Mitosis

on.
pe of cell divisi ving same ty
pe of
Int :- It is a ty hter cells, ha
ntical da ug
into two ide
cell divides .
Def:- A single alitatively and quantitatively
qu
chromosomes

Phases :- ic
hter nucle
s into two daug
sis :-nucleus divide
1. Karyokine
enses
material cond
Pr op ha se :- Chromatin or ten
a. es sh
:- Chromosom1 ears
mbrane disapp
:- Nuclear me arrange
romosomes)
om es (p ai r of daughter Ch
:- Chromos
b. Metaphase
r.
at the equato
splits,
:- Centromere parate
c. Anaphase romosomes se
:- daughter Ch pole
s ea ch
:- Move toward
.. les
es gather at po
:- Chromosom
. ·. d. Telophase ~e m br an e is formed
' :- Nuclear
f°' ll m em br an e
':e rmation of ce
-:- ~-- . separate by fo
,' ..
.. I
2. Cytokines
is :- The two ce lls
itosis
.. lls divide by m
' - The body ce
' ' Occurrence:
!

·<•
....
-~I '

,.'
,-~
f·

..t . I

r
. .·,
-~·
} -f~
..
. ,i '
~i
I

} •
., .. ... :,
i
.. .,
..

r •:·
,..'·.
I

Meiosis

al division
Synonym :- Reduction of chromosomes
ing half the number
cell divides into four cells, each hav
Def:- Single
ly also.
which differ qualitative
togenesis
Occurrence - Game
osomes
- Shortering of chrom
phase I - Leptotene
Phases ·- Meiosis Pro hom ozy gou s Chromosomes
Chr omo som es) ZygoteI ne - pairing of
(46
l) Pachytene -
Chiasmata formed
(4n nuclear Matenia
. I over
D1plotene - cross
peration
mb dis app ears, Chiasma_ta, Se
Dikinesis - Nuclear me

indle formation
ement at equator Sp
Metaphase I :- Arrang
ghter chromosomes
:- No separation of dau
2 n material
:- 23 chromosomes but

ve towards the pole.

ual chromosomes mo
r- Anaphase I :- lnditid
ps.
ar membrane develo
Telophase I :- Nucle
ghter cells are form ed having 23
Cytokinesis :- Two dau
Chromosome
osome no & chromatin
like mitosis both chrom
Meiosis II :- It is just ly is halved
its end. But qualitative
material is halved at
ause of
tively cells diff er bec
at its end. But qualita
in leptotene phase.
chiasmata formation
 en es is
S pe rm at og
gonads)
testis (Male
n :- Ta ke s pl ac e in
Situ at io
atocytosis og or i
as e :- Sperm rm sp er m at
s :- 1st ph ar y sp er m at oc ut es fo
P ha se of pr im
Formation
tic di vi si on s o on ia
Involves ito
m A sp er m at
at og on ia - Li gh t ty pe
A sp er m
Dark Ty pe
oc yt e
rim ary sp er m at
Ty pe B - P

m ei ot icI dici
sion yt s ar e
:- Involves y sp er m at oc
11 nd P ha se na l di vi si on se co nd ar
red 1uctio om os om es
Meiosis I is m be r of C hr
its e~ d ha vi ng ha lf nu
formed at
cl eu s)
(Haploid nu 1se to
di vi de gi vi ng
da ry S pe rm at oc yt es
:- S ec on
M ei os es II
spermatids.
el eo si s nt o si ng le
or sp er m at
ei og en es is id ch an ge s
pe rm gl e sp er m at
r 111 nd P ha se
:- S
N o division
s are invo lv ed . S in
ph ol og ic al
ch an ge s on
ly .
oi ng m or bo dy .
n by un de rg f re si ua l
sp er m at oz oo n ou t in th e fo rm o
ro w
plasm is th
Excess cyto
)
(Regaunald

ys.
60 - 64 da
D ur at io n :- tu ita ry .
ed by an t pi
nt ro l :- I.C .S.H. secret
H ar m on al co
 , L1
M od el No . C1
m at oz oo n
Na m e :- Sp er
60 m icr on s
Le ng th :- 50 to
pa ra tu s
ca p - Golgi ap
- Ac ro so m ic , 22 +x or 22 +
Y
Pa rts :- He ad - Ha plo id
Nu cle us pr oximal ce nt rio
le
cte d pa rt -
Ne ck - Co ns tri '
ule s
le ts of m icr ot ub
Bo dy - 9 do ub sta l ce nt rio le
Or ira l sh ea th . Di
an d m ito ch on dr ial sp
M id dl e pi ec e se fib re .
ul es an d co ar
. Ni ne do ub let s of m icr ot ub
ng at ed , 40~1
Ta il - Lo ng elo ce.
is called en d pie
Te rm in al pa rt
pe r eja cu lat ion
- 30 0 m illi on s
Co un t:- 20 0 m illi on pe r ML
10 0 - 12 0

ho ur re ns e. Fu ll
y - 1 m m pe r rt of va s de fe
Ra te of M ot ilit iel e an d di st al pa
al ve sc
ile in se m in
be co m es m ot
M at ur at io n :- ion.
ct - capacitat
m al e ge nit al tra
m at ur ity in fe
60 million
un t less th an
o§ pe rm ia - co
Ap pl ie d :- Ol ig 60 illion
m
co un t les s th an
:- As pe rm ia -
- No sp er m s
:- Az os pe rm ia

