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Cheating Detection and Prevention Techniques in Online System for

University Examinations: A Comprehensive Review
Narender Kumar1, Prof. Harish Rohil2
Research Scholar,Department of CSE, CDLU, Sirsa-Haryana, 125055, India.
2
Professor, Department of CSE, CDLU, Sirsa-Haryana, 125055, India.
Emails: [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract
With the advancement of technology and ICT, the mode of teaching and learning has been transformed from
traditional classroom teaching to online education system. Accordingly, the evaluation method or examination
system has also shifted towards online examination system and has been accepted almost universally. Due to
increased access of online resources and their familiarity to most of the people around the world, the
increasing cases of cheating inonline examination environment has given rise to a lot of challenges in ensuring
academic integrity. The paper provides a comprehensive review of various types of cheating, common methods
of cheating,cheating detection techniques and covers a wide range of technologies used to combat cheating
including machine learning approaches, computer vision, network and system monitoring, technological tools
and remote proctoring systems. The paper also discussed various cheating prevention techniques developed
by different researchers including exam design, biometric authentication and authorization, policy making
and their effectiveness in preventing various forms of cheating. The paper also includes a case study and real-
world implementation of proctored based online examination system in a state university of Haryana, India.
The on-ground implementation and challenges faced by the institution are covered in the case study.
Furthermore, the paper provides the comparison of various research studies conducted in the field of online
examination system, cheating detection and prevention techniques for online examinations. The paper also
discussed the role of machine learning and artificial intelligence in enhancing the process of cheating
detection and propose future directions for research in this area.
Keywords: Cheating; Cheating detection; cheating prevention; online examinations

1. Introduction
Education is the basis for learning and it can be students. In the higher education system, there is
accessed by examination system in different ways. hardly any month for when exams are not conducted
University examination are the basic practices for the (Aggarwal, 2005). The university examinations are
students of the academic programs to examine or generally conducted in Pan Paper mode in a secured
evaluate the knowledge acquired by the students examination centers located either inside the
during that academic session. The University University Campus or in the affiliated colleges of that
examination generally conducted after the end of University. This type of examination system runs
academic sessions that is at the end of every semester smoothly under the supervision of human invigilators
or every year. Examination is always a significant as well as supervisors and examinations are
tool to evaluate the quality and quantity of knowledge conducted in a fair manner. The type of exam i.e.
or say learning in a specific field and time (Abbasi et descriptive or OMR based exam, both are conducted
al., 2011). The further subfields introduce the under the surveillance of the physical invigilator. In
university examination system in detail. [1-5] this system, the students are to complete the exam by
1.1. Background and Importance of writing their own hands in the particular exam hall
Examination System in Universities and submit the answer script or written paper to the
The University examination system is a very old institution (Rajput et al., 2019).Examinations are
practice for evaluation of knowledge gained by the very important and have a significant role in

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university as well as in education system. and real-time analytics to ensure the integrity and
Examinations are significant for both the student and reliability of online assessments (Jisc, 2020). These
teacher because a student can examine what is learnt systems have enabled greater accessibility for
and how much has retained in his mind. A teacher students, allowing them to take exams from remote
verifies about goal orientation towards his/ her work locations while providing educators with tools to
through examination. To sum up, we can say that efficiently manage and evaluate large volumes of
examinations are very important, without exam data(Universities UK, 2020). [11-15]
examination the work of students and teachers will 2.2.Benefits of Online Examinations
neither have precision and any direction. There are several benefits of conducting
Examination is always an effective tool to evaluate examinations in online mode by the universities, the
the quality and quantity of knowledge in an effective common benefits are given below: The benefits of
time and in a particular field of study. [6-10] online examinations are:
1.2.Structure of the Research Paper a) Flexibility: The online examination system
The paper has total 8 sections: introduction, overview has flexibility for the students as they do not
of online examination system, cheating in online need reach the examination hall and can
examinations, cheating detection techniques, attempt their exam form their home location
cheating prevention techniques, case study and real- easily(Jisc, 2020), (Hodges et al., 2020).
world implementation, comparative analysis, b) Efficiency and Scalability: Online exams
conclusion and future research directions. fasten the administration process, reducing
2. Overview of Online Examination System the need for physical infrastructure and help
Any of the existing practice gets older with the universities to efficiently manage large
passage of time and new methods and techniques gets numbers of students. Automated grading for
introduced in any of the field present on the universe. objective questions accelerates the evaluation
The examination system is not distinct from this process (Educause Review, 2020).
change, with the emergence of internet, the online 2.3.Challenges of Online Examinations
education and ICT come into existence and this The challenges of online examinations are:
causes the online examination system to be a) Technical Issues: Continuous internet
introduced. The following subfields gets more insight facility and digital devices are fundamentals
about this. for online exams. Technical faults, such as
2.1.Evolution and Adoption of Online system crashes or connectivity problems, can
Examination System disrupt the examination process and
The evolution and adoption of online examination disadvantage students (Jisc, 2020).
systems in universities have been driven by b) Academic Integrity: Despite enhanced
advancements in technology and the need for security features, there is a constant challenge
flexible, scalable, and efficient assessment methods. tocombat cheating and confirming the
Initially, online exams were limited to objective-type authenticity of student work in an online
questions due to the constraints of early digital environment.
platforms. However, with the development of more c) Digital Divide: All students does not have
sophisticated software, universities began integrating equal access to technology that can worsen
various question formats, including essays and existing inequalities. Students from remote
practical tasks (Hodges et al., 2020). The COVID-19 and facility lacking backgrounds may
pandemic accelerated the adoption of online struggle with inadequate hardware or internet
examinations, as institutions worldwide sought to access (Hodges et al., 2020).
maintain academic continuity amidst lockdowns and d) Training and Adaptation: Students and
social distancing measures. Universities have invigilators require proper training to adopt
invested in secure online platforms that offer features the online examination systems. Resistance to
such as automated proctoring, plagiarism detection, change and the learning curve associated with

