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Plant Kingdom 2

The document discusses the classification and characteristics of Thallophyta and Bryophyta, highlighting their reproductive structures and processes. Thallophyta includes algae and fungi, characterized by undifferentiated plant bodies and unique reproductive traits, while Bryophyta, the first land plants, exhibit a haplodiplontic life cycle with gametophytes and sporophytes. It also details the three classes of Bryophyta: Hepaticopsida (liverworts), Anthoceropsida (hornworts), and Bryopsida (mosses), along with their ecological importance and reproductive methods.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
5 views42 pages

Plant Kingdom 2

The document discusses the classification and characteristics of Thallophyta and Bryophyta, highlighting their reproductive structures and processes. Thallophyta includes algae and fungi, characterized by undifferentiated plant bodies and unique reproductive traits, while Bryophyta, the first land plants, exhibit a haplodiplontic life cycle with gametophytes and sporophytes. It also details the three classes of Bryophyta: Hepaticopsida (liverworts), Anthoceropsida (hornworts), and Bryopsida (mosses), along with their ecological importance and reproductive methods.

Uploaded by

arkjaain567
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Plant Kingdom-2

THALLOPHYTA

● Term Thallophyta: Endlicher

Algae
Placed in Thallophyta according
to two kingdom system of
Fungi classification due to thallus
(undifferentiated plant body).

Prokaryotes
THALLOPHYTA
● In thallophytes, the male sex organs are called as Antheridia and female sex
organs are called as Oogonia. Sex organs are unicellular & jacket less [Jacket
- layer of sterile cells].
● The sexual reproduction in thallophytes is isogamous, anisogamous and
oogamous.
● In thallophyta, sexual reproduction takes place through zygotic meiosis,
therefore embryo is not formed.
● Absence of embryo formation is a unique character of thallophyta so they
are also known as "nonembryophytes"
Points to be noted…
 The word algae refers to those organisms which are usually aquatic,
photosynthetic, have thalloid body and chlorophyll-a.
 Cryptogams do not produce seed. They include thallophyta, bryophyta and
pteridophyta.
 Phanerogams produce seeds, they include gymnosperms and angiosperms.
BRYOPHYTA
● Bryophytes are the first land plants. It is believed that, they originated from
aquatic plant and they come on land through water. Because some
bryophytes have characters similar to aquatic plants (eg. presence of air canal
and formation of motile, flagellated male gametes.)
● They are also called Amphibians of Plant Kingdom or Amphibious plants
because they can live in soil but are dependent on water for fertilization and
completion of their life cycle.
● Habitat: Mostly terrestrial plants. Found commonly in damp, humid and
shaded places.
● The plants are small.
● Plant body- thallus-like. True roots, stems or leaves are absent but have
root-like, leaf-like or stem-like structures.
● The plant body is attached to the substratum by root-like structures called
rhizoids.
● The rhizoids may be unicellular or multicellular. They are unicellular in
liverworts and multicellular in mosses.
● Vascular tissues, i.e., xylem and phloem are absent.
Life cycle of Bryophytes
● The main plant body of bryophyte is haploid. It produces gametes, hence, is
called a gametophyte.
● Sex organs are formed on gametophyte. Sex organs are multicellular and
jacketed in bryophytes.
● Male sex organ- Antheridium
● Female sex organ- Archegonium (flask-shaped)
● Male gametes- motile. These motile male gametes are called antherozoids.

Comma shaped and


● Female gamete: Egg biflagellate.
Buds (n) Gametophyte (n)
Gametophytic
generation Archegonia (n)
Antheridia (n)
Protonema (n)
Antherozoids (n) Egg (n)
Mosses Germination Liverworts &
Spores (n) Hornworts
Zygote (2n)
Sporophytic
Meiosis generation Mitosis

Spore mother Sporophyte Embryo


cells (2n) (2n) (2n)
BRYOPHYTA
● Fertilization by zoidogamy- male gametes swim into water to reach the
female gametes and fertilize them.
Fertilisation

Zygote (2n)