I
 Oogenesis
oocyte
Model of secondary
in phases.
Oogenesis occurs
primary oocytes. irth primary
nia div ide mi tot ically to give rise to rine life at
1. Oo go occur in Intra-ute to ovulation.
- These divisions t stage u
which remain in tha
oocytes are present, e.
called Dictyoten
The resting stag'e is
ary o yte and first
give ris~ to second
Pr im ary oo cy tes divide meiotically to
2.
e ovulation.
polar body just befor
g in peri itelline space
h first polar body lyin
condary oocyte wit is she out.
3. At Ovulation se llucida and coron a radiat a ce lls
de d by zo na pe
& surroun
d reach s ampulla of
fimbriated end an
it passes through
4. This whole un
fallopian tube.
r .,--.· ic division onl if fertilization
cy te co mp letes its second meiot
5. Secondary oo definitive oocyte.
It giv es ris e to se cond polar body &
occurs.
dergoes deg~n rat.
tio n is fai led , the secondary oocyte un
6. If fertili za
at ih month I L, at birth the y
mi llio n pri ma ry oocytes are formed il only 300-350
7. Two to thr ee uces to 30,000 wh
I are ab ou t 4
reach secondary oo
lak hs by puberty a no red
cyte stage during ch
ild be aring ag e wo ma .

I
 ..

,, al Cycle
Phases of Menstru
e :-
1. Menstrual phas

Duration 2-5 days

Blood lost 20-50ml dometruim
& spongiosus of en
- Stratum compactum sh ed out.
ary oocyt.e are
- Unfertilised, second

ase :-
2. Proliferative ph
metrium
Proliferation of endo
Glands are tub ula r
strogen
Under control of oe
de velop
- Ovarian follicles
to the da te of ovulation
Extends up

e :-
3. Secretary phas
gesterone
Under control of pro
do me triu m fur the r thicknes.
En ins
ge , coiled with crenated ,marg
- Gland are lar th
y.
Extends upto 26 da

ase
4. Premenstrual ph th
curs on 14 da y
pri or to me ns tru al phase. Ovulation oc
One to two days by -
can be determined
e time of ovulation
menstrual cycle. Th perature
a. Basal body tem d test)
examination (Threa
b. Cervical mucus
c. Fern test
psy
d. Endometrial bio
cyt olo gy •
e. Vaginal ings. In low er
se nt in so me apes and human be
tru al cyc le is on ly pre of ov ula tio n helps for
(
Mens
t oe str ou s cyc le. Knowledge of time
animals we ge
period.
calculation of safe
 1

Fertilization
rise
female gamete to g ve
is a process in which male gamete fuses with
Der. - lt
to zygote.
Uterine luht.:.
Site - Ampulla of fallopian or
number is restored.
Significa nce - l) Chromosomal
2) Sex is determined.
II ing cleavage.
ted to active form initiat
3) Intert oocyte is conver
. ,
-.-:-::::-:::::-...... 4.l llnd polar body is shed opt r
female gaii1cte.
r Changesoccurringin y.
survive for 24-48 hrs. onl
I) Secondary oocyle can it
d meiotic d vision
If not fertilized, without completing lln
2)
degenerates.
male gamete.
Changes occurring in s secretion the sperm
ale genital tract by mucou
1) Capacitation - In fem
becomes fully matured. by
of corona radi ta cells
n - Helps for dispersion
2) Acrosome - reactio
es.
Hyaluronidase like enzym
mbran becomes
j 3) Zona
imper
rea
me
ctio
able
n -
for
Zo
ent
na
ry
Pel
of
lucida and vitelline me
oth er sperms. This prevents
poly errma.

I I I

o ' I
 (9 )

-- -- -
-
Cleavage d as cleavage.
ich follo w fe rti lsation are calle
ns wh
ccessive divisio
Def:- Rapid, su .
mitotic divisions
- Th~y involve e
e Zygote: Stag
e is no on e cell stage, or tru pellucida, and
- Th er
te is still covered by ZJona
e the zygo
During cleavag .
in fallopian tube
t get implanted
hence it does no
ance
erry like appear
stag e is fo rm ed giving mullb
a 16 ce ll
• By third day
orula stage.
d is called as M it into
to the embryo an a and converts
st ar ts ap pe ar ing in the morul
th
a cavity
• By 4 day
blastula stage. , -
last, Inner cell
m as s or
-- --- r ce ll mass or trophob
-· -- • Blastu)a is fo
rm?d of ou te
astocele.
!:>last and a ca vity known as bl
embryo y.
the uterine cavit
blastula enters trophoblast. In
107
• By 4-5 day
s in nu m be r as compared to
• Embryoblas
ts are les cells are
are em br yo blast while 99
tula 8 cells
cell stage blas
trophoblast.

...
' • '

-- -- - -
·~ I

-- - --
 Decidua y.
ring pregn~nc
m oq jfi ed en dometrium du
Oe(_-_1.he
'· dometrium.
d
'
se cr
'
et or y phase of en ndometrium
It is exaggera
te
d co ile d, Thickness of
ous an decidual cells
.
larged, tortu
ct ur e: - G lands are en ify an d ge t converted to
Stru cells m od
esenchymal
increases. M along with
m po na nt of placen a,
maternal co
Types: - lia - forms
Decidua basa
I'
1. . I
el l. loping foetus
I

stic sh
cytotrophobla is - S ur ro unds the deve ut er in e cavit u
,,
ul ar aining part of
2. Decidua caps es th e re m I,
talis - lin as
Decidua parie
!,
n of de ci du
3.
ed an d le ads to fusi
literat
cavity is ob
gr ow th of fetus uterine
With rietalis .
ith decidua pa
capsularis w of parturition)
rin g af te r birth (Ill stage
ed away du owth o f e br
yo.
Fate - It is sh tation and gr
fo r im pl an
or medium
acts as a bed
Function - It
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

-- -- --
 Chorion
learic layer of
rop ho bla st & pa rietal or somatop
otrophoblast, cytot
Def:- The syncyti m chorion.
ic me soderm together for
extraembryon