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new technologies can hinder effective prevalent in the educational landscape, especially in
adoption (Universities UK, 2020). the wake of technological advancements and the
e) Privacy Concerns: The use of proctoring COVID-19 pandemic (Jisc, 2020).However, with the
software and data collection in online exams growing reliance on online exams, there is a
can lead to privacy and data security concerns significant concern about cheating behaviors, such as
(Educause Review, 2020). plagiarism, impersonation, collusion, and other
2.4.Importance of Maintaining Integrity in unethical activities, that compromise the integrity and
Online Examination fairness of the examination process. Cheating in
Role of maintaining integrity in online examinations online exams can take various forms, such as using
is vital for some reasons, having covered both the unauthorized materials or devices, copying answers
educational body and the wider society. Some of the from others, or collaborating with other students
reasons are: (Noorbehbahani et al., 2022). There are different
a) Trustworthiness of degrees: The integrity of types through which cheating activities takes place.
online examinations makes sure that the The types of cheating are explained below. [16-20]
degrees awarded by educational body are 3.1.Types of Cheating
credible and recognized. If exams are There are various types of cheating practices used by
compromised, the value of the degrees or the examinees during the exams. The studies about
certificates granted can be questioned by these practices have been done across the world and
employers, other educational institutions, and various strategies have been developed to combat
accrediting bodies ((Bawa, 2020). these types. (Refer Figure 1) The main cheating
b) Fairness and Equity: Academic integrity practices are categorized into three types that are,
ensures that all students are examined fairly individual cheating, and group cheating and using
and equitably. Cheating breaks the principle unauthorized resources. The individual cheating
of equal opportunity and allow dishonest activity is done by the single person and the group
students take advantage over the intelligent cheating involves cooperation with the other students
students (McCabe et al., 2012). (Noorbehbahani et al., 2022).
c) Reputation of Institutions: The reputation
of educational institutions can only be
measured by their standard of academic
integrity. Institution’s image falls down if a
number of cheating cases are recognized and
also lead to loss the trust of stakeholders,
including students, parents, and employers
(International Center for Academic Integrity,
2020). Figure 1 Different Types of Cheating in Online
d) Student learning and Development: Proper Examinations
and fairness in exams promotes genuine
learning and intellectual development. If 3.1.1. Individual Cheating
students rely on dishonest means to pass Performing the cheating alone without the help of
exams, they miss the opportunity to truly other person is known as individual cheating and it
understand the material and develop critical uses forbidden materials to attempt cheating in online
thinking skills, which are essential for their examination (Korman, 2010). The use of forbidden
future careers and personal growth (Newton, materials includes textbook copying, surfing the web,
2016). use of electronic gadgets in the offline mode to look
3. Cheating in Online Examinations for images, notes etc. (Holden et al., 2020). [21-25]
With the rapid growth of online education and remote 3.1.2. Group Cheating
learning, online exams have become increasingly The cheating activity performed with the help of

