server hosting, and MQTT/HTTP protocols—

crucial features for smart energy systems requiring cloud or app-based interfaces.

The ESP32 combines high performance, integrated wireless communication, and extensive I/O

capabilities in a compact form factor, making it exceptionally well-suited for IoT applications like smart

energy management. Its dual-core architecture, rich peripheral set, and power-saving features represent a

significant advantage over traditional microcontrollers like the Arduino Nano, especially when real-time

data processing, automation, and remote connectivity are key requirements.

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INPUT UNIT

Figure 3.3 - ACs712 Current Sensor.

The ACS712 current sensor module is a compact, high-precision, Hall-effect–based sensor developed by

Allegro Microsystems. It is designed to accurately measure both alternating current (AC) and direct

current (DC) in a non-intrusive and electrically isolated manner. This makes it particularly suitable for

energy monitoring applications, such as the smart energy management system developed in this project.

The sensor provides a linear analog voltage output that is directly proportional to the current flowing

through its terminals, which can then be read and interpreted by a microcontroller such as the ESP32.

The ACS712 operates on a 5V DC power supply and typically draws around 10 milliamps during use. It

provides an output voltage range between 0 and 5 volts, centered at 2.5 volts when no current is flowing

through the sensor. This mid-point voltage shifts either upward or downward depending on the direction

and magnitude of the current being measured. The sensor internally isolates the high-current input side

from the low-voltage signal output, supporting isolation voltages up to 2100 volts RMS, which enhances

safety and reliability in domestic AC circuits.

In operation, the ACS712 senses the magnetic field generated by the current flowing through its internal

conductor and converts this magnetic field into a proportional voltage. For the 20A variant used in this

project, the sensor provides a sensitivity of approximately 100 millivolts per ampere. When the output

voltage from the sensor is greater than 2.5 volts, it indicates positive current flow, and when it is less than

2.5 volts, it indicates negative current flow. The analog signal is read by the ESP32’s analog-to-digital

converter (ADC) and processed through a calibrated algorithm to calculate the actual current in amperes.

To calculate the current, the system uses the relationship

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Where Vzero is typically 2.5V and Sensitivity is 0.1V/A.

Functionality: The ACS712 acts as the real-time current measurement component of the system. It

continuously senses the electrical current consumed by connected appliances and outputs a

corresponding analog voltage to the microcontroller. This enables the system to monitor appliance

activity, calculate power consumption, and trigger automation features such as switching off devices

during off-peak hours or alerting the user in case of overcurrent conditions. By integrating current

readings into the control logic, the sensor allows the system to respond dynamically to real-time energy

usage conditions.

Significance: The ability to enable accurate, isolated, and low-cost current measurement at the device

level. It provides the foundational data required to calculate both instantaneous and cumulative energy

usage, making it essential for implementing intelligent energy management.Without this sensor, the

system would lack visibility into how much power each appliance is using, which would severely limit

its automation and user-feedback capabilities. Furthermore, the sensor’s electrical isolation and

compatibility with standard microcontroller voltages make it safe and practical for embedded use in

residential and small-office environments.

The ACS712 plays a critical role in the smart energy management system by enabling precise, real-time

monitoring of electrical current. Its continuous feedback supports power and energy computation,

appliance-level analytics, automated responses, and user notification, positioning it as a key enabler of

intelligent, efficient energy usage within the system.

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 Fig 3.4 - ZMPT101B Voltage Sensor

The ZMPT101B voltage sensor module is a highly precise and compact analog voltage sensing solution,

specifically designed for AC mains voltage monitoring. It is based on the ZMPT101B voltage

transformer, which is engineered to safely step down high-voltage AC signals for analysis and

measurement in low-voltage microcontroller systems. This sensor is especially valuable in smart

metering and energy monitoring applications, such as the Smart Energy Management System (SEMS)

developed in this project, where reliable and isolated measurement of real-time voltage is required.

The ZMPT101B operates on a 5V DC power supply and delivers an analog voltage output that is

proportional to the input AC voltage. Internally, the sensor features a high-precision, low-phase error

voltage transformer, combined with signal conditioning circuitry that includes a gain-adjustable

operational amplifier, allowing fine-tuning of the output signal for calibration and sensitivity adjustment.

It is capable of measuring standard AC mains voltage levels, such as 110V or 220V RMS, and outputting

a scaled waveform that mirrors the shape of the input AC signal, typically centered around 2.5V. The

sensor supports a maximum input voltage of approximately 250V AC, while maintaining complete

electrical isolation between the high-voltage input and the low-voltage output interface.

