17) Write an R program to print, get information, print variable values,

sort variable values and analyse data for the inbuilt dataset.

# Load the built-in dataset

data("PlantGrowth")

# 1. Print the dataset

print("Dataset - PlantGrowth:")
print(PlantGrowth)

# 2. Get basic information about the dataset

print("Structure of the dataset:")
str(PlantGrowth)

print("Summary of the dataset:")

summary(PlantGrowth)

# 3. Print variable values

print("Values of 'weight' variable:")
print(PlantGrowth$weight)

print("Values of 'group' variable:")

print(PlantGrowth$group)

# 4. Sort the 'weight' variable in ascending order

print("Sorted weights (ascending):")
print(sort(PlantGrowth$weight))

sorted_df <- PlantGrowth[order(PlantGrowth$weight), ]

print("Data frame sorted by weight:")
print(sorted_df)

# 5. Analyze the data

mean_weight <- mean(PlantGrowth$weight)
cat("Mean of weights:", mean_weight, "\n")

sd_weight <- sd(PlantGrowth$weight)

cat("Standard deviation of weights:", sd_weight, "\n")

boxplot(weight ~ group, data = PlantGrowth,

 main = "Weight by Treatment Group",
xlab = "Group", ylab = "Weight",
col = c("lightblue", "lightgreen", "lightcoral"))

group_counts <- table(PlantGrowth$group)

print("Count of samples in each group:")
print(group_counts)
 21) Write an R Program to find Factorial of a number.

num <- as.numeric(readline("Enter a number: "))

factorial <- 1
if (num >= 0) {
for (i in 1:num) {
factorial <- factorial * i
}
cat("Factorial of", num, "is:", factorial, "\n")
} else {
cat("Factorial is not defined for negative numbers.\n")
}

22) Write an R Program to print the following pattern

* *
** **
*** ***
*******

rows <- 4
for (i in 1:rows) {
cat(rep("*", i), sep = "")

spaces <- 2 * (rows - i)

cat(rep(" ", spaces), sep = "")
cat(rep("*", i), sep = "")
cat("\n")
 }

23) Write an R Program to print the following pattern

*
**
***
****
rows <- 4
for (i in 1:rows) {
cat(rep(" ", rows - i), sep = "")

cat(rep("*", i), sep = "")

cat("\n")
}
24) Write an R Program to print the following pattern
*
**
***
****
rows <- 4
for (i in 1:rows) {
cat(rep(" ", rows - i), sep = "")

cat(rep("* ", i), sep = "")

cat("\n")
}

25) Write an R Program to print the following pattern

*
***
*****
***
*
rows <- 3
for (i in 1:rows) {
cat(rep(" ", rows - i), sep = "")

cat(rep("* ", i), sep = "")

 cat("\n")
}

for (i in (rows - 1):1) {

cat(rep(" ", rows - i), sep = "")
cat(rep("* ", i), sep = "")

cat("\n")
}

26) Write an R Program to process the dataset by using its functions.

library(dplyr)
data <- iris
head(data)
sum(is.na(data))

summary_data <- data %>%

summarise(mean_Sepal.Length = mean(Sepal.Length, na.rm = TRUE),
max_Sepal.Length = max(Sepal.Length, na.rm = TRUE),
min_Sepal.Length = min(Sepal.Length, na.rm = TRUE))

species_summary <- data %>%

group_by(Species) %>%
 summarise(mean_Sepal.Length = mean(Sepal.Length, na.rm = TRUE))

print(summary_data)
print(species_summary)

plot(data$Sepal.Length, data$Sepal.Width,
main = "Sepal Length vs Sepal Width",
xlab = "Sepal Length", ylab = "Sepal Width",
col = data$Species, pch = 19)
27) Write an R Program to implement Linear Regression Algorithm.

library(ggplot2)
library(readr)
library(caret)

dataset <- read_csv("preprocessed_diabetes_dataset.csv")

head(dataset)

model <- lm(Glucose ~ BMI, data = dataset)

summary(model)

dataset$Predicted_Glucose <- predict(model, newdata = dataset)

plot <- ggplot(dataset, aes(x = BMI, y = Glucose)) +

geom_point(color = "blue", alpha = 0.5) + # Scatter plot of actual
values

geom_line(aes(y = Predicted_Glucose), color = "red", size = 1) + #

Regression line

labs(title = "Linear Regression: Glucose vs BMI",

x = "BMI",
y = "Glucose") +
theme_minimal()

print(plot)
28) Write an R program to implement a Support Vector Machine
Algorithm.

if (!require(e1071)) {
install.packages("e1071")
library(e1071)
}
data(iris)
set.seed(123)

sample_index <- sample(1:nrow(iris), 0.7 * nrow(iris))

train_data <- iris[sample_index, ]
test_data <- iris[-sample_index, ]

svm_model <- svm(Species ~ ., data = train_data, kernel = "linear")

predictions <- predict(svm_model, test_data)

conf_matrix <- table(Predicted = predictions, Actual = test_data$Species)

print(conf_matrix)
accuracy <- sum(diag(conf_matrix)) / sum(conf_matrix)
cat("Accuracy:", round(accuracy * 100, 2), "%\n")
29) Write an R program to implement a Decision Tree Algorithm.