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other person or persons during the examination is digital files related to examination are arranged in the
called as group cheating. Group cheating is generally exam hall. Hacking the communication server that
categorized as impersonation and collaboration types forwards the question paper or the online exam.
(Kasliwal, 2015). Impersonation is the activity of Special seating arrangements for the examinee to
giving the exam by someone other in place of the perform the cheating activities. Easily, an
examinee, either the whole exam or some parts of it unauthorized device like smart phone, bluetooth
(Korman, 2010; Holden et al., 2020).Collaborating is devices and scientific devices are used to get the
the process of taking help in the exam hall to write outside help by the examinee to perform
the answers by the examinee. This can be in the form cheating(Korman, 2010; Noorbehbahani et al., 2022).
of communication through sign language such as 3.3.Impact of Cheating on Educational
dropping any object or foot taping, any abnormal Institutes and Students
activity to seek help from the side during proctored Cheating in educational institutions has significant
exam (Noorbehbahani et al., 2022). negative impacts on both the institutions and students
3.1.3. Mixed Cheating Approach involved. For institutions, it damages reputations,
Both the individual as well as group cheating risks accreditation, strains resource, erodes trust, and
methods are used in some scenarios called hybrid degrades academic standards. For students, it results
approach. Using virtual machines on a computer in learning deficits, ethical consequences, academic
allows the user to execute a virtual operating system penalties, psychological issues, and professional
within the primary one. This approach provides a setbacks. Addressing cheating requires substantial
means to conceal activities performed on the efforts from educational institutions, but it is essential
secondary operating system from both the software to maintain academic integrity, ensure fair and
and human proctor supervising the primary operating effective education, and prepare students for ethical
system (Kasliwal, 2015). Another noteworthy professional conduct. [26-30]
method involves compromising the integrity of the 4. Cheating Detection Techniques
exam system to manipulate exam results post- Cheating detection is the process of finding out the
assessment, which includes altering scores or examinee using unfair means to attempt the exam
answers after the examination has taken place during the examination process. Cheating detection
(Korman, 2010). generally applied while the examination is ongoing
3.2.Common Methods and Tools used for and the examinee tries to cheat or use any unfair
Cheating in Online Examination means at that point of time,so we can say that
There are a number of cheating methods used in cheating detection is real time process and detect
online examinations for performing cheating potential cheaters during the examination
activities. External materials like books and notes, (Noorbehbahani et al., 2022).

Figure 2 Different Types of Cheating Method used in Online Examinations

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remote location. The proctoring methods can take

various forms as:
4.1.1. Human Proctoring
In human proctoring, a human invigilator keeps an
eye on the examinee from a distance in order to spot
questionable conduct (Noorbehbahani et al., 2022).
Human proctoring also categorized into ‘Real time
proctoring’ and ‘Recorded Proctoring’. In real time
human proctoring, and invigilator monitors the
examinee from remote location through audio visual
communication during examination, and if any fraud
or cheating activity is encountered from the examinee
side, that is handled on the spot by the remotely
located invigilator (Yelkar et al., 2022).

Figure 4 Types of Human Proctoring in Online

Examinations

In recorded proctoring, examination is conducted on

a remote location with video and audio recording of
the complete exam time. These video & audio
recording are saved and monitored by the invigilator
on a later stage. If any unfair means are found in the
Figure 3 Different Types of Cheating Detection recorded video, then required action are taken by the
and Prevention Techniques human proctor (Yelkar et al., 2022). [31-35]
4.1.2. AI Proctoring
There are large numbers of cheating detection Automated systems use AI to monitor and analyze
techniques available in the literature, sum of these student behavior.AI proctoring is the process of
techniques which are more frequent in use as well as monitoring the examinees through webcam and audio
have good response in cheating detection process are recognizer in real time and detecting the cheating
considered in this paper. The classification and activities automatically with the help of intelligence
elaboration of these techniques is below. Figure 2 algorithms by extracting the features in the received
shows Different Types of Cheating Method used in video and audio. Numerous detection mechanisms,
Online Examinations such as face detection, noise detection, gaze tracking,
4.1.Proctoring Methods mouth movement detection, mobile or other device
Proctoring methods are the process of supervising the detection, head pose detection to determine the
examinee during an online exam. Where the remotely examinee's location, and change of tabs detection, are
located centers are monitored with the help of part of the AI-based Proctoring System(Saurav et al.,
technology by the supervisors being at another 2021).Software like ProctorU and Examity are the

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examples of AI based proctoring. Various research 4.2.1. Objection Detection