In operation, the ZMPT101B detects the alternating voltage waveform using its internal transformer. This

waveform is stepped down and conditioned before being output as an analog signal. The waveform can

then be read by the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) of a microcontroller like the ESP32, which

processes the signal to extract voltage parameters. These include peak voltage, RMS voltage, and

waveform characteristics, which are critical for computing real-time power (P=V×IP = V \times IP=V×I)

21
and overall energy usage over time. Because the output is an analog sinusoidal signal, software-side

processing typically includes sampling the waveform, rectification, smoothing, and RMS

calculation using mathematical formulas or averaging filters.

The RMS voltage is calculated from the analog signal using the
formula:

where ViV_iVi represents sampled voltage values, and VoffsetV_{\text{offset}}Voffset is the

bias (typically 2.5V) of the analog signal

Functionality: The ZMPT101B serves as the dedicated voltage sensing component of the energy

management system. It allows the microcontroller to continuously track the real-time AC mains voltage

supplied to appliances. This data is critical for precise power computation when paired with current

readings from the ACS712. The sensor also enables the detection of abnormal voltage conditions such as

surges, drops, or fluctuations. These voltage insights contribute directly to smart decision-making within

the system, including triggering alarms, adjusting appliance schedules, or logging detailed energy

reports. By providing real-time analog voltage data to the MCU, the ZMPT101B ensures that the system

operates with a higher degree of accuracy, responsiveness and context awareness.

Significance: The inclusion of the ZMPT101B voltage sensor in this project adds a critical dimension to

energy measurement—voltage awareness. While current sensing alone can offer basic energy tracking,

accurate power and energy calculations fundamentally require both current and voltage data. The

ZMPT101B enables this dual-parameter approach, significantly enhancing the system’s reliability and

precision. Its built-in electrical isolation ensures user safety and protects the control electronics

from high-voltage spikes. Additionally, its compatibility with 5V systems and analog interfacing make it

easy to integrate with widely used microcontrollers such as the ESP32 and Arduino platforms.

22
The ZMPT101B contributes significantly to the intelligence and robustness of the smart energy

management

23
system, ensuring that decisions related to automation, alerting, and energy optimization are based on

comprehensive and accurate electrical information.

The ZMPT101B voltage sensor thus plays an indispensable role in transforming the SEMS into a truly

intelligent and data-driven system. By delivering continuous, accurate, and safe voltage measurement, it

supports advanced features such as true power computation, smart threshold detection, and appliance-

level analytics—all of which are crucial for achieving meaningful energy efficiency and user

empowerment in both residential and office environments.

OUTPUT UNIT

Fig 3.5 - Relay Module

The relay module serves as the principal output control mechanism within the Smart Energy

Management System (SEMS). It is responsible for executing the system’s automated and user-defined

commands by physically switching electrical appliances on or off. While sensors and microcontrollers

collect and process data, the relay module translates these decisions into real-world actions—making it a

critical component in enabling intelligent and responsive energy control.

A relay functions as an electrically operated switch that uses an internal electromagnetic coil to open or

close a contact within an external circuit. In this application, the relay allows the low-voltage logic

signals from the ESP32 microcontroller to safely control high-voltage alternating current (AC)

appliances. The module operates on a standard 5V DC input and can reliably switch AC loads up to

250V at 10A. For enhanced safety, the relay module incorporates an opto-isolator, which provides

complete electrical isolation between the low-voltage control side and the high-voltage switching side.
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This design protects the control electronics from voltage spikes and potential hazards arising from the

AC circuit.

The ESP32 microcontroller communicates with the relay through one of its digital output pins, sending a

HIGH or LOW signal to control the relay’s state. When the coil is energized, the relay closes its contacts

and allows current to flow to the connected appliance. When de-energized, the circuit is opened,

effectively turning the appliance off. To prevent damage from back electromotive force (EMF), the

module includes a flyback diode, which dissipates voltage spikes generated when the coil is turned off.

Status indicator LEDs are often integrated into the relay board to visually display its operational state,

aiding in debugging and system verification.

Functionality:

The relay module provides the system with its most essential control capability—the ability to directly

manage electrical loads. It enables both manual control via a mobile or web interface and automated

control based on real-time sensor input or predefined scheduling logic. For instance, if an appliance is

detected to be operating during off-peak hours or consuming excess energy while idle, the system can

automatically issue a command to deactivate the device via the relay. This functional layer transforms

the SEMS from a passive monitoring tool into an active energy optimization platform.

