1.

Development of the Binary Arithmetic Components

In building a functional binary arithmetic calculator, it is necessary to create four basic

components: the adder, subtractor, multiplier, and divider. These are based on basic logic gates

and the rules of binary numbers, which form the basis for all digital technology.

Binary Adder

A binary adder performs addition on binary numbers. We use half-adders and full-adders:

 A half-adder adds two binary digits and generates a sum and a carry output.

 A full-adder adds three bits, including the carry-in, and generates a sum output and a

carry-out.

Using a series of full-adders, it is possible to design an n-bit binary adder called a ripple-carry

adder that can handle bigger binary numbers. A 4-bit adder, for example, has four full-adders

cascaded sequentially (Harris & Harris, 2012).

Binary Subtractor

Binary subtraction is carried out effectively using two's complement. The operation A - B is

performed by adding A and the two's complement of B:

 Reverse each part of B

 Add 1 to obtain the two's complement.

 Accumulate in A using the same adder module.

Such a method makes it easy to reuse binary adders for performing subtraction (Patterson &

Hennessy, 2017).

Binary Multiplication

Binary multiplication resembles decimal long multiplication:

 Multiply each bit of one operand by every bit of the other (AND operations).
  Revise and include the initial results.

A shift-and-add algorithm is used. A basic implementation includes:

 An AND gate array to compute partial products.

 A register for storing results.

 Adders and control logic to manage shifting and accumulation (Mano & Ciletti, 2017).

Binary divider

Binary division is performed using the restoring division algorithm:

1. Shift the dividend bits into a register.

2. Subtract the divisor.

3. If the result is positive, set the quotient bit to 1; else, restore and set the quotient bit to 0.

It requires the use of subtractor logic, registers, and control mechanisms to enable progressive

comparisons (IEEE, 2023).

2. Framework and Cohesion

In building the modules into a unified binary calculator, a modular design strategy is used

wherein each arithmetic operation is expressed as a separate entity that is attached to a control

center mechanism.

Architecture:

 Control Unit: Decodes the operation and sends operands to the respective module.

 ALU Core: Contains the addend, subtractor using two's complement, multiplier, and

division units.

 Multiplexers: Used to choose the correct output based on the respective operation.

 Registers: Hold inputs temporarily, intermediate results, and the final outcome.
Uniform input lines are shared by all modules, with control signals determining the final

outcome. When the operation code is "01," for example, the control unit activates the subtraction

module and disables the other modules.

A basic block diagram would represent:

 Input A and B entering the ALU.

 Operation control signal entering the control unit.

 Each arithmetic module produces results, which are fed into a multiplexer.

 Final result displayed from the multiplexer output.

3. Binary Calculation Examples

Binary Addition

Operands: 1011 (11) + 0110 (6)

1011
+ 0110
-----------
10001 (17)
Carry-out = 1; Sum = 0001. Result = 10001 (5-bit result).

Binary Subtraction

Operands: 1001 (9) - 0100 (4)

Two's complement of 0100 = 1100

1001
+ 1100
--------
0101 (5)
Result = 0101 (5)
Binary Multiplication

Operands: 0011 (3) * 0101 (5)

0011
x 0101
--------
0011 (0011 x 1)
+ 000000 (shifted)
+ 001100 (0011 x 1 shifted two positions)
-------------------
= 0001111 (15)
Binary Division

Operands: 1100 (12) / 0011 (3)

1100 / 0011 = 0100 (4)

Remainder = 0

4. Advantages and Disadvantages of Binary Arithmetic

Advantages

 Simplicity: Binary uses only two states (0 and 1), simplifying hardware design.

 Error Resistance: Binaries have a lesser tendency toward electrical interference and

error manifestation.

 Compatibility: Binary logic aligns with digital circuit operation using transistors and

gates.

 Scalability: Binary computation scales efficiently in microprocessors and digital

systems.
Obstacles

 Length of Numbers: Binary numbers require more digits than decimal, increasing

memory usage.

 Human Interpretation: Binary is less intuitive for humans, requiring translation for

understanding.

 Overflow Handling: Care must be taken to manage overflow, especially in limited bit-

width systems.

Despite these challenges, binary arithmetic remains the underlying principle of computing due to

its unparalleled efficiency in logical devices.

5. Significance of Calculators' Configuration

Construction of a binary arithmetic calculator greatly enhances understanding of basic

operations processed by computers. The project provides a way of actualizing numeral systems,

digital logic, and modular construction knowledge. It is a link between theory and praxis wherein

actual CPU operations could be simulated where arithmetic operations feature quite

predominantly. Additionally, building such a calculator develops problem-solving skills,

encourages thinking, and builds knowledge on binary representation—knowledge that is

instrumental within the fields of digital electronics, computer design, and embedded systems

(Patterson & Hennessy, 2017).

This exercise further clarifies the concepts behind binary numbers by relating their

application to everyday life. It highlights the pivotal role that fundamental binary thinking plays

in creating sophisticated systems, thus promoting mathematical and technical proficiency.

Harris, D. M., & Harris, S. L. (2012). Digital Design and Computer Architecture.

Morgan Kaufmann.

https://www.academia.edu/40117228/Digital_Design_and_Computer_Architecture

Mano, M. M., & Ciletti, M. D. (2017). Digital Design with an Introduction to the Verilog

HDL. Pearson. https://unidel.edu.ng/focelibrary/books/Digital%20Design%20With

%20an%20Introduction%20to%20the%20Verilog%20HDL,%20VHDL,%20and

%20SystemVerilog%20by%20M.%20Morris%20R.%20Mano%20%20Michael%20D.

%20Ciletti%20(z-lib.org).pdf

Patterson, D. A., & Hennessy, J. L. (2017). Computer Organization and Design: The

Hardware/Software Interface. Morgan Kaufmann.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/375598122_Computer_Organization_and_Desi

gn_The_Hardware_Software_Interface_by_David_A_Patterson_and_John_L_Hennessy