Function :- orage
1. It helps for anch embryo.
s nu trit ion to the developing
2. Provide

Classification ·- t. &
According to exten th deciduas basalis
1.
An ch oring villi - fix the chorion wi
a.
rophoblastic shell.
contribute to cytot choring villi.
i-T he y are side branches of an m
b. Ra mi ch ori branches arising fro
- They are tertiary
c. Ramula chorii s ari sin g fro m ram i
i ch orii. Th ey are tertiary branche er (b+ c)
ram th togeth
site of diffusion. Bo
chorii. They are the
villi.
are called floating

ture. blast surrounded

.,. 11. According to struc care of cytotropho
'r ary - A centr al
a. Prim
st.
by syncytiotrophobla extraembryonic
ary - A central core of &
b. Seconp by cy tot ro phoblast
sode rm su rro unded
me
syncytiotrophoblast. invaded by foetal
I c. Tertiary - when
secondary villi are
called as tertia ry ch orionic villi.
I
I
I
blood vessels it is
n.
iii. According to situatio of deciduas basalis
situated in the region
a. Chorion ic villi
pla centa are called
& contribute to
proliferate rapidly
chorion fundosum. uas capsularis
c villi in relation with decid
b. The ch ori on are called as
oothen out. They
degenerate & sm
chorionic laevae.

carcinoma
Applied - i. Chorio
ii. Vesic r mole
ula
 PLACENTA
onents.
rmed of two comp rmed of Syncytiotr phoblast,
es en t on ly in Mammals. It is fo ic pl ate , fo late
It is pr
Component, is
chor ion tic Membr e in
-- • 1) Foetal em br yo nic me soderm, & amnio
'ex tra
Cytotropnoblast &
sta ge s.
salis.
onent- decidua, ba
2) Maternal Comp
Shape- Discoidal. in the center.
15 -2 0 an in dia meter, 2-3 cm thick
Size -
Wt. - 500 gm.
uterine segment. -20 cotyledons.
Situation - Upper rough & shows 15 ied by
ate rn al su rfa ce is & can be entif
Sw-faces- M
th co ve red by amniotic memb.
smoo
Foetal surface is nter.
um bil ica l co rd ju st below the ce
attachment of
ansfer of nutrients.
Functions -1 ) Tr ses.
2) Diffusion of ga
tio n of wa ste products
3) Excre
e. human c orionic
4) Immune respons ones- like oestrogen, progesterone,
5) Secretion of ho
rm for maintena ce of
etc .T he se hormones are required
gonadotrophin
- - .- .-.. pregnancy.
ation.
6) Anchorage or fix

Anomalies- fixation-
A) According to ometrium.
Pl ac en ta accreta- Upto my
i) ro ug h myometrium.
Placenta increta- Th .
ii) Reaches perimetrium
iii) Placenta percreta-
shapes-
B) According to
i) Bilob ed
Tri lobed ata.
ii) Placenta succentur enta
iii) Accessory lobule- er _u terine segment • plac
in g to sit ua ti~ n- Placenta in low
C)Accord
praevia. lical cord.
tachment of umbi
D)According to at ta- Umbilical cord at periphery.
i) Marginal Placen battledore placenta
.
It is also known as ta & the
bil ica l co rd en ds short of Placen
ert ion - Um
ii) Vilamentous ins embranes.
placenta through M
blood ssels reach
ve
tion.
III stage of partur
of pla cen t_~ - It is shed out during
--1'.ate
 Amnion parielal la ye r of
I lin ed by am ni og en ic cells &
ot ic cavity
I Def.:- Th e am ni rm amnion.
I tra em br yo ni c m es od er m fo
ex
y. Th ey ar e
ro of & si de wall of th e cavit
ni og en ic cells
line th e or is fo rm ed by
Fo rm at io n :- Am tro ph oblast. Th e flo
mainly' derived
fro m cy to ic ce lls a little.·
m ay co nt rib ute to am ni og en
ec to de rm wi th
lining ch or io n,
be gi n wi th & gr ow s ra pi dl y
all cav/ty to
Tx te nt :- It is a very sm (umbilical cord
)
& co nnecting stalk
(placenta)

Am ni ot ic fluid
Co nt en ts :-
8th Week.
30 ml at end of
C ap ac ity :- ml at full term.
90 ml to 1000
fo et us
Fu nc tio ns :- cushion, ar ou nd
Provides w at er rm ly .
I.
pr es su re un ifo
in g wa te r m ed iu m sp re ad s
ii. Be
us
um en ts of fo et
iii. Allows free m on n di ffe re nt pa rts
of fo et us .

II ct io n be tw ee
ents fri
Being fluid prev rvix.
iv. fa ce m en t of ce
ce rv ica l pl ug & help fo r ef
Acts as a st ph as e of
V.
wi th ru pt ur es at th e en d of fir
wa te r
II VI. Forms bag of
ssage.
icating birth pa
I
parturition lubr ag e.
ilizes birth pa ss
go t an ~ise ptic property & ster
v11. Ha s

is renewed by
ni ot ic flu id circulation - It am ni ot ic fluid.
Am Foetus swallows pr od uc ts in to it.
1.
di sc ha rg es urine & w as te
11. Foetus la bo ur
ay le ad to dr y
Ap pl ie d: - - Fl ui d le ss than 500 m l m .
Oligoamnios urinary sy st em
i. be ag en es is of in tw in s &
& causes m ay m or e th an 1.5 lit. co m m on fo et us &
r II. Hydramnios - Fl ui d
phagun. Th e
fluid m ay co m
pr es s
atresia of oeso ress. am ni ot ic
dist e ex fo lia te d in
leads to foetal of foetal skin ar
te si s :- ce lls tif ic at io n of se x &
111. Am ni oc en yi ng m ay he lp fo r id en
ry ot
cavity. Th er e ka
disorders.
ch ro m os om al
 •

