531

Wind Speed Assessment and Techno-Economic

Analysis of a Community Microgrid in Warm and
Humid Climate Zone of India
IEEE EUROCON 2021 - 19th International Conference on Smart Technologies | 978-1-6654-3299-3/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/EUROCON52738.2021.9535543

N Himabindu Santoshkumar Hampannavar M Swapna

School of Electrical and Electronics School of Electrical and Electronics Department of Electrical Engineering
Engineering Engineering NIT, Silchar
REVA University REVA University Assam, India
Bengaluru, India Bengaluru, India [email protected]
[email protected] [email protected]
K N Patil
Department of Mechanical Engineering
SDMCET, Dharwad
Karnataka, India
[email protected]

Abstract—In this paper, wind speed assessment of a wind site

located in BELAGAVI under warm humid climatic zone is
proposed. Weibull and Rayleigh models were used for the
statistical analysis and typical meteorological year (TMY) data
was considered. Rayleigh model was found to be suitable
compared to Weibull model for BELAGAVI site. The techno- BELAGAVI
economic analysis of a community microgrid in the same
location was carried out considering hybrid renewable energy
system for grid connected and off grid system. Promising results
were obtained in terms of model and cost.

Keywords—Statistical distribution functions, wind potential

assessment, wind power density

I. INTRODUCTION
Green energy is a viable solution to curb carbon emissions