studies have been done in the field of AI proctoring. Object detection method is necessary for maintaining
Some of the studies are under as: Rajput et al. (2019) the integrity of the examination. These methods
proposed an automated cheating detection system for check for presence of any unauthorized object in the
exams using posture and emotion analysis via CCTV examination hall in the form of technological tools
footage and identifies abnormal actions and utilizes like smart phone, Bluetooth devices, and any kind of
facial recognition for culprit identification, wearables as well as presence of person other than the
enhancing invigilation efficiency. The research examinee himself. Various research studies have
employs OpenPose for posture detection, ALEXNET been done by the researchers around the world in this
for cheating type detection, and convolutional neural field, some of the important studies are as under:
networks for emotion analysis. Posture detection Korman (2010) proposed a technique that employs
involves key point estimation and angle calculation. two cameras, including a webcam and a follower-cam
Monteiro et al. (2022) proposed a system utilizes controlled by an Arduino board. A custom-trained
advanced AI algorithms such as Convolutional object detection model using Tensor Flow 2 Object
Neural Networks (CNN) and Recurrent Neural Detection API is implemented to identify common
Networks (RNN) for real-time monitoring of students cheating targets like open books, written notes,
during exams. Vision-based tracking techniques, smartphones, and calculators. Transfer learning is
including eye movement and lip movement tracking, applied to enhance the performance of the custom
are employed to detect suspicious behavior, while model, which is trained on a dataset of annotated
facial landmark detection facilitates accurate images containing cheating target objects.
monitoring of specific facial features. The system Maniar(2021)has done object detection using
also incorporates thresholding mechanisms to flag YOLOv3 on the COCO dataset, Object detection
potential cheating instances and alert supervisors. identifies people and objects in the webcam feed. In
The integration of WebRTC technology enables (Gupta & Bhat, 2022),deep learning techniques,
seamless video conferencing among students and particularly transfer learning using
supervisors, while Flask and Twilio API facilitate InceptionV3model, are applied to analyze the images
features such as screen sharing and communication and detect cheating behavior and Object detection
during exams. OpenCV and Dlib are utilized for algorithm YOLO (You Only Look Once), has been
various computer vision tasks, including eye utilized within the deep learning pipeline to identify
tracking, mouth tracking, and head pose estimation. specific objects or actions indicative of cheating.
Figure 4 Types of Human Proctoring in Online 4.2.2. Video and Audio Monitoring
Examinations and Figure 3 showsDifferent Types of The video and audio monitoring techniques for
Cheating Detection and Prevention Techniques. detection of cheating in online examination comes
4.2.Technological Tools and Software under the umbrella of both the technological tools as
There are different type of tools and software are in well as software, as the video and audio analysis are
use for detection of cheating in a live examination done on the base of the tools used for video and audio
hall as well as in recorded session of an examination. capturing(Gupta & Bhat, 2022). The data collected
These technological tools are the heart of the remote from audio and video monitoring technical tools like
proctoring system as all the other parameters depends webcam and microphone is analyzed on various AI
on these tools. For example, a webcam for the live techniques like computer vision, pattern recognition,
video monitoring or recording the exam session is the feature extraction, voice detection. The video and
key to further processing of data. Other research audio monitoring tools are also essential for both real
approaches like machine learning, computer vision time as well as remote monitoring purposes. The
techniques, feature extraction and pattern recognition research studies based on computer vision, machine
etc. will depend on the good picture or video quality learning or deep learning have the prerequisite of
of the tool. Depending on the research study, the video and audio monitoring, without capturing the
technological tools are categorized as: audio visuals of the candidates during the

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examination, no feature extraction and learning evaluated the performance of various machine
algorithm application is possible (Yelkar et al., 2022; learning models for detecting cheating behavior. The
Monteiro et al., 2022; Maniar et al., 2021). models were Logistic Regression, Bernoulli Naive
4.2.3. Screen Recording and Active Bayes, Decision Tree Classifier, XGB Classifier,
Window Detection Gaussian Naive Bayes, KNN (K Nearest Neighbors),
Captures the screen activity and keystrokes to Random Forest, DenseNet, and VGG19. These
identify cheating attempts. Screen recording during models were trained and tested on features extracted
the examination is done to monitor the various from video frames, including mean value, standard
movements like screen switching, mouse deviation value, differentiated mean value, and
movements, and active window on the computer differentiated standard deviation value. The
screen. Some of the important research studies about evaluation metrics used were accuracy and prediction
these fields are discussed below as: A research frame time. The results showed that KNN-1 achieved the
work incorporates a multi-modal approach to analyze highest accuracy of 93.13% with mean value
real-time exam sessions, capturing both visual and features, while XGB Classifier performed the best in
auditory cues to identify suspicious behaviors terms of prediction time.
indicative of cheating. Computer vision algorithms 4.3.2. Behavioral Analysis
are employed to track eye movements, facial Analyzes students' typing patterns, mouse
expressions, and screen content, while audio movements, and other behaviors. Sokout et al. (2020)
processing techniques monitor for irregularities in proposed a mouse tracking software has been used to
speech patterns and background noise. Machine capture real-time behavioral data including cursor
learning models are trained on annotated datasets to movements and keyboard inputs from students
recognize patterns associated with cheating undertaking online assessments. This gathered data is
behaviors, enabling the system to classify exam preprocessed for extraction of features like velocity
sessions based on the likelihood of academic and acceleration profiles of cursor movements, and
dishonesty. Statistical analyses are conducted to then fed into a Support Vector Machine (SVM)
evaluate the framework's performance, including classifier for training. Various techniques including
precision, recall, and F1-score metrics, which grid-search for hyper parameter tuning and k-fold
demonstrate its effectiveness in accurately detecting cross-validation for performance evaluation were
instances of cheating with high confidence levels applied to optimize the SVM model.
(Atoum et al., 2017). 4.3.3. Pattern Recognition
4.3.Machine Learning Approaches Detects patterns in answer selections or submission
Machine Learning is the field of study that gives times that indicate cheating. The automated cheating
computers the capability to learn without being detection system for exams using posture and
explicitly programmed. Machine Learning is the emotion analysis by capturing CCTV footage and
subfield of artificial intelligence where the developed identifies abnormal actions and utilizes facial
system firstly learns orimproves the performance recognition for culprit identification, enhancing
based on the data ingest. The machine learning invigilation efficiency. The research employs
approaches used in cheating detection are discussed OpenPose for posture detection, ALEXNET for
below as: cheating type detection, and convolutional neural
4.3.1. Anomaly Detection networks for emotion analysis. Posture detection
Anomaly detection identifies unusual patterns in involves key point estimation and angle calculation.
student behavior during exams. Akif et al. (2022) ALEXNET is trained using transfer learning,
collected a dataset of short videos from volunteer achieving 96% accuracy. Emotion analysis utilizes
participants simulating both cheating and non- CNNs with a 63% accuracy rate (Nishchal et al.,
cheating behavior during online exams and extracted 2020).
features as head pose angles and iris positions from 4.4.Computer Vision Techniques
the video frames using pre-processing techniques and Computer vision is a domain of AI that allows