Y ol k Sa c
membrane.
rm s on e of the fetal
ncutricnls an<l fo
fin ition - ll is a reservoir of
De
lo we r an im al s .
mainly seen in
Th is function is \
.. nn ed
ai ni ng pa rt is fi
T yp es - fo rm ed by en do dc rm an d re m
lk sa c - Ro of is rernanent wh ic
h I es in
I) Primordial Yo fro m trophoblasl. lls
de riv ed
ymal cells
by Oat mescnch ane.
I le us cr 's membr
br yo ni c co cl om is called as rm al ce lls . ( irn
ple
extra em
by ov er gr ow th from en do de
ed
lk sa c - ll is lin
2) Primary Yo
al I ye r of
cuboidal.) ve re d by viscer
im ar y Yo lk sa c when gets co
lk sac - Pr
3) Secondary yo Secondary Yo lk
Sac.
yo ni c m es od er m it is called as g sta lk fter its
extra embr
lk sa c wh ic h lies irr co nn ec tin
rt of yo
Yolk sac. - Pa c.
4) Dcfinalive finative Yolk sa
br yo , as gu t It is called as de
em
absorption into

Functions
t. s.
Gives rise to gu verticulum arise
l)
ca ud al pa rt of ro of allantroic di
2) Fr om its lls arise. fo tra ns fe r
imordial germ ce urenteric ca na l
3) From its ro of pr ed wi th am ni otic cavity by ne
it is jo in
Movemcntorily
4) by pa te nt vitell
of ne ut rit io n.
m m un ica ted with midgutloop
may remain co
Appl ied - Yolk sa c
intestinal duct.

r·

I
 ..
I•

lum
Allantoic diverticu
yolk sa c nea its
lum , which arises from the roof of the
icu
This is a small divert
caudal end.
wk of IUL.
Appears about"2 nd
o with formatio of
ert icu lum is ab so rbed in to the embry
Fa te: - Part of the div canal and Urachus.
e to vescico-urethral
Hind gut. It gives ris l
...

s is Me dia hU mb ilical ligament.

-•- .::" '--
_....,_
ant of Ucac hu bilical cord.
Remliant :- Remn antois remains in Um
/ Remaining part of all
sac near allantois.
ns :- Ge rm ce lls arise in roof of yolk
Functio
s and rms a
) animals it expand
tiv e:- In ov iparous (egg - laying
Co mp ara
placenta in them.
large part replacing

--- -- -
- /
 Notochord g
and helps for ormm
ris tic feature of prochordate group
cte
Def. - It is chara
skeletal support. ' by seco- nd week of intra •
---
--- - ....
Or ig in -
~ tis e~todermal 4~ origin and appears
I
)
Uterine_Life (I.U:L. m
process. Extends fro
iti ve or pr im ary notochord or head
1) Prim
Types - is solid in nature.
im iti ve kn ot up to prochordal plate. It
Pr
hod.
2) Secondary notoc knot-invades Prim
a·:ry
sp po re wh ich ap pears in primitive
A small bla ucture called seco
ndary
an d co nverts it into tubular str
notochord
notochord. :6 cells in
tic cavity, while
topore co mm un icates with amnio
Blas producing
derm degenerate
of sec on da ry no tochord and endo
floor
r communication wi
th Yolk sac.
urentric canal.
This is called as ne
hord :
3) Definative notoc -
g neur- nteric cana
l
rd regenerates closin
l

__ floor of no tocho
.__ C~lls on the This is
-~

s solid struc e.
ce llu lar gro wt h tube again become
and_ by
notochord.
called as definitive

Fu nc tio ns - neural tube.

er for formation of
I) It acts as a induc i to amniotic
nsmit food mater
urenteric canal tra
2) By forming ne
cavity. e d forms back
st . through out lif
animals may persi
3) In some lower
bone.
(
Remnanents - remnants left
degenerates with fe
ing neural tube, it
In human after induc
back.
of dens.
They ar e- I) Apical ligaments - . , ...
c. ,
' of inter vertebral dis
2,) Nucleus pulposus
ccygeal body.
3) Cranial part of co
 m as m es od cr m
In te rm ed ia te ce ll

an d lat. P le.
lies between paraxial
rt of int rae mb ray onic mc so dc nn wi th
It is pa
nital ridge.
rates to form uroge
It thicknes and prolife
al to sacral region.
sio n - It ex ten ds from cervic nal} ridge.
Exten nital and lateral uri
It is fur the r div ided into medial ge
Differentiation - in thoraeo lumbat reg ion
ains pro mi ne nt only
Th e genital ridge rem
ary in females.
tis in males and ov
an d de ve lop into tes region,
ne ph ros in cervical
ferentiates into pro
Th e urinary pa rt dif pe lvi c
and me tan cp hro s i
racolumbar region
mesonephros in tho ed in
kidneys are for
beings definitive
region. In human
metanephros.
r
crm
Lateral plate mcsod erted 'U ' sh ap d cav
ity
in it wh ich un ite to form a large inv
ar
Sm all ve sic les ap pe te me jso de rm di ide
s int o
co clo m. du e to the ceolom lat. Pla
ryonic Th e
kn ow n as intraemb chnopleuric me so
de
ple uri c an d visceral or splan
parietal or som
ato 'Se ptu m
en d is called as
l pla te me sod erm ne ar cranial
era
undifferentiated lat
tra ns ve rsu m'

r
-- - ..

