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Automata Theory is the study of abstract computing devices, exploring what different models of machines can and cannot do. It includes historical developments from Alan Turing's work on Turing machines to the Chomsky Hierarchy of formal languages. Key concepts include alphabets, strings, languages, and finite automata, which have various applications in computer science.

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module1.2

Automata Theory is the study of abstract computing devices, exploring what different models of machines can and cannot do. It includes historical developments from Alan Turing's work on Turing machines to the Chomsky Hierarchy of formal languages. Key concepts include alphabets, strings, languages, and finite automata, which have various applications in computer science.

Uploaded by

vemuripraveena2622
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction to Automata

Theory
Reading: Chapter 1

1
What is Automata Theory?
■ Study of abstract computing devices, or
“machines”
■ Automaton = an abstract computing device
■ Note: A “device” need not even be a physical
hardware!
■ A fundamental question in computer science:
■ Find out what different models of machines can do
and cannot do
■ The theory of computation
■ Computability vs. Complexity

2
(A pioneer of automata theory)

Alan Turing (1912-1954)


■ Father of Modern Computer
Science
■ English mathematician
■ Studied abstract machines called
Turing machines even before
computers existed
■ Heard of the Turing test?

3
Theory of Computation: A
Historical Perspective
1930s • Alan Turing studies Turing machines
• Decidability
• Halting problem
1940-1950s • “Finite automata” machines studied
• Noam Chomsky proposes the
“Chomsky Hierarchy” for formal
languages
1969 Cook introduces “intractable” problems
or “NP-Hard” problems
1970- Modern computer science: compilers,
computational & complexity theory evolve
4
Languages & Grammars
■ Languages: “A language is a
Or “words” collection of sentences of
finite length all constructed
from a finite alphabet of
symbols”
■ Grammars: “A grammar can
be regarded as a device that
enumerates the sentences of
a language” - nothing more,
nothing less

■ N. Chomsky, Information and


Control, Vol 2, 1959

Image source: Nowak et al. Nature, vol 417, 2002


5
The Chomsky Hierachy
• A containment hierarchy of classes of formal languages

Regul
ar Context-
Context-
(DFA) free Recursively-
sensitive
(PDA) enumerable
(LBA)
(TM)

6
The Central Concepts of
Automata Theory

7
Alphabet
An alphabet is a finite, non-empty set of
symbols
■ We use the symbol ∑ (sigma) to denote an
alphabet
■ Examples:
■ Binary: ∑ = {0,1}
■ All lower case letters: ∑ = {a,b,c,..z}
■ Alphanumeric: ∑ = {a-z, A-Z, 0-9}
■ DNA molecule letters: ∑ = {a,c,g,t}
■ …

8
Strings
A string or word is a finite sequence of symbols
chosen from ∑
■ Empty string is ε (or “epsilon”)

■ Length of a string w, denoted by “|w|”, is


equal to the number of (non- ε) characters in the
string
■ E.g., x = 010100 |x| = 6
■ x = 01 ε 0 ε 1 ε 00 ε |x| = ?

■ xy = concatentation of two strings x and y


9
Powers of an alphabet
Let ∑ be an alphabet.

■ ∑k = the set of all strings of length k

■ ∑* = ∑0 U ∑1 U ∑2 U …

■ ∑+ = ∑ 1 U ∑ 2 U ∑ 3 U …

10
Languages
L is a said to be a language over alphabet ∑, only if L ⊆ ∑*
this is because ∑* is the set of all strings (of all possible
length including 0) over the given alphabet ∑
Examples:
1. Let L be the language of all strings consisting of n 0’s
followed by n 1’s:
L = {ε, 01, 0011, 000111,…}
2. Let L be the language of all strings of with equal number of
0’s and 1’s:
L = {ε, 01, 10, 0011, 1100, 0101, 1010, 1001,…}
Canonical ordering of strings in the language

Definition: Ø denotes the Empty language


■ Let L = {ε}; Is L=Ø?
NO
11
The Membership Problem
Given a string w ∈∑*and a language L
over ∑, decide whether or not w ∈L.

Example:
Let w = 100011
Q) Is w ∈ the language of strings with
equal number of 0s and 1s?

12
Finite Automata
■ Some Applications
■ Software for designing and checking the behavior
of digital circuits
■ Lexical analyzer of a typical compiler
■ Software for scanning large bodies of text (e.g.,
web pages) for pattern finding
■ Software for verifying systems of all types that
have a finite number of states (e.g., stock market
transaction, communication/network protocol)

13
Finite Automata : Examples
action
■ On/Off switch state

■ Modeling recognition of the word “then”

Start state Transition Intermediate Final state


state
14

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