Plant Kingdom 2
Plant Kingdom 2
THALLOPHYTA
Algae
Placed in Thallophyta according
to two kingdom system of
Fungi classification due to thallus
(undifferentiated plant body).
Prokaryotes
THALLOPHYTA
● In thallophytes, the male sex organs are called as Antheridia and female sex
organs are called as Oogonia. Sex organs are unicellular & jacket less [Jacket
- layer of sterile cells].
● The sexual reproduction in thallophytes is isogamous, anisogamous and
oogamous.
● In thallophyta, sexual reproduction takes place through zygotic meiosis,
therefore embryo is not formed.
● Absence of embryo formation is a unique character of thallophyta so they
are also known as "nonembryophytes"
Points to be noted…
The word algae refers to those organisms which are usually aquatic,
photosynthetic, have thalloid body and chlorophyll-a.
Cryptogams do not produce seed. They include thallophyta, bryophyta and
pteridophyta.
Phanerogams produce seeds, they include gymnosperms and angiosperms.
BRYOPHYTA
● Bryophytes are the first land plants. It is believed that, they originated from
aquatic plant and they come on land through water. Because some
bryophytes have characters similar to aquatic plants (eg. presence of air canal
and formation of motile, flagellated male gametes.)
● They are also called Amphibians of Plant Kingdom or Amphibious plants
because they can live in soil but are dependent on water for fertilization and
completion of their life cycle.
● Habitat: Mostly terrestrial plants. Found commonly in damp, humid and
shaded places.
● The plants are small.
● Plant body- thallus-like. True roots, stems or leaves are absent but have
root-like, leaf-like or stem-like structures.
● The plant body is attached to the substratum by root-like structures called
rhizoids.
● The rhizoids may be unicellular or multicellular. They are unicellular in
liverworts and multicellular in mosses.
● Vascular tissues, i.e., xylem and phloem are absent.
Life cycle of Bryophytes
● The main plant body of bryophyte is haploid. It produces gametes, hence, is
called a gametophyte.
● Sex organs are formed on gametophyte. Sex organs are multicellular and
jacketed in bryophytes.
● Male sex organ- Antheridium
● Female sex organ- Archegonium (flask-shaped)
● Male gametes- motile. These motile male gametes are called antherozoids.
Zygote (2n)
Zygote does not undergo meiosis (reductional division) immediately. This zygote
initiates the sporophytic generation. Sporophytic generation is a diploid stage.
BRYOPHYTA
2n Zygote
Mitosis
2n Embryo
Mitosis
2n Sporophyte
Capsule 2n
Foot Seta
2n 2n
Spore mother cells 2n
Meiosis
Meiosis
Spores n
BRYOPHYTA
● The spores spread by wind. As the air shakes the capsule, the spores come
out and are dispersed. The spores have the ability to germinate immediately
after falling on the suitable substratum.
● Direct germination of spores into thalloid gametophyte- In liverworts and
hornworts. (Direct germination: Each spore forms a gametophyte after
germination, i.e. each spore forms one thallus).
● Germination of spores through a filamentous stage called protonema- In
mosses.
Lateral buds are formed
on protonema
Hepaticopsida-
Liverworts
Anthoceropsida-
Hornworts
Bryopsida or Musci-
Mosses
HEPATICOPSIDA- LIVER WORTS
● Bryophytes included in this class have liver-like shape (eg. Marchantia) or flat
(eg. Riccia). So, they are known as liverworts.
● Lower members of bryophyta.
● Primitive group of bryophytes.
● Plant body- thallus and dorsiventral.
● Unicellular and unbranched rhizoids are present on thallus.
● Multicellular scales are present.
● The sporophyte of liverworts is completely dependent on gametophyte. It
depends on gametophyte for food, water and habitat.
● The sporophyte of Liverworts is made up of foot, seta and capsule
● NOTE: In Riccia, sporophyte is made up of only capsule.
Riccia- Simplest sporophyte in bryophytes.
HEPATICOPSIDA- LIVER WORTS
● True elaters are present in sporophyte of some members of liverworts.
Eg. Marchantia.
● Elaters are hygroscopic and they help in dispersal of spores.
● Examples of liverworts: Riccia, Marchantia, Porella.
HEPATICOPSIDA- LIVER WORTS
● Asexual reproduction takes place by means of fragmentation or by the
formation of specialized structures called gemmae (sing. gemma). Gemmae
are green, multicellular, asexual buds which develop in small receptacles
called gemma cups situated on the thalli. Mature gemmae get detached from
the parent body and germinate to form new individuals. Eg. Marchantia.
Marchantia Porella
ANTHOCEROPSIDA
● Plant body- thallus like. Rhizoids are present on thallus
which are unicellular and unbranched.
● Sporophyte is divided into foot and capsule.
● The sporophyte of hornworts is not completely
dependent on gametophyte (semiparasite). Its
sporophyte is photosynthetic which can manufacture its
own food. Therefore, it is dependent only on
gametophyte for water and habitat.
● In hornworts, at the basal part of capsule, special type
of meristem is present. Due to active meristem, the
capsule grows rapidly. It grows like the horn of animals.
● Eg. Anthoceros
Chalo Batao…
● Rhizoids of hepaticopsida and anthoceropsida are:
a) Multicellular and branched
b) Unicellular and unbranched
c) Unicellular and branched
d) Multicellular and unbranched
Chalo Batao…
● Rhizoids of hepaticopsida and anthoceropsida are:
a) Multicellular and branched
b) Unicellular and unbranched
c) Unicellular and branched
d) Multicellular and unbranched
BRYOPSIDA OR MUSCI- MOSSES
● These are advanced members of bryophyta which possess erect plant body.
● The plant body of mosses is made up of stem-like, leaf-like and rhizoids (root-
like).
Multicellular, branched
and obliquely septate
Protonema