coclom
Intra em br yo ni c
Jenn.
In lat. plate mesoc
Situation -
ed.
Inverted "U " Shap rf. ce s
Sh ap e- ric EndocJermal su
al su rfa ce arc lined by so ma lop leu
Ectod erm
Li ni ng -
pleuric.
lined by splanchno co elm
th ex tra em br yo nic
ea rly da ys it ma y co mm un ica te wi
- In
Communication
partially. l t.
ia! cavity. pa ire d
So lita ry, iso lat ed part forms Pericard
Cranial, pie ral an d
Pa rt s- ls an d giv e rise to
are ca lle d as ple uroperitoneal ca na
Parts ina te the se ca vit ies
Al l the vis ce ra' s pro jec t or inv ag
peritoneal cavity.
and parietal layer.
y will ha ve visceral
so d that each cavit ple ur op erk ard ial
y is sep ara ted fro m pleural ca vit y by
Fa itc - Pericardia! cavit de ep en ing of fol
d
me mb ran e is formed due to
membrane. Th e
of cuvicr.
produced by du el ve rsu m wh le se ro
us
ium is de riv ed from se ptu m tra ns
Fibrous pericard
vity.
rt of pericardia! ca
pericardium is a pa ton ea l
vity by ple ur o eri
y is sep ara ted from peritoneal ca
Pleural ca vit tho rac o
an d co ntr ibu te o
e in wh ich mu scle fibres develop
membran der· ed fro m
d du e to fold
mi na l dia ph rag m. IL is produce
abdo
nephric duct.
cranial end of meso
degenerated pa rt of
 I
v t·,
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I ----=---:::--.-. 'I
I- / ·Syn'_:-- Neurula\ion. ,. II
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Meaning- Neural tube fonnu .tion.
I

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Derm- Ectodennal.
Day 2nd week to 20 week.
Fo'rmation - Ectodenn present above notochord clia~ges to fonn neural tu e.
"I •

Extent- Craniald to primitive streak caudal tolt'rochord

4
al plate.
• •
II

1111.''
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1

Steps - I

Ectodenn situated on dorsal aspect of embryonf• ej4isc in midline .

' ii
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Over_lies - notochordal process. :'iJ './'
It gets thickened to fonn neural plate. Neural fltft becomes depressed a ong midline
therefore neural groove is fonned~ This groo~~t pecomes progressively deeper. The
h. .
two edges of neural plate come near to each, pif~er and fuse thus conv rting neural
lif f<
groove into neural tube. The middle part first ~ecomes tubular. So that ft r some tiµie
F- I - ----
-. :-..:::_--.. .,.,_ ., 'i
· 'l, , ,

neural tube is open. cranially,and caudally. TliyY :are called as anterior-. d posterior
I .
~-
I
. /
I .; • +
neural pores. I
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' ,.,
-'1 ~:
Anterior neural pore closes-25t h day. .,r
1,!··
f'.
!'

Posterior neural pore closes - 27th day. •

The fusion of two edges of neural plate extend$,;ii-kriially and caudally.

. .
Neural pores disappear leaving closed tube. tiJ 11 h

Even before neural tube has completely closei\4 ~s divisible into an enl ged cranial
. I

part and caudal tubular part. Enlarged craniaj l.Ii>art fonns brain, caudal tubular part
' l ll

• fonns spinal cord. r. t;: L

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FOLDING OF EMBRYO

The trilruninar germ disc which was fonned after development of intra bryonic

mesoderm.gets converted into cylidrical fonnat by lateral folding and er

foldings. Crru1io-caudal folds ru·e further divided into Head fold and tail fold.

Functions :- 1) Allows growth of foetus in limited space .

2) Disc like embryo is converted into cylindrical structure.

a) Lateral folds -with lateral folds margins of three germ layers meet th each
other fonning three tubes one within other .
b) Head and tail fold -
Stage.- I) In this e1nbryo is flat and cranio-caudally in mid line is formed of
1) Septam transverswn 2) Pericardia! cavity 3) Prochordal pla e
4) Developing new·al tube 5) Primitive Streak 6) Cloacal me

II) With head and tail fold :septum transverswn and cloaca! mem .
are shifted to ventral side. While pericardia! cavity is cranial
------- With further folding bucco- pharyngeal memb.
'-
i.e. prochordal plale becomes cranial most.

III) Septum transversum and cloacal membrane almost- reach n ar each

Other and bulging fore brain becomes cranial most.

Effect _ Due to folding yolk sac and allantoic diverticulwn gets incorpo ed into
Fetus forming gut.
(

19
 I •
• I
l
.'/,;, .if- '

I' :t I I
l I

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I

Sinus Venosus
end of heart.
It js the first chamber near the venous
t atrium orrn1ng
Par ts - It has two horns and body
. Righ t horn - It is absorbed in righ
sus gives
) of it. Left horn and body of sinus veno
smooth posterior part (sinus venerum
3 vein . From
sinus venosus is formed by union of
rise to coronary sinus. Each horn of
medial to lateral these vein are :
1) Vitelline veins - Drain the gut.
2) U1nbilical veins - Bring blood
from placenta.
c didnal
ed by union of anterior and posterior
3) Common cardinal vein - It is fom1
er
d as duct of Cuvier. Right duct o cuv1
: veins. Common cardinal vein is also calle
ein of
I'
forms oblique vein of left atrium.
forms superior vena cava and left duct
I

ft horn.
•

of cranial part of all veins opening in)

'
l
..
• : -Marshall) . .J?ue to disapp~arance
----~ •- •
I • I

'

the
This shifts the sinuatrial openin to
\.