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computers to understand and make conclusions based monitors the eye movements of the examinee for
on visual data from the real world. In the context of unnecessary away screen moves that may indicate
cheating detection for online examinations, computer about looking at unauthorized resources. Tobii Eye
vision is used to monitor and analyze video feeds of Tracker, Gaze Tracker. Two cameras are used, a
examinees to identify suspicious behavior and webcam and a follower-cam controlled by an
potential cheating activities. Arduino board, to track the test-taker's gaze in real-
4.4.1. Facial Detection and Emotion time without intrusion. A mathematical 3D gaze
Analysis motion formula is derived to accurately capture the
Facial detection verifies the identity of the examinee test-taker's gaze movements (Li & Li, 2022). Maniar
by ensuring that the person taking the exam is the et al. (2021) proposed Facial landmark detection, eye
same as the one registered for the exam. Facial gaze tracking and mouth detection, is performed
recognition algorithms compare the live video feed using a convolutional neural network developed with
with stored images of the student. Various tools and Tensor Flow. Eye gaze tracking involves detecting
platforms that are OpenCV, Amazon Recognition, key facial points using Dlib's pre-trained network and
Microsoft Azure Face API, Affectiva, Emotion AI. analyzing their positions to determine the direction of
Saurav et al. (2021) employed facial recognition gaze. A proposed cheating detection approach
using ResNet-10 architecture and eye tracking with a involves developing a browser plugin for online
68-key point detector. It utilizes TensorFlow for proctoring equipped with eye gaze tracking
facial landmark detection. Hossain et al. (2021) functionality. This plugin controls browser and
proposed an automated online exam proctoring application usage during exams, locks the browser to
system using computer vision and machine learning the exam tab, and continuously monitors the user's
techniques to detect cheating activities during online gaze through the webcam. The collected eye gaze
examinations. The system estimates the orientation of data is preprocessed to classify gaze points and
the examinee's head using a pre-trained model called calculate elapsed time for state changes, creating a
Real HePoNet, which detects head pose angles such dataset for anomaly detection using a One-Class
as yaw and pitch. Hyper parameters of the classifiers Support Vector Machine (OCSVM). Participants are
are tuned to optimize performance, resulting in a high guided to calibrate the eye tracker before exams, and
accuracy rate of 96.5% for detecting cheating. visualization techniques used for data analysis are
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), for face scatter plots and fixation-based heat maps (Dilini et
recognition introduces an incremental training al., 2021). Another system integrates various AI-
process for face recognition, wherein training data is based techniques to create a comprehensive online
gradually acquired from online lecture sessions, exam invigilation solution. The students enroll
reducing training time and dataset size. Four face through facial recognition for attendance marking
detection methods are used Viola-Jones/Haar- that is stored in a CSV file for authorities' access.
cascade, Local Binary Pattern (LBP), Multi-Task Gaze and mouth monitoring features ensure students'
Cascaded CNN (MTCNN), and YOLO-face, with the focus and detect any attempts to refer to external
latter two showing superior performance. The Face- materials or communicate during exams. Background
net model is employed for face recognition, analysis using YOLOv3 detects and alerts authorities
generating compact face embeddings using a triplet about unauthorized objects in the exam environment.
loss function. Evaluation metrics include training The implementation utilizes LBPH algorithm for
time, accuracy rate, average face detection time, and attendance marking, Dlib for facial key point
dataset size, with experiments conducted using detection, and OpenCV for gaze and mouth
Python, Tensor Flow, and OpenCV (Ganidisastra & monitoring (Thampan et al., 2022).
Bandung, 2021). 4.4.3. Pose Detection
4.4.2. Eye/ Gaze Tracking Pose detection techniques are used to detect body
To track the student about where he is looking during movements and positions. These techniques examine
the examination. The eye or gaze tracking technique the posture and movements of body parts to identify

