Scribd
Upload
14 views2 pages

Cell Biology Unit1 Detailed Notes

The document provides detailed notes on cell biology, covering the structure and function of cellular membranes, organelles, cell growth and cancer, the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix, the cell cycle, transport mechanisms, and specialized cell types. Key concepts include the fluid mosaic model of membranes, the roles of various organelles, the regulation of cell division, and the mechanisms of cell signaling. It highlights the importance of cellular structures and processes in maintaining life and facilitating communication within and between cells.

Uploaded by

minatisinha550
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
14 views2 pages

Cell Biology Unit1 Detailed Notes

The document provides detailed notes on cell biology, covering the structure and function of cellular membranes, organelles, cell growth and cancer, the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix, the cell cycle, transport mechanisms, and specialized cell types. Key concepts include the fluid mosaic model of membranes, the roles of various organelles, the regulation of cell division, and the mechanisms of cell signaling. It highlights the importance of cellular structures and processes in maintaining life and facilitating communication within and between cells.

Uploaded by

minatisinha550
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 2

Unit I: Cell Biology & Communication –

Detailed Notes
1. Structure, Function, and Synthesis of Cellular Membranes
Cell membranes are primarily composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
The fluid mosaic model describes this dynamic structure. Functions include:
- Barrier to protect internal cell components
- Regulates entry/exit of substances (selective permeability)
- Hosts membrane proteins for signaling and transport
Synthesis occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum and is processed in the Golgi apparatus.

2. Organelles – Structure and Function


- Nucleus: Contains genetic material (DNA), controls cell functions
- Mitochondria: Site of ATP production (cellular respiration)
- Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes, synthesizes proteins
- Smooth ER: Lipid synthesis, detoxification
- Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins
- Lysosomes: Digestive enzymes to break down waste
- Ribosomes: Protein synthesis
- Peroxisomes: Break down fatty acids and reactive oxygen species

3. Cell Growth and Cancer


Cell growth is regulated through controlled division via the cell cycle. Cancer is caused by
mutations in regulatory genes:
- Proto-oncogenes → Oncogenes (promote division)
- Tumor suppressor genes (e.g., p53) → When mutated, fail to stop division
Uncontrolled growth leads to tumor formation and metastasis.

4. Cytoskeleton and Extracellular Matrix (ECM)


Cytoskeleton provides shape, organization, and movement:
- Microtubules: Cell division, intracellular transport
- Microfilaments (Actin): Cell movement, structure
- Intermediate Filaments: Mechanical support
ECM is made of proteins like collagen, laminin; supports tissue structure and
communication.
5. Cell Cycle
- G1 Phase: Cell growth
- S Phase: DNA replication
- G2 Phase: Preparation for division
- M Phase: Mitosis (nuclear division) + Cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division)
Regulated by checkpoints and proteins like cyclins and CDKs.

6. Transport, Receptors, and Cell Signaling


Transport:
- Passive: Diffusion, osmosis (no energy needed)
- Active: Requires ATP (e.g., Na⁺/K⁺ pump)
- Vesicular: Endocytosis, exocytosis
Receptors:
- Surface receptors (GPCRs, RTKs)
- Intracellular receptors (steroid hormones)
Cell signaling pathways involve secondary messengers like cAMP, Ca²⁺, triggering specific
responses.

7. Functions of Specialized Cell Types


- Neurons: Conduct electrical impulses
- Muscle cells: Contract to produce movement
- Red Blood Cells: Carry oxygen using hemoglobin
- White Blood Cells: Immune defense
- Epithelial Cells: Form protective barriers, absorb nutrients

You might also like