The left horn becomes small and thin.

right side of common atrial chamber
venosus with common atrial chamber.
4) Sino atrial ope ning - It joins sinus
! I
i
of
e and lies in midline. Due to dimi ition
I

Shape and position - It is oval in shap

I

rm
is shifted to the right and become sifo
size of left duct of Cuvier the opening
ely.
as right and left venous walls resp ctiv
in shape. It's margins are now called
um
uce an elevated ridge called as sept
l

Cranially the two walls meet and prod

spunum.
The
ded into 3 parts by two limbic bat ds.
Right Venous wall - The wall is divi
end to
SA node. The portion from crani
cranial most part is in relation with
and
inalis. The portion between the sup rior II
superior limbic band forms crista term
•j
rior vena cava. (Eustachian valve .' ,
inferior limbic bands forms valve of infe • I I '

I of coron 1~i.Qus.
'
limb ic
l
band form s valv e
below Jnferior .
----~ ......
• _- -nle cau dal part . • I I
' •
rcle. Infe rior limb ic band - sinu s
Superior limbic band - lntervenous tube

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 II
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mon Atrial chambe
Development of Com
left part. Due
era trial septum. It is divided into right and
int
By the development of ckwards
ile left atrium goes ba
art rig ht atr ium shi fts more ru1teriorly wh
to rotation of he
forming base.
Ri gh t Atrium - atrial chamber.
pa rt is de riv ed from right ha lf of common
1) Its anterior rough ption of right horn
i.e. sin us veu e1um is derived from absor
part
2) Posterior smooth which is derivative of
right
su s. Th e tw o pa rts are separated by crista
--::--'-Of sinu~ve no
- venous wall.
"
A.V. canal.
'·

3) Upper part of right

Le ft Atrium -
r.
1) Left atrium prope mation of oblique sin
us of
of pu lm on ary ve ins . This also leads to for
2) Absorption
pericardium.
A.V. canal.
3) Up pe r part of left formed by :
ms po ste rom ed ial wa ll of right atrium. It is
It for
Inter atrial septum - atrial chamber and mi
grates
pri mu m - It ari ses from roo f of comn1on
1) Septum the septum primum an
d
en do car dia l cu shion . The aperture between
towards A.V. the septum primum
shi on is cal led as 'ostium primum' As
A.V. endocardial cu
degeneration
A. V. cu shi on it's upper part undergoes
d of
fuses with it. The en
-_-:--:-:forming-os tium secondum. ' m, another
' . right of septum piimu
• •
ro of of. co mm on atria ju•st to the right
2) From the 1ing it into foramen ov
ale.
an d ov erl ap s the ost ium secondwn conve1
septum arises n is free and concave.
led as sep tum sec on dum. It' s lower margi
This septum is cal

i 3) Left venous wall.

• 4) _Septum spurium.
ovalis. While its sharp margi
n i.e annulus ovalis or
for ms fos sa
Septum primum tum secondum.
forme d by low er free concave margin of sep
limbus fossa ovalis is

- /
 (l'I ,
• I

Atrio Ventricular Ope ning

'
-1.
I. / This opening is •round; oval in shap~. A small
thickening appars in it_s anterior and
ior posterior atrioventricular endocardial
posterior walls. They .are called as anter
ons grow towards each others and fuse
1
cushions. The two A. V. endocardial cushi
ng into right and left A.V. canal. This A.V.
ult"imately separating the common A.V. openi
m intermedium. From the walls of right and
endoocordial septum is also called as septu
A.V. canal above the cusps is absorbed in
left A.V. canal, cusps develop. The area of
atrium.

-
I
' 11 ;
I
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'
 Palate

It is derived trom (wo sources.

1) Medial nasal eminence.

2) Horizontal palatine process of maxilla.
(premaxilla). It
medial nasal eminence gives rise to anteromedial part of hard palate
The
is also called as primitive palate.

begin with because of large nasal

The palatine processes of maxilla are vertical to
cavity and regression of
septum and small oral cavity. But with increased size of oral
caudally and with
nasal septum, they become horizontal and fuse with each other
primitive palate ventrocranially. The midline dorsal projecting part is called as uvula. The
muscles of soft palate are derived from 4" arch.

Anomalies -

1) Cleft palate bilateral The whole Y shaped line of fusion of primitive palate
with palatine process of maxilla is open. The oral cavity is in communication
with nasal cavity.
2) Unilateral cleft palate.
3) Bifid Uvula.
 Pharyngeal Pouches

They are cndodenal in origin adjacent arches.

diveticulun siluated between
They are evaginations or
parts or recesses.
TFachpuch divides into ventral and dorsal regresses
of S" arch
last one with disappcarance
They are 5 in number, but the
complex or Ultimo-bronehial body.
and lorns caudal pharyngeal
Ist Pouch
Obliterated by growth of Tongue.
Ventral part
Dorsal part T'ubotympanic recess forming
A) Auditory tube.
B) Middle car cavity with
inner layer of tympanic memb.
C)Mastoid antrum and air cells.

IInd pouch
Ventral part - Palatine toIsils.
tubotympanic recess.
Dorsal part - Contributes to
Illrd pouch -
ventromedially and luses with
Ventral part -Thymus. Ventral part migrates
Thymus.
fellow of other side giving rise to bilobcd
its attachment with
They thymus then migratles caudally and
pharynx gets librosed.
Thymocydtes have come
The reticulocytes are endodermal while
Irom blood and are mesodermal.
with thymus they desend a
Dorsal part- Inf. parathyroid or parathyroid ll
gland.
little and occupy lower pole of thyroid
IV pouch
Ventral part - May contribute lo Thvmus.
parathyroid IV.
Dorsal part - Sup. Parathyroid or
Ultimobronchial body or caudal pharyngeal complex.
Gives rise to paralollicular or C cells of Thyroid gland.
 Branchial Clefts

They are cctodermal in origin. adjacent

surface ectoderm between two
They are invaginations of
arches. remaing
6 arches out of which $h one disappears, bctween
These are
arches there will be 4 Clefts.
neck.
They are situated on either side of
first cleft persists throughout life and gives rise to external
Only on
Tubercles (auxillary Hillocks) arising
auditory meatus or canal, The
arch contribute to pinna of ear.
adjacent region of first and second
1" cleft ectoderm forms the outer
cuticular layer of Tympanic
membrane.
and
from ectoderm covering 2hd arch
A flap or lid like structure arises
overlaps 2nd 3rd and 4h cleft.
operculum. It obliterates all other
The ectodermal flap is called as
clefts.
malies -
1) Gill slits may be formed.
2) Cervical sinus
3) Cervico-branchial fistula.