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behaviors that may indicate cheating, such as unusual considered an attempt to cheating.
head or hand movements. Various developed 4.5.2. System Monitoring
techniques for pose detection are OpenPose, Media System monitoring is the technique to uniquely
Pipe. OpenCV's DNN module for head pose recognize devices accessing the examination process.
detection (Saurav et al., 2021). Samir et al. (2021) Browser information and device configuration (such
proposed a system that employs a combination of as screen resolution, installed plugins, time zone,
advanced computer vision techniques and machine etc.) are used for monitoring of the system during
learning algorithms to monitor and analyze students' examination.
behavior during exams. Using Human Pose 4.5.3. IP Address Detection
Estimation, specifically the Tensor flow-PoseNet IP address detection is the method to verify the
model, the system tracks key body points such as the physical address of the response submitting
head and wrists to detect abnormal head angles and computer/ device of the examinee. Uses IP addresses
hand movements that may indicate cheating and GPS data to ensure students are taking the exam
behaviors such as paper trading or looking at from an expected and individual computer. Most
neighboring papers. It continuously analyzes real- learning management systems allow the instructor to
time video footage captured by cameras positioned in view IP addresses. Therefore, if different students
front of students. submit their assessments by the same IP address in a
4.5.Network and System Monitoring short time frame, it could be detected and considered
Network and system monitoring in online as a sign of collusion (Moten et al., 2013).
examination include tracking and analyzing network 5. Cheating Prevention Techniques
traffic, device usage, and other system activities to Cheating prevention refers to avoidance of the
detect unauthorized access or suspicious behavior. cheating activities before the start of examination.
Network and system monitoring techniques are The prevention of cheating requires the majors of
basically categorized as: cheating to be known prior to the start of
4.5.1. Network Traffic Analysis examination. These methods actually help in
The network traffic analysis during online designing and conducting the examination with
examination is performed to detect unauthorized constraints such that the potential cheaters are not
access to online resources or communication between able to break the security and various verification
students and monitors data chunks communicated processes. The policies made by the exam conducting
over the network during the exam. From the bodies or govt. for involvement in the cheating
monitored data chunks, patterns are analyzed to activities also helps in reducing and preventing the
identify connections to cheating websites, exams from these activities.
collaboration tools, or external parties. The 5.1.Exam Design Techniques
techniques used for traffic analysis are Wireshark, Exam design techniques refers to the methods to
NetFlow, PRTG Network Monitor. Siyao & structure the question paper in a way such that no two
Qianrang (2011) introduced an ActiveX control neighboring candidates gets a similar question paper.
designed to prevent cheating through network access Different techniques have been proposed through the
or illegal local operations during the exam. This research studies. Randomization of questions works
control monitors and disables forbidden processes, in the exam where the candidate’s areseating in a
restricts program switching, and restores disabled common place, one after another. Time limit on each
functions after the examination ends. Moten Jr. et al. question works only in case the candidate is
(2013) designed an online examination system that attempting the paper on screen, this technique cannot
monitors the network traffic using a kismet server work on a pen paper based proctored exam. Some of
during the exam. The monitored data can then be the important studies are explained below: Chua et al.
analyzed to determine the frequency of URLs (2019) describedDistribution Algorithm, which
accessed by students. If any URLs is frequently ensures that each exam taker receives a unique set of
accessed or very rarely accessed, it could be questions by generating keys for one-time use, thus