# Load necessary libraries

if (!require(rpart)) install.packages("rpart")
if (!require(rpart.plot)) install.packages("rpart.plot")
library(rpart)
library(rpart.plot)

# Load dataset
diabetes <- read.csv("diabetes_data.csv")

# Set seed
set.seed(123)

# Split data into training (70%) and testing (30%)

sample_index <- sample(1:nrow(diabetes), 0.7 * nrow(diabetes))
train_data <- diabetes[sample_index, ]
test_data <- diabetes[-sample_index, ]

# Build decision tree model

tree_model <- rpart(Outcome ~ ., data = train_data, method = "class")

# Plot the tree

rpart.plot(tree_model, main = "Decision Tree for Diabetes Prediction")

# Make predictions
predictions <- predict(tree_model, test_data, type = "class")
# Confusion matrix
conf_matrix <- table(Predicted = predictions, Actual =
test_data$Outcome)
print(conf_matrix)

# Accuracy
accuracy <- sum(diag(conf_matrix)) / sum(conf_matrix)
cat("Accuracy:", round(accuracy * 100, 2), "%\n")
30) Write an R program to implement a Naive Bayes Algorithm.
if (!require(e1071)) {
install.packages("e1071")
library(e1071)
}

data(mtcars)
mtcars$am <- as.factor(mtcars$am)
set.seed(123)

sample_index <- sample(1:nrow(mtcars), 0.7 * nrow(mtcars))

train_data <- mtcars[sample_index, ]
test_data <- mtcars[-sample_index, ]

nb_model <- naiveBayes(am ~ ., data = train_data)

predictions <- predict(nb_model, test_data)

conf_matrix <- table(Predicted = predictions, Actual = test_data$am)

print(conf_matrix)

accuracy <- sum(diag(conf_matrix)) / sum(conf_matrix)

cat("Accuracy:", round(accuracy * 100, 2), "%\n")
31) Write an R program to implement a K-Nearest Neighbour
Algorithm.

# Install and load required libraries

if (!require(class)) {
install.packages("class")
library(class)
}

# Load the dataset

wine_data <- read.csv("redwinequality.csv")

# View the first few rows of the dataset

head(wine_data)

# Convert 'quality' to a factor (since it's the target variable)

wine_data$quality <- as.factor(wine_data$quality)

# Set seed for reproducibility

set.seed(123)

# Split the dataset into training (70%) and testing (30%) sets
sample_index <- sample(1:nrow(wine_data), 0.7 * nrow(wine_data))
train_data <- wine_data[sample_index, ]
test_data <- wine_data[-sample_index, ]

# Separate features and target variable for both train and test sets
train_x <- train_data[, -ncol(wine_data)] # All columns except 'quality'
train_y <- train_data$quality # Target variable (quality)
test_x <- test_data[, -ncol(wine_data)] # All columns except 'quality'
test_y <- test_data$quality # Target variable (quality)

# Train the KNN model (k = 3)

k_value <- 3
knn_predictions <- knn(train_x, test_x, train_y, k = k_value)

# Confusion matrix
conf_matrix <- table(Predicted = knn_predictions, Actual = test_y)
print(conf_matrix)

# Calculate accuracy
accuracy <- sum(diag(conf_matrix)) / sum(conf_matrix)
cat("Accuracy:", round(accuracy * 100, 2), "%\n")
32) Write an R program to implement a K-Means Clustering
Algorithm.

data("USArrests")
head(USArrests)
USArrests <- na.omit(USArrests)

scaled_data <- scale(USArrests)

set.seed(123)

kmeans_result <- kmeans(scaled_data, centers = 3, nstart = 25)

print(kmeans_result)

USArrests$Cluster <- as.factor(kmeans_result$cluster)

if (!require(ggplot2)) {
install.packages("ggplot2")
library(ggplot2)
}

pca_result <- prcomp(scaled_data)

pca_data <- data.frame(pca_result$x[, 1:2], Cluster = USArrests$Cluster)

ggplot(pca_data, aes(x = PC1, y = PC2, color = Cluster)) +

geom_point(size = 3) +
 labs(title = "K-means Clustering on USArrests Dataset", x = "Principal
Component 1", y = "Principal Component 2") +
theme_minimal()