4) Cervical cysts.
 Pharyngeal Arches
occurring in cervical region.
Arches are mesodermal thickenings
Number - Six, but the fifth disappcars soon.

Each arch has:

I) Aortic arch
tilage
3) Nerve - Pretrematic and posttrematic.
4) Muscles.
First arch :
Synonym - Mandibular arch

Aortic arch - 1 aortic arch disappears except

little part, which forms maxillary

artery.
ventrally is
Cartilage - Meckless cartilage, its part going into maxillary process
quadrate process.
sphenoid. Mandible develops in
Derivates - Bones like malleus, incus, spine of
fascia covering meckle's cartilage.
Ligaments - Ant. Lig. Of malleus and sphenomandibular lig.
Remanants - Supramqdal ossicles.
Nerve Pretrematic - Chorda Tympani
Post trematic Mandibular divisionof Trigeminal Nerve.
Muscles of Mastication like :
Muscles -
a) Temporalis
b) Masseter
c) Lat. Pterygoid
d) Med.pterygoid
Two tensor muscles.
e) Tensor Tympani
) Tensor veli palatini and
g) Ant.belly of digastric
h) Mylohyoid muscle.
Processes Ant. Or ventrally it bifurcates into maxillary process and
mandibular process. They pass around the stomodeum and help

in formation of lips.
 Foetal Circulation

from placenta to
Oxygenated blood is carried by left umbilical vein which passes
foetus and cîters the foetus through umbilicus.
by a duct called as ductus
It passes to liver and is connected to inf vena cava emptied in Right atrium.
venosus. Thus oxygenated blood enters the inf vena cava and is
From Right atrium blood enters left atrium through foramen ovale. With contraction of
ventricle. From Left ventricle
Lett atrium blood passes through mitral valve to reach Left
blood is pumped into aorta and passes to its branches.
cava passes to Rt. Ventricle
Litle amount of blood returning from sup, Vena blood
is separated partially from inf. vena caval
through tricuspid valve. This blood flowinf.
by fintervenous tubercle and valv¹ of vena cava. From Rt.ventricle the blood is
pumped into pulmonary trunk. The pulmonary circulation pulmonaryis not well established and
Left
lungs are still non-functioning, hence this blood from subclavian artery is passed to
artery), through a duct
the arch of aorta (terminal part after origin of Left
called as ductus arteriosus. Hence the upper part of trunk and body is getting
comparatirely more oxygenated blood than lower half of body.
Sites of Mixing of blood.

l Beginning of ductus venosus - paraumbiliçal veins join.

2. Beginning of Inf.vena cava Hepatic veins open.
3. Rt. Atrium - Sup vena cava and coronary Sinus open.
4. Lt. Atrium - Pulmonary veins open.
5. LL. Ventricle -Venae chordae minimum open.
6. Termination of Arch of aorta - ductus arteriosus opens.
placenta
Th deoxYgenated blood from the body, after circulation is returned to
Tne larteries.
through two
Ducuts venosus - To bipass Hepatic circulation.
Ductus arteriosus - To bipass pulmonary circulation.

Changes occurring after birth.

hepatis.
1. LL. Umbilical vein fibroses and forms Ligamentum teres
due fibrosis.
2. Ducuts venosus becomes Ligamentum venosum
3. Foramen ovale gets closed due to increased pressure Lt. atrium and
fusion of septum primum with septunm secundum.
arteriosum.
4. Ductus arteriosus is converted to ligamentum
5. Umbilical arteries form medial umbilical ligaments. artery. Thus adult
Their proximal part remains às superior vescical
circulation is established.
 Face
processes.
Face is developed trom three major part at its
I gives rise to forehcad. In its superolateral
Frontonasal process :- develop.
1) ectoderm)
with maxillalry process lens placodes (Thickening or
junction appear called as nasal
oneither side small depressions
In it's lower medial part eminence is divided into
pits the lower part of this process or
pits. Due to nasal
lateral and medial nasal eminences.
Medial nasal eminence gives rise to
and
u) Nasal septum b) Philtrum part of upper lip
c)Primitive palate.
bifurcated part of Ist arch ventrally.
2) Maxillary process - Upper lateral nasal
placode (Future eye) it fuses with
From medial angle of lens
junction ectoderm invaginates, gets canalized and gives
eminence (at the
duct), Passes below nasalpit and fuses with
rise to nasolacrinal sac and the
nasal eminence or process midline. It might slightly overlap
medial
it.
process torming epi thelium over
derived from medial nasal eminence in mid line
Thus upper lip is
side.
(philtrum) and maxillalry process on either
ventrally.
Lower bifurcated part of Ist arch
3) Mandibular process - to form
fuses with fellow of opposite side
It passes below stomodeum and
Jower lip.
process with each other at angles
Fusion of maxillary and mandibular
fissure.
reduces the width of oral
nonfusion of one maxillalry process with
Anomalies - l) Unilaeral cleft upper lip -
Medial nasal eminence.
- Non fusion of both maxillalry
2) Bilateral clett upper lip. Hare lip.
eminence.
process with Medial nasal
mandibular process.
3)Cleft lower lip- Non fusion of
maxillalry process with both lateral
4)0blique facial cleft - Nonfusion of
and medial nasal eminences.
 Entáyolay
Pharyngeal Muscuar Skeletal Nerve
Artery.
Liqaur
arch contributions) contributions