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preventing identical question sets within an exam day prior to the start of examination. if the
examination.Following the Royce Model, the system fingerprints match with the actual fingerprints
undergoes preparation, development, validation, recorded at the time of registration, the candidate is
modification, and evaluation stages.Mistry et al. authorized to attempt the examination otherwise the
(2022)proposed a system that employs Flask candidate is denied to enter the exam hall. Hence,
Blueprint to structure the application into separate impersonation type of cheating is prevented using the
modules for admin,faculty, and student method (Abbasi et al., 2011). In multifactor
functionalities. HTML forms are utilized for user authentication, the authentication process requires
interfaces, while jQuery enhances security by more than one factor of verification, like fingerprints
preventing users from exiting full-screen mode and iris scan both are recorded first and then the
during exams. Data management is streamlined using recorded factorsare verified at the exam day as done
Excel for importing and exporting data, simplifying by the Board of School Education Haryana for
administrative tasks. conducting Haryana Teacher Eligibility Test
(HTET).
5.3.Policy Formation and Education
The education about ethics in academic integrity and
policies formed for cases of cheating and fraud in
examination helps in reducing the cheating activities
(Korman, 2010). Thecentral and state govt. can make
strict rules and laws for acting against cheating
activities. The education on the moral and ethical
values course during the academic programs also
helps in prevention of cheating by making the
students aware about consequences of cheating in
examinations (Korman, 2010). Another way to
reduce and prevent cheating by declaring the cheating
policy for examinees prior to stat of examination.
Giving instructions and warnings to the examinees
about the consequences of being caught cheating
helps reduce the cheating motivation. The results of
Figure 5 Different Types of Cheating Prevention such two experiments showed significant
Techniques in Online Examination improvement in lowering the cheating cases as this
method decreased the number of cheatings by 50%
5.2.Authentication and Authorization (Corrigan-Gibbs et al., 2015).
Methods 6. Case Study
The candidates appearing for the examination must Due to the covid-19 pandemic and various online
go through their identity verification process and courses run by the universities as well as digital
these candidates then authenticated as well as learning shifted the traditional offline/ physical mode
authorized to appear in the examination hall. No examination system to the online system. The online
candidate will be permitted to enter the exam hall examination system has benefited both the
without authentication. The user verification process examination governing body as well as the examinee
can be of biometric or multifactor. The studies related in some aspects but it has various consequences as
to these are: Number of studies have been considered well. In the wake of covid-19, most of the educational
biometric authentication for user verification. In the bodies including universities and colleges has
biometric authentication process, the fingerprints of conducted their annual or semester exams in online
the candidate are taken while registering for the mode because the physical presence was not possible
examination. The same process is followed on the in that scenario. This paper has found some of the

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cases where the online examination has been online mode was a success as compared to previous
conducted. methods, however the system encountered some
6.1.Case Study of CRSU,Jind challenges and issues in conducting the cheating free
A state university named Chaudhary Ranbir Singh examination.
University, situated in Jind district of Haryana state 6.3.Challenges and Limitations Encountered
in India has conducted their semester examination in ‘Proctored Online Examination System’ used by
online mode from 2020 to 2021 academic sessions. CRSU, Jind has many limitations encountered during
The university used the Proctored Online the online examinations conducted by the university.
Examination System for monitoring the students A large number of UMC cases were filed against the
during the exam. The Proctored Online Examination candidates due to unethical use of the examination
system used by the university has web camera and system (Kumar, 2024). The main problems faced by
audio mic-based monitoring system. The exam taker the conducting body in the online examinations were:
has to sit in front of the computer system equipped a) The ‘Proctored Online Examination System’
with a microphone and a web cam, after that the has been developed/ adopted by the university
examinee login to the examination system portal for the students to write their exams from an
using their credentials provided by the university. isolated room in their respective homes but
The university has also instructed to hang a mirror at the candidates were found writing their papers
the wall behind the seating of the examinee in order from private common study centers/ libraries/
to capture the background and to find any movement computer labs and hence degrading the
of either a person or object in the room of the integrity of the examination.
examinee (Kumar, 2024). b) ‘Proctored Online Examination System’
6.2.Implementation of Proctored Based Online lacked the biometric authentication of the
Examination System candidates and hence the authenticity of the
The ‘Proctored Online Examination System’ has candidates were not verified if the candidate
been actually adopted by the university to facilitate writing the paper is the same who enrolled in
the students to write their academic exams from their the academic program.
homes when the physical presence in the college or c) Another major problem faced by the
university has been denied due to lockdown. The ‘Proctored Online Examination System’ is the
question paper of the concerned subject then lack of IP address detection that allowed the
uploaded by the master exam controller system cheaters to open the uploaded question paper
admin on the online exam portal for the examinee. at another computer/ device and write the
The ‘Proctored Online Examination System’ sheet for the candidate who appeared present
continuously monitored the examinee and captured in front of ‘Proctored Online Examination
both the audio as well as video of the examinee System’ during the exam time.
during the whole period of the exam. The Proctored d) ‘Proctored Online Examination System’
Examination System has facilitated with the lacked the facility of keyboard locking and
automatic cheating detection mechanism where if any browser locking/ window/ tab lacking after
unethical activity of unwanted movement by the uploading the question paper that allowed the
examinee or presence of another person in the room potential cheaters to surf the internet or web
is detected, a warning message is generated for the to find the answers or share the paper to others
first time and for the subsequent activity, an unfair to seek help.
means case has been filed against the examinee 7. Comparative Analysis
(Kumar, 2024). The university examinations were The various research studies have been done across
conducted using the ‘Proctored Online Examination the world for detection and prevention of cheating in
System’ for all the affiliated colleges and university online examination have similarities as well as
teaching departments. Although the system used by uniqueness in type or procedure for detection of
the university for conducting the examinations in cheating. The comparative analysis of these studies is

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given below in the table. [36-39] in the online examinations conducted by the various
7.1.Comparison of Different Techniques bodies around the world. The table shows the types
A number of techniques for detection and prevention and features used by various researchers in their study
of cheating in online examinations has been to detect and prevent cheating and maintaining the
developed in last decade to combat the cheating fraud academic integrity of the online examinations.