Zygote does not undergo meiosis (reductional division) immediately. This zygote
initiates the sporophytic generation. Sporophytic generation is a diploid stage.
BRYOPHYTA

2n Zygote
Mitosis
2n Embryo
Mitosis

2n Sporophyte

Capsule 2n
Foot Seta
2n 2n
Spore mother cells 2n
Meiosis
Meiosis

Spores n
BRYOPHYTA
● The spores spread by wind. As the air shakes the capsule, the spores come
out and are dispersed. The spores have the ability to germinate immediately
after falling on the suitable substratum.
● Direct germination of spores into thalloid gametophyte- In liverworts and
hornworts. (Direct germination: Each spore forms a gametophyte after
germination, i.e. each spore forms one thallus).
● Germination of spores through a filamentous stage called protonema- In
mosses.
Lateral buds are formed
on protonema

Each bud develops to form a


gametophyte plant
NOTE
● Indirect germination is best for survival.
● Mosses are gregarious in nature because they appear in group.
● Protonema developed from spores is called primary protonema and the
protonema developed from parts other than spores are known as secondary
protonema.
● Protonema is creeping, green, branched and filamentons.
BRYOPHYTA
● In bryophyta , the sporophyte is dependent on gametophyte. This is a
unique character of bryophyta.
● Sexual reproduction- Oogamous.
● Life cycle of Bryophytes- Haplodiplontic type.
Bryophyta- 3 Classes

Hepaticopsida-
Liverworts

Anthoceropsida-
Hornworts

Bryopsida or Musci-
Mosses
HEPATICOPSIDA- LIVER WORTS
● Bryophytes included in this class have liver-like shape (eg. Marchantia) or flat
(eg. Riccia). So, they are known as liverworts.
● Lower members of bryophyta.
● Primitive group of bryophytes.
● Plant body- thallus and dorsiventral.
● Unicellular and unbranched rhizoids are present on thallus.
● Multicellular scales are present.
● The sporophyte of liverworts is completely dependent on gametophyte. It
depends on gametophyte for food, water and habitat.
● The sporophyte of Liverworts is made up of foot, seta and capsule
● NOTE: In Riccia, sporophyte is made up of only capsule.
Riccia- Simplest sporophyte in bryophytes.
HEPATICOPSIDA- LIVER WORTS
● True elaters are present in sporophyte of some members of liverworts.
Eg. Marchantia.
● Elaters are hygroscopic and they help in dispersal of spores.
● Examples of liverworts: Riccia, Marchantia, Porella.
HEPATICOPSIDA- LIVER WORTS
● Asexual reproduction takes place by means of fragmentation or by the
formation of specialized structures called gemmae (sing. gemma). Gemmae
are green, multicellular, asexual buds which develop in small receptacles
called gemma cups situated on the thalli. Mature gemmae get detached from
the parent body and germinate to form new individuals. Eg. Marchantia.

Marchantia- Female thallus Marchantia- Male thallus


Riccia
Examples of Liverworts

Marchantia Porella
ANTHOCEROPSIDA
● Plant body- thallus like. Rhizoids are present on thallus
which are unicellular and unbranched.
● Sporophyte is divided into foot and capsule.
● The sporophyte of hornworts is not completely
dependent on gametophyte (semiparasite). Its
sporophyte is photosynthetic which can manufacture its
own food. Therefore, it is dependent only on
gametophyte for water and habitat.
● In hornworts, at the basal part of capsule, special type
of meristem is present. Due to active meristem, the
capsule grows rapidly. It grows like the horn of animals.
● Eg. Anthoceros
Chalo Batao…
● Rhizoids of hepaticopsida and anthoceropsida are:
a) Multicellular and branched
b) Unicellular and unbranched
c) Unicellular and branched
d) Multicellular and unbranched
Chalo Batao…
● Rhizoids of hepaticopsida and anthoceropsida are:
a) Multicellular and branched
b) Unicellular and unbranched
c) Unicellular and branched
d) Multicellular and unbranched
BRYOPSIDA OR MUSCI- MOSSES
● These are advanced members of bryophyta which possess erect plant body.
● The plant body of mosses is made up of stem-like, leaf-like and rhizoids (root-
like).

