EXPERIMENT 2.:- Alternating current in series circuit Objective:- . To study the behavior of alternating current in RL and RLC series circuits. . To measure the voltage across individual components (R, L, and C) in series AC circuits. . To analyze the phase relationships between voltage and current in RL and RLC circuits. . To determine the impedance of the circuits using measured data. . To verify theoretical concepts of inductive and capacitive reactance using experimental results. . To understand the effect of adding capacitance to an RL circuit and its impact on voltage and total impedance.Apparatus:- Function Generator (for providing AC voltage at 1 kHz) Resistor (1 kQ) Inductor (4.2 mH) Capacitor (0.22 uF) Digital Voltmeter or Oscilloscope (for voltage measurements) Breadboard or circuit board Connecting wires Multimeter (optional, for checking resistance/continuity) Theory:- In AC circuits, the voltage and current vary sinusoidally with time. When components like resistors (R), inductors (L), and capacitors (C) are connected in series, the total impedance (Z) of the circuit affects the current flow and phase relationships. 1. RL Series Circuit: The resistor opposes current flow through resistance (R), while the inductor opposes changes in current through inductive reactance . The total impedance is: 2. RLC Series Circuit: When a capacitor is added, it introduces capacitive reactance . The total impedance In both circuits, voltage drops across R, L, and C are measured and compared with the total applied voltage. These help verify theoretical predictions about voltage division and phase relationships Procedure:- A. For RL Series Circuit: 1. Connect a resistor (R = 1 kQ) and inductor (L = 4.2 mH) in series ona breadboard. 2. Connect the series RL circuit to a function generator set to 1 kHz AC frequency.3. Use a voltmeter or oscilloscope to measure the total voltage across the series combination. 4, Measure the voltage across the resistor . 5. Measure the voltage across the inductor . 6. Record all readings for analysis. B. For RLC Series Circuit: 1. Add a capacitor (C = 0.22 pF) in series with the RL circuit to form an RLC series circuit. 2. Ensure the circuit is still connected to the function generator with 1 kHz frequency. 3. Measure the total voltage across the entire RLC circuit. 4. Measure the voltage across each component: Resistor,Inductor ,Capacitor 5. Record all measured voltages carefully. Data analysis Question and discussion In the RL circuit, the current lags behind the voltage due to the inductive reactance (), which resists changes in current. The phase angle is determined by the ratio , and although the inductor has a small voltage drop here, it still affects phase. In the RLC circuit, the addition of a capacitor introduces capacitive reactance (), which causes the current to lead voltage. Depending on the relative sizes of and , the net reactance determines whether the circuit is inductive or capacitive in nature. In our data, , making the circuit capacitive and causing the current to lead the voltage. The total impedance increases due to the combined effect of reactance and resistance. If , the circuit would reach resonance, minimizing impedance and maximizing current.Measured voltages across R, L, and C components support the expected theoretical behavior. Slight differences may arise due to component tolerances and experimental errors 1. For RL Series Circuit: + Frequency, f = 1, kHz + Vr = 0.42, V. Vie = + R= 1,u9 — 1000.9, 2 42,mH = 4.2 10-4, 88,V, Vi = 0.02, Xp = Be fk — 2x ~ 1000 = 4.2% 10 = 26.40 2 JRE EXE — 1000" 7 26.47 ~ 1000.25 9 current (0: 1% = phg%q ~ 0.00042 A — 0.42 mA + Vr — 0.46, V, Vn — 0.42. V. Vr — 0.22,V. Ve = ona + same RL. ana s, © 0.32. 4 —'0.22 «10 6 F xX, Xe 26.4 728.4 697 2 2 VRE? = \/10007 | (607)7 ~ 1225.80 Current (1: roy bg = 0.000375 A — 0.375 mA Error Analysis: 1. Instrumental Error: The voltmeter or oscilloscope may have calibration errors or limited resolution, affecting voltage measurements. 2. Component Tolerances: The actual values of resistors, inductors, and capacitors may differ from their labeled values due to manufacturing tolerances (typically +5% or more). 3. Parasitic Effects:Wires and the breadboard may introduce small parasitic inductance or capacitance, which can slightly alter circuit behavior.4. Connection Errors: Loose or poor-quality connections can lead to voltage drops or unstable readings. 5. Frequency Stability: The function generator might not produce a perfectly stable 1 kHz frequency, which affects reactance values. Conclusion: The experiment successfully demonstrated the behavior of alternating current in RL and RLC series circuits. By measuring the voltage across individual components and calculating reactances and impedance, theoretical concepts were verified. In the RL circuit, the current was observed to lag behind the voltage due to the presence of inductive reactance. In the RLC circuit, the addition of a capacitor introduced capacitive reactance, and since , the overall behavior was capacitive, causing the current to lead the voltage. The experimental data closely matched the expected theoretical results, validating the principles of AC circuit analysis. Minor deviations were attributed to instrument and component tolerances, as discussed in the error analysis. Overall, the experiment enhanced understanding of phase relationships, impedance, and resonance conditions in AC series circuits. References: 1. A. Sudhakar and Shyammohan_ 2. J. David Irwin, Basic Engineering Circuit Analysis, Wiley. 3. Robert L. Boylestad, Introductory Circuit Analysis, Pearson Education. 4. Lab Manual for Electrical Engineering - Basic Electrical Lab, (Your Institution Name). 5. Online resources All About Circuits: https://www.allaboutcircuits.com Electronics Tutorials: https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws.