Grade 11 Chapter 3

Elementary Functions and Transformations

Previous Knowledge

3.1 Graph of Elementary Functions

1. 2.

(Constant Function) (Identity Function)

3. 4.

(Square root Function) (Quadratic Function)

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 5.
6.

(Absolute Value Function) (Rational Function)

7.
8.

(Cubic Function) (Cube root Function)

3.2 Transformations

Three types of transformations

1) Translation
2) Reflection
3) Scaling

1) Translation

Vertical Translation

Let 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) . The graph of 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) + 𝒌𝒌 is translation vertically, 𝑘𝑘 units, up (when 𝑘𝑘 >
0) or down (when 𝑘𝑘 < 0) of the graph 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥).
(𝒙𝒙, 𝒚𝒚) → (𝒙𝒙, 𝒚𝒚 + 𝒌𝒌)
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Since (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) is on the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) , then (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑘𝑘) is on the graph 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) + 𝑘𝑘.

Horizontal Translation

Let 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) .The graph of 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙 − 𝒉𝒉) is translation horizontally, ℎ units,

right (when ℎ > 0) or left (when ℎ < 0) of the graph 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥).

(𝒙𝒙, 𝒚𝒚) → (𝒙𝒙 + 𝒉𝒉, 𝒚𝒚)

Since (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) is on the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) , then (𝑥𝑥 + ℎ, 𝑦𝑦) is on the graph 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 − ℎ).

Translations of the graph 𝒚𝒚 = √𝒙𝒙

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2) Reflection

Three Types of Reflection

Reflection on the 𝑿𝑿 − 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂

The graph of 𝑦𝑦 = −𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is the reflection on the 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 of the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) as
(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) → (𝑥𝑥, −𝑦𝑦)

Since if (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) is on the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) then (𝑥𝑥, −𝑦𝑦) is on the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = −𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥).

Reflection on the 𝒀𝒀 − 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂

The graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(−𝑥𝑥) is the reflection on the 𝑦𝑦 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 of the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) as
(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) → (−𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)

Since if (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) is on the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) then (−𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) is on the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(−𝑥𝑥).

Reflection on the 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐

The graph of 𝑦𝑦 = −𝑓𝑓(−𝑥𝑥) is the reflection on the orgin of the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) as
(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) → (−𝑥𝑥, −𝑦𝑦)

Since if (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) is on the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) then (−𝑥𝑥, −𝑦𝑦) is on the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = −𝑓𝑓(−𝑥𝑥).

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Example: 𝒚𝒚 = √𝒙𝒙 − 𝟑𝟑 + 𝟐𝟐

Reflection on the 𝑿𝑿 − 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 is 𝒚𝒚 = −𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) → (𝒙𝒙, −𝒚𝒚)

∴ 𝒚𝒚 = −√𝒙𝒙 − 𝟑𝟑 − 𝟐𝟐

Reflection on the 𝒀𝒀 − 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 is 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒇𝒇(−𝒙𝒙) → (−𝒙𝒙, 𝒚𝒚)

∴ 𝒚𝒚 = √−𝒙𝒙 − 𝟑𝟑 + 𝟐𝟐

Reflection on the origin is 𝒚𝒚 = −𝒇𝒇(−𝒙𝒙) → (−𝒙𝒙, −𝒚𝒚)

∴ 𝒚𝒚 = −√−𝒙𝒙 − 𝟑𝟑 − 𝟐𝟐

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Example (i) For the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = √𝑥𝑥 , using translations and reflections,

# the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = −√𝑥𝑥 − 3 − 2 can be obtained as follows:

(or)

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(or)

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Example The graph of 𝒚𝒚 = √−𝒙𝒙 − 𝟑𝟑 + 𝟐𝟐 can be obtained as

Even functions

If 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) = 𝒇𝒇(−𝒙𝒙) then the function 𝒇𝒇 is called an even function So the graph of an
even function is symmetric with respect to the 𝒚𝒚 − 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂.𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) = 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 is an even
function, because 𝒇𝒇(−𝒙𝒙) = (𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 ) = 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 = 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙).

Odd functions

If 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) = −𝒇𝒇(−𝒙𝒙) then the function 𝒇𝒇 is called an odd function So the graph of an
odd function is symmetric with respect to the origin. 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) = 𝒙𝒙𝟑𝟑 is an odd function,
because −𝒇𝒇(−𝒙𝒙) = −(−𝒙𝒙)𝟑𝟑 = −(−𝒙𝒙𝟑𝟑 ) = 𝒙𝒙𝟑𝟑 = 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙).

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Scaling

Vertical Scaling: For 𝒑𝒑 > 𝟎𝟎 , the graph of 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑(𝒙𝒙) is the vertical scaling of the
graph of 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) as
(𝒙𝒙, 𝒚𝒚) → (𝒙𝒙, 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑)

Since if (𝒙𝒙, 𝒚𝒚) is on the graph of 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) then (𝒙𝒙, 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑) is on the graph of 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑(𝒙𝒙).

When 𝟎𝟎 < 𝒑𝒑 < 𝟏𝟏 , the graph of the function 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑(𝒙𝒙) can be seen as points on the
graph of 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) move nearer vertically by scale factor p to the 𝒙𝒙 − 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂.

When 𝒑𝒑 > 𝟏𝟏, the graph of the function 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑(𝒙𝒙) can be seen as points on the graph
of 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) move away vertically by scale factor p to the 𝒙𝒙 − 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂.

The following figures show vertically scaling graphs of the functions 𝑦𝑦 = |𝑥𝑥 | and 𝑦𝑦 =
−|𝑥𝑥 |.

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Reflection on the 𝒙𝒙 − 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 of 𝒚𝒚 = |𝒙𝒙|

Horizontal Scaling

For 𝒒𝒒 > 𝟎𝟎, the graph of 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒇𝒇(𝒒𝒒𝒒𝒒) is the horizontal scaling of the graph 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙).
𝟏𝟏
(𝒙𝒙, 𝒚𝒚) → ( 𝒙𝒙, 𝒚𝒚)
𝒒𝒒
𝟏𝟏
Since (𝒙𝒙, 𝒚𝒚) is on the graph of 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) , then ( 𝒙𝒙, 𝒚𝒚) is on the graph 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞).
𝒒𝒒
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When 𝟎𝟎 < 𝒒𝒒 < 𝟏𝟏 , the graph of the function 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑(𝒙𝒙) can be seen as points on the
𝟏𝟏
graph of 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) away horizontally by scale factor from the 𝒚𝒚 − 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂.
𝒒𝒒

When 𝒒𝒒 > 𝟏𝟏, the graph of the function 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑(𝒙𝒙) can be seen as points on the graph
𝟏𝟏
of 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) move nearer horizontally by scale factor to the 𝒚𝒚 − 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂.
𝒒𝒒

Example

Reflection on the 𝒚𝒚 − 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 of 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒙𝒙𝟑𝟑 + 𝟐𝟐

𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔

𝒚𝒚 = 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒇𝒇(−𝒙𝒙) 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒇𝒇(−𝒒𝒒𝒒𝒒)
𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝒚𝒚 − 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝟏𝟏
𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇
𝒒𝒒

Or
𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓
𝒚𝒚 = 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒇𝒇(𝒒𝒒𝒒𝒒) 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒇𝒇(−𝒒𝒒𝒒𝒒)
𝟏𝟏 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝒚𝒚 − 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂
𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇
𝒒𝒒
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 Notes

Transformation

Translation
𝒚𝒚 = 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙 − 𝒉𝒉) + 𝒌𝒌, → (𝒙𝒙 + 𝒉𝒉, 𝒚𝒚 + 𝒌𝒌)

Reflection

Reflection on the X-axis is 𝒚𝒚 = −𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙), (𝒙𝒙, −𝒚𝒚)

Reflection on the Y-axis is 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒇𝒇(−𝒙𝒙), (−𝒙𝒙, 𝒚𝒚)

Reflection on the Origin is 𝒚𝒚 = −𝒇𝒇(−𝒙𝒙), (−𝒙𝒙, −𝒚𝒚)

Scaling

Vertical 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑(𝒙𝒙), (𝒙𝒙, 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑), 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝟎𝟎 < 𝒑𝒑 < 𝟏𝟏 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 , 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝒑𝒑 > 𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 ( 𝒙𝒙 − 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂)
𝟏𝟏
Horizontal 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒇𝒇(𝒒𝒒𝒒𝒒), � 𝒙𝒙, 𝒚𝒚� , 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝟎𝟎 < 𝒒𝒒 < 𝟏𝟏 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 , 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝒒𝒒 > 𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 ( 𝒚𝒚 − 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂)
𝒒𝒒

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Example 1

From the function 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥),

(a) find the step – by – step transformation of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(3𝑥𝑥 − 3) + 2.

(b) if the point (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) is on the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥), then find the respective point on
the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(3𝑥𝑥 − 3) + 2

(c) Hence if 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = 𝑥𝑥 + 1, 0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 3, then draw step by step transformation graphs to

get the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓 (3𝑥𝑥 − 3) + 2.

Solution

(a)
𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔
𝒚𝒚 = 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙 − 𝟑𝟑) + 𝟐𝟐 𝒇𝒇(𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 − 𝟑𝟑) + 𝟐𝟐
𝒉𝒉 = 𝟑𝟑 , 𝒌𝒌 = 𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟏
𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇
𝟑𝟑
(b)
𝒇𝒇(𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑−𝟑𝟑)+𝟐𝟐 𝒇𝒇(𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑−𝟑𝟑)+𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝒙+𝟑𝟑
(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) (𝒙𝒙 + 𝟑𝟑 , 𝒚𝒚 + 𝟐𝟐) 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 ( , 𝑦𝑦 + 2)
𝒉𝒉=𝟑𝟑 ,𝒌𝒌=𝟐𝟐 = 𝟑𝟑
𝒒𝒒 𝟑𝟑

(c) 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 + 1 , 0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 3

Let 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) = 𝒚𝒚
𝒚𝒚 = 𝒙𝒙 + 𝟏𝟏

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Example 2

From the function 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ),

1
(a) find the step-by-step transformation of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓 �− 𝑥𝑥 + 3� − 2
2

(b) If the point (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) is on the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥), then find the respective point on
1
the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓 �− 𝑥𝑥 + 3� − 2.
2

(c) Hence if 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) = 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 , then draw step-by-step transformation graphs to get the
1 2
graph of 𝑦𝑦 = �− 𝑥𝑥 + 3� − 2 .
2

Solution

(a)
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 + 3) − 2
ℎ = −3, 𝑘𝑘 = −2 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 2
1 𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 1
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓 � 𝑥𝑥 + 3� − 2 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓 �− 𝑥𝑥 + 3� − 2
2 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝒚𝒚 − 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 2

𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 1 𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔

( Or ) 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 + 3) − 2 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓 � 𝑥𝑥 + 3� − 2
ℎ=−3,𝑘𝑘=−2 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝒚𝒚−𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 2 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 2

1
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓 �− 𝑥𝑥 + 3� − 2
2

1 1
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥+3)−2 𝑓𝑓� 𝑥𝑥+3�−2 𝑓𝑓�− 𝑥𝑥+3�−2
2 2
(b) (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) �⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯� (𝑥𝑥 − 3 , 𝑦𝑦 − 2 ) �⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯� (2(𝑥𝑥 − 3), 𝑦𝑦 − 2) �⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯� (−2(𝑥𝑥 − 3), 𝑦𝑦 − 2)

(c)

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Example 3.

Starting from the graph of 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) = √𝑥𝑥 , −8 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 8 ,

3

(a) Draw to get the graph of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = 3 √−2𝑥𝑥 + 12 − 2.

3

(b) Check your answer by finding the respective points on the graph of

𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) = 3 √−2𝑥𝑥 + 12 − 2 for the points (0,0), (8,2), (−8, −2) on the graph of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = √𝑥𝑥 .
3 3

Solution

(a)

𝟑𝟑
𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙+𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏) 𝟑𝟑 𝒇𝒇(𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐=𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏) 𝟑𝟑 𝒇𝒇(−𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐+𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏) 𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑(−𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐+𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏) 𝟑𝟑
√𝒙𝒙 �⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯� √𝒙𝒙 + 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 �⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯� √𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 �⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯� √−𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 �⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯� 𝟑𝟑 √−𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑(−𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐+𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏)−𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟑
�⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯� 𝟑𝟑√−𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 −𝟐𝟐

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 Notes:

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Exercise 3.1

1. From the function 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) , find the step-by-step transformation of

1
(a) 𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 − 3) + 2 (b) 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(−2𝑥𝑥 + 3) − 2 (c) 𝑦𝑦 = −3𝑓𝑓 � 𝑥𝑥 − 2� + 1
3

Solution

𝟏𝟏
2. From the function 𝒚𝒚 = , find the step-by-step transformation of
𝒙𝒙
1 2 2
(a) 𝑦𝑦 = +3 (b) 𝑦𝑦 = −1 (c) 𝑦𝑦 = − +5
𝑥𝑥+1 𝑥𝑥+1 3𝑥𝑥−2

Solution

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Solution

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