Musata, Tempodt
horda tyupani Ant
mede lat ptenamaxilla. mandible Preremaie roalle u
musclesof (only as a model
mastication. for mandib<e not
|Ist (also calledanterior belly of actual formation Sphenomar
of mandible), Trigeminal nerve
"mandibular the digastric, theV2 and V3) Maxillary artery
Dylohyoid, Iensor incus and malleus d
arch")
Ympani. tensor of the middle ear, MandibwJav
veli palatini also Meckel's of ngemmal
cartilage Spine of Posttre matic
spheno ygrtal
Muscles of facial
expression. Stapes, styloid
br.of stylohyoi
buccinator, process, hyoid
|2nd (also called Posthremabe
platysa, (lesser horn and
the "hyoid stapedius, upper part of Facial nerve (VII) Stapedial Artery
arçh") stylohyoid, (Hyoid ar)
body), Reichert's
posterior belly of cartilage
the digastric

Hyoid (greater vaqu- Pre

|horn and lower Common
rd
Stylopharyngeus part of body), Glossopharyngeal
nerve (1X) carotid/Internal
thymus, iferior carotid
parathyreid gland
ELN - Pre )
cricothyroid
muscle, all
thyroid cartilage. Right 4th aortic
4th
intrinsic muscles epiglo
cartilage
Vagus nerve (X) arch: subclavian
Superior artery
of soft palate 9uperior laryngeal nerve)
including levator Left 4th aortic
veli palatini parathyroid giund
arch: aortic arch
Right 6th aortic
arch: pulmonary
all intrinsic artery
muscles of larynx arytenoid Vagus nerve (X)
6th except the Recurrent |Left 6th aortic
cricothyroid Iaryngeal nerve arch: Pulmonary
muscle artery and
ductus
arteriosus
 nevelopment of Ventriclee
Germlayer -Mesodemal
- n oiqin
Dural1on - 4" to zth wk Of IUL

RI Ventricle - It is derived from

1 R: Ventricle proper
R Half of rough part
bulbus Cordis -
3 RI AV canal Infundbulurm
Ventricle I1 S derived from
1 Lt Ventricle proper (rough part)
LHalf of bulbus cord1s (aortic vestibule)
3 Lt. A V. Canal

Interventricular septum It is partly muscular and partly

membranous
) Muscular part - Itforms 2/3 part of septum It
grows
as an upward extension from the floor of
common
ventricular chamber
Membranous part It forms upper 1/3 part. It is partly
interventriçular and partly atrioventricular It is derived
from -
| RL Bulbar ridge
'LL Bulbar ridge
ii Downward growth from septum intermed1um
(atrioventricular part)
Upward cellular growth from free margine of
muscular part of interventricular septum

Congenital anomalies
ventricular chamber
1 Cor Biloculare - Common atrial & commonly seen in
2. Cor Triloculare Iwo atria but one ventricle
Amphibians
3 Ventricular septal defect chambers, commonly
foramen hence 3
4. PersIstant interventricular
seen in Reptilians.
 Development ofCommon Atrial chamber
development.of interatrial
By the septum. It is divided into
atrium shifis more right and
of heart right anteriorly while left atriumn gocsleft part. Due
komingbase backwards
RightAtrium
) ltsanterior rough part is derived Irom right half of
common atrial chamber.
)Posterior smooth part i.e. sinus enerum is derived from
Sinus venosus. The two parts are absorption of right hon
ofsin separatcd by crista which is derivative of
venous wall. right

of right A.V. canal

) Upper part
Left Atrium -

) Left atrium proper.

Ahsorption of pulmonary veins. Ihis also leads to formation of oblique sinus of
pericardium.
canal.
3) Upper part of left A.V.
later atrial septum-It forms posteromedial wall of right atrium. It is formed by :
) Septum primum - It arises from roof of common atrial chamber and migrates
lOwards A.V. endocarial cushion. The aperture between the septum primum and
A.V.endocardial cushion is called as ostium primum' As the septum primum
fuses with it. The end of A.V. cushion it's upper part undergoes degeneration
forming ostium secondum.
2) From the Toof.of common atria just to the right right of septum primum, another
septum arisesand overlaps the ostium secondum converting it into foramen ovale.
and concave.
This septum is called as septum secondum. It's lower margin is free
3) Left venous wall.
4) Septum spurium.
primum forms fossa ovalis. While its sharp margin i.e annulus ovalis or
Optum
margin of septum secondum.
mbus foSsaovalis is formed by lower free concave
 Nenve M

C.dodesm

gal puches develupi

peuch
Gud:mentar eliiferated
Venha pa
ton gue. each
enha
n
Doal pa
dmebeach (ecept ) A. vdeo

pouch dosal pa Tuto

Ahea g-
centa
cavly
ypac
Leteeen fmt peuch to-g
nen4ne f t ouch
Pou ch -pin uith lemwtar deyt
tnwa-
Vental uing Tunsils
fm ad eseng
Iympho uyto dervnd, Iymghream

pouch
’ fhym'c mdiment(
Venhal aing

endo dem thisd ouch

yhehalen 2 fassa's cop
(supeie paagd
pouch Dom al wing - parathid
>yemral aing (joms
caudal'phangngea cople ulimobgachial 6
at thwd
CPC 3ele me ns-thyrmic inh the Subsfunce
olkmobranchial body plangeo
uci rment pemst as aro-follicutar cllo.
thyrord
Recenty - parallieula cell: (e celly ae demved ony
neural crest cello n gatd n hom benceph al o.