Table 1 Various Research Studies for Cheating Detection and Prevention Techniques
Title of Study Author Detection/ Biometri Contin Eye/ Pose Object Active Browser
& Prevention c/ User uous Gaze Dete Detect Windo /Tab
Year verifica monit monit ctio ion w lockin
tion oring oring n g
A Novel Framework for (Dayanan Detection Yes Yes No No No No No
Online Exams during the da et al., And
Pandemic of COVID-19: 2021) Prevention
Evaluation Methods,
Students’ Priorities and
Academic Dishonesty in
Online Exams
AI-Based Proctoring (Saurav et Detection Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
al., 2021) and
Prevention
Automated CheatingDetection (Nishchal Detection No Yes No Yes No No No
in Exams using Posture and et al.,
Emotion Analysis 2020)
Automated Online Exam (Hossain Detection No Yes Yes Yes No No No
Proctoring System Using et al.,
Computer Vision and Hybrid 2021)
ML Classifier
Automated Online Proctoring (Li & Li, Detection No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No
System Using Gaze 2022)
View Tracking and Custom
Object Detection
Automated Proctoring System (Maniar et Detection No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No
using Computer al., 2021)
Vision Techniques
Bluetooth Camera based (Gupta & Detection No Yes No Yes Yes No No
Online Examination Bhat,
System with Deep Learning 2022)
Cheating Detection in (Dilini et Detection No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes
Browser-based Online Exams al., 2021)
through Eye Gaze Tracking
Exam Cheating Detection (Samir et Detection No Yes No Yes No No No
System with Multiple-Human al., 2021)
Pose Estimation
Identifying potential cheaters (Sokout et Detection No Yes No No No Yes No
by tracking them al., 2020)
behaviors through mouse
activities
Online Exam Monitoring (Alkilani Detection No Yes No Yes No No No
System based on &Nusir,
Factor analysis (FA) Method 2022)

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Online Examination System (Chua et Detection No Yes Yes No No No Yes

with Cheating Prevention al., 2019) and
Using Question Bank Prevention
Randomization and Tab
Locking
Performance Analysis of (Atoum et Detection No Yes Yes Yes No No No
Machine Learning Models al., 2017)
for Cheating Detection in
Online Examinations
Proct-Xam – AI Based (Monteiro Detection No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No
Proctoring et al.,
2022)
An Incremental Training on (Ganidisas Detection No Yes No Yes No No No
Deep Learning Face tra&
Recognition for M-Learning Bandung,
Online Exam 2021)
Proctoring
Automated Online Exam (Hossain Detection Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Proctoring et al., and
2021) Prevention
Smart Online Exam (Thampan Detection Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No
Invigilation using AI based et al.,
Facial Detection and 2022)
Recognition Algorithms
The Research on Anti- (Siyao&Q Detection an No No No No No Yes Yes
Cheating Strategy of Online ianrang, d Prevention
Examination System 2011)
Tracking Input Devices to (Sarmient Detection No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Detect Cheating Using o et al.,
Machine Learning Techniques 2023)

Conclusion and Future Research Directions

The paper concludes that cheating is an unethical results in detection of cheating activities in the online
activity and widely spread throughout the academic examinations. The paper also concluded that the
institutions across the universe as far as the online cheating prevention techniques like question order
examinations are considered. After reviewing randomization and biometric verification before the
different research articles in the literature, we start of examination. The education and policy
concluded that there are various forms or types of formed for cheating fraud has shown great response
cheating availed by the examinee during the online in prevention of the fraud. Lowering the cheating
examinations. Some of the main cheating categories motivation has more relevance in prevention of
are impersonation, use of unauthorized devices, cheating and this can be enhanced by the exam
sources from the internet, capturing or hacking of the conducting bodies and their policies for cheating
device to attempt paper by someone other than the cases. The examination bodies need to be more
actual examinee. Furthermore, the paper concludes responsible in reporting the suspected cases of
that from a large number of researches conducted to cheating to help prevent the cheating in future
combat cheating activities in the online examinations, examinations. The research studies conducted for
some of the most useful techniques are, the proctor detection and prevention of cheating fraud have
based automatic cheating detection and prevention shown some limitations. The cheating detection
techniques, web cam-based video capturing in real process need to address all of the detection methods
time/ recorded proctoring, computer vision (impersonation, object detection, face/ pose
techniques, eye/ gaze tracking, have shown good detection, live remote proctoring, IP address

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