Significance:

The inclusion of the relay module is fundamental to realizing the core objectives of the Smart Energy

Management System. It bridges the gap between data analysis and physical intervention, enabling the

system to reduce energy consumption in a meaningful and measurable way. Without this module, the

system’s automation and remote control capabilities would be theoretical, lacking the physical interface

necessary to enforce operational changes. Furthermore, the relay's design— particularly its use of opto-

isolation—ensures that control actions are performed safely, without exposing the microcontroller to

25
high-voltage circuits. Its integration supports not onlyfunctionality but also system integrity and user

safety.

Display unit

Fig 3.6 Liquid Cryster Display (LCD)

The Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) is one of the most widely used visual output devices in embedded

systems. LCDs offer a simple and efficient way to present real-time information to users, including

sensor readings, system status, and alerts. They are lightweight, low-power, and easy to interface with

microcontrollers, making them highly suitable for energy monitoring, home automation, and IoT

applications.

In embedded development, the most commonly used LCD is the 16x2 alphanumeric display, which can

show two rows of sixteen characters. This module is based on the Hitachi HD44780 controller or its

equivalents and communicates with microcontrollers using either parallel (4-bit or 8-bit) or serial (I2C)

communication protocols. In this project, an I2C-based 16x2 LCD is used to minimize wiring complexity

and preserve digital I/O pins on the ESP32.

The LCD receives character data and control instructions from the microcontroller. With the help of

libraries such as LiquidCrystal_I2C.h in the Arduino IDE, developers can easily initialize the display,

send strings or numeric values, and control cursor behavior. This abstraction simplifies implementation

and significantly reduces development time.

LCD modules are particularly useful in projects that require local, on-site feedback, independent

of internet connectivity.

26
This ensures that users or technicians present at the device location can quickly view essential

system data without relying on mobile or cloud interfaces. It also acts as a fallback information

display if Wi-Fi is unavailable or mobile interfaces are inaccessible.

Functionality:

The LCD module functions as a real-time data output interface. It displays critical values obtained from

sensors and system status messages to the user. This includes numeric readings from the current and

voltage sensors, appliance states, or alerts . Its presence enhances usability by offering visual

confirmation of the system’s behavior and status at a glance.

Significance:

The inclusion of an LCD module in this project enhances user interaction and system transparency. It

allows for offline, local data visibility, which is crucial during testing, maintenance, or situations where

cloud services are temporarily unreachable. Moreover, because it requires minimal power and can be

controlled with only two microcontroller pins via I2C, it integrates efficiently with the ESP32 without

significant hardware overhead. The LCD complements the Blynk mobile interface by providing real-time,

always-on display feedback, further improving the system’s accessibility and responsiveness.

3.1.2 SYSTEM SOFTWARE

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 Fig 3.7 Ardunio Development Environment

The firmware layer of the project is developed using the Arduino Integrated Development

Environment (IDE), a widely adopted platform that simplifies the process of programming

microcontrollers, including the ESP32. The ESP32. The chosen for its built-in Wi-Fi and high-

performance capabilities, integrates seamlessly with the Arduino ecosystem through board support

packages available via the Arduino Boards Manager

Once the ESP32 board configuration is installed, the microcontroller can be programmed directly over

USB using a micro-USB cable. The Arduino IDE provides essential tools such as the Serial Monitor,

which allows for real-time debugging, sensor data inspection, and firmware behavior tracking. This built-

in interface is particularly useful during sensor calibration, control testing, and system optimization.

Fig 3.8 Ardunio Serial Monitor

Firmware is written in C++, with full support for standard C/C++ syntax, while also benefiting from

Arduino-specific abstractions that simplify many hardware-related operations. Programs follow a

standard structure beginning with the setup() function, where pin modes, communication protocols (e.g.,

I2C, UART, SPI), and wireless connections are initialized. The loop() function contains the main logic,

which runs continuously—handling sensor data acquisition from devices such as the ACS712 current

sensor and the ZMPT101B voltage sensor, evaluating conditions for automation, controlling relays, and

28
managing communication with cloud platforms.

The Arduino IDE supports a wide array of external libraries that significantly reduce development time.

Libraries such as WiFi.h, FirebaseESP32.h, HTTPClient.h, and BlynkSimpleEsp32.h are used to

establish wireless connectivity, communicate with remote databases or interfaces and simplify

integration with mobile apps or web dashboards. These libraries encapsulate low-level networking and

communication protocols, allowing the developer to focus on core application logic.

User Interface

Fig 3.9 Blynk Console

Blynk is a widely adopted Internet of Things (IoT) platform designed to enable developers, engineers,

and hobbyists to create mobile and web interfaces for connected devices with minimal effort. Originally

released in 2015 by the company Blynk Inc., the platform has grown into a versatile solution for real-

time device monitoring and control across a wide range of embedded and IoT applications. It supports

development for Arduino, ESP32, ESP8266, Raspberry Pi, and other microcontroller platforms.