Multicellular, branched
and obliquely septate

Protonema

● Gametophytic phase of the life cycle includes two stages namely;


protonema stage and leafy stage.
BRYOPSIDA OR MUSCI- MOSSES
● The presence of leaf-like structure in gametophyte is the unique character of
Moss because in plant kingdom no gametophyte has leaf-like structure.
They consist of upright slender axis bearing spirally arranged leaves.
● Vegetative reproduction in mosses is by fragmentation and budding in the
secondary protonema.
● During sexual reproduction, sex organs are produced at the apex of the leafy
shoots.
● The sporophyte in mosses is more elaborated (developed) than that in
liverworts. The sporophyte of moss is divided into foot, seta, capsule.
BRYOPSIDA OR MUSCI- MOSSES
● The sporophyte of mosses is also partially dependent like that of hornworts,
i.e. it is photosynthetic. The mosses have an elaborate mechanism of spore
disperal.
● Note : Peristomial teeth are present in moss sporophyte which help in spores
dispersal.
Funaria
Polytrichum Sphagnum
Points to be noted…
 Sphagnum
 Peat moss: The formation of peat takes place by the fossilization of
Sphagnum. The number of bacteria are less in bog due to which the
degradation of dead cell cannot take place. Hence, it is present in the form of
fossil.
 Bog moss- grows in acidic bog.
 Quaking bog
 Carpet moss or turf moss- It spreads like a carpet on bog due to which swamp
cannot be seen.
 Absorbent cotton- Sphagnum can absorb water in very high amount.
Therefore, it is used in the form of absorbent cotton in Europe.
Sphagnum
● During the First World War, there was a great demand
for surgical dressings. At one time, demand outstripped
the supply and therefore any spare materials were used
as dressings.
● Perhaps the most unusual material in this group is
sphagnum moss. It was first used on a large scale by the
Japanese during the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905).
● Sphagnum was actually an ideal material as it was good
for absorbing and keeping hold of liquids, and it had a
cooling and soothing effect. Most importantly
sphagnum had antiseptic properties which would help
prevent infection and gangrene.
Points to be noted…
 Funaria: Rope moss or Cord moss or Green moss
● The name is derived from the Latin word “funis”, meaning "a rope".
● Funaria is called “cord moss” because of the twisted seta which is very
hygroscopic and untwists when moist.
 Polytrichum: Hair cap moss.
● Haircap moss gets its name from the hairs that cover, or cap, the calyptra
where each spore case is held.
Dry shoot Wet shoot Leaf apex Immature Mature
capsule with capsule with
calyptra calyptra
Economic importance of Bryophytes
● Some mosses provide food for herbivorous mammals, birds, etc. Species of
Sphagnum, a moss; provides peat used as fuel.
● Mosses are also used as packing material for transport of living materials
because they have significant water holding capacity.
● Mosses along with lichens are the first organisms to colonise rocks and
hence, are of great ecological importance. They decompose rocks to form soil
and make them suitable for growth of higher plants. Dense layers of mosses
help in prevention of soil erosion, thus act as soil binders.
Chalo Batao…
● Embryo is present but true vascular system is absent in the group:
a) Cyanophyta
b) Tracheophyta
c) Bryophyta
d) Chlorophyta
Chalo Batao…
● Embryo is present but true vascular system is absent in the group:
a) Cyanophyta
b) Tracheophyta
c) Bryophyta
d) Chlorophyta
Chalo Batao…
● The plant used as an alternative of cotton:
a) Sphagnum
b) Funaria
c) Riccia
d) Andria
Chalo Batao…
● The plant used as an alternative of cotton:
a) Sphagnum
b) Funaria
c) Riccia
d) Andria
Chalo Batao…
● In bryophytes, fertilisation takes place:
a) at low temperature
b) In dry conditions
c) In presence of water
d) None
Chalo Batao…
● In bryophytes, fertilisation takes place:
a) at low temperature
b) In dry conditions
c) In presence of water
d) None

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