From a technical perspective, Blynk comprises three core components: the Blynk Mobile App, the Blynk

Cloud Server, and the Blynk Device Library. The mobile app, available on both Android and iOS, serves

as the graphical user interface (GUI) where users interact with connected devices. The cloud server

manages communication between the app and the physical hardware, while the device library, integrated

29
into the firmware, enables the microcontroller (e.g., ESP32) to send and receive data via the cloud using

virtual pins and secure TCP/IP connections.

One of Blynk’s most attractive features is its drag-and-drop interface, which allows developers to create

custom dashboards without writing mobile app code. Widgets such as buttons, sliders, graphs, displays,

and time inputs can be assigned to virtual pins and easily mapped to variables or control logic in the

microcontroller's firmware. This makes Blynk particularly efficient for projects that require quick

prototyping, real-time control, and user interaction, without the overhead of mobile app development.

In the context of IoT-based energy management systems, Blynk offers numerous benefits. Its cloud

infrastructure ensures that devices are accessible from anywhere, enabling real-time remote monitoring

and control of electrical appliances. The platform also supports event-based notifications, allowing the

system to alert users to abnormal conditions such as excessive energy consumption, operation during off-

peak hours, or appliance faults.

For this project, the Blynk App is used to serve as the user interface layer of the Smart Energy

Management System. It provides a structured and user-friendly interface through which users can:

i. View real-time readings of current, voltage, and power from sensors (e.g., ACS712,

ZMPT101B).

ii. Manually control appliances via relay outputs.

iii. Configure time-based automation using the Time Input widget.

iv. Receive alerts or push notifications regarding energy usage events.

v. Monitor usage trends using graphical display widgets.

Blynk's ease of integration with the Arduino IDE and ESP32 further simplifies development. By

including the BlynkSimpleEsp32.h library in the firmware, developers can bind virtual pins to physical

pins or logical variables, allowing a seamless interface between the app and the hardware. Its lightweight

communication protocol ensures fast data transfer with minimal latency, which is essential for real-time

energy control applications.

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3.2 DESIGN ANALYSIS

This project employs the ESP32 microcontroller as its central processing and control unit, integrating key

sensor modules and communication layers to deliver a responsive, intelligent and automated energy

control platform. The system is designed to monitor energy usage in real time automate appliance control

based on predefined logic, and provide both local and remote interfaces for user interaction and control.

The system begins with an initialization phase, during which the firmware configures GPIO pins for

input and output functions, establishes wireless network connections, and initializes communication with

connected peripherals including the ACS712 current sensor, ZMPT101B voltage sensor, and relay

modules. Libraries such as WiFi.h, BlynkSimpleEsp32.h, LiquidCrystal_I2C.h, and sensor-specific

libraries are loaded into memory to support seamless data acquisition, display, and remote interaction

through cloud services.

Sensor data acquisition occurs through continuous real-time sampling. The ACS712 current sensor

captures the instantaneous current flowing through connected electrical loads, while the ZMPT101B

voltage sensor monitors line voltage. These analog inputs are read through the ESP32’s ADC channels

and undergo software-based processing, including voltage offset correction, signal averaging, and

filtering to reduce electrical noise. The processed signals are used to calculate instantaneous power and

total energy consumption is derived through time-based integration of the power signal.

The ESP32 then applies logic to interpret sensor readings in the context of appliance usage patterns and

predefined control conditions. Appliances are identified as active or idle based on current thresholds, and

power usage is evaluated against time-based rules to determine whether a device is operating during peak

or off-peak hours. Based on this analysis, the microcontroller sends control signals to relay modules,

which switch connected appliances ON or OFF accordingly.

The system employs efficient rule-based logic, allowing it to enforce energy-saving behaviors such as

automatic appliance shutdown during inactivity or when energy tariffs are high. This control logic is

implemented using non-blocking code structures, ensuring that the system remains responsive across

30
tasks such as sensor polling, relay control, and communication handling.

Data from the sensors is made available through dual output mechanisms. Locally, a 16x2 I2C LCD

display presents real-time voltage, current, and power consumption metrics, allowing users or

technicians to quickly assess system behavior on-site. Simultaneously, the system communicates with

the Blynk mobile application via Wi-Fi and the Blynk Cloud, enabling users to view live sensor data,

manually control appliances, and configure automation schedules remotely. The Blynk interface,

structured with virtual pins and interactive widgets, supports real-time bidirectional communication

between the user and the system, enhancing accessibility and operational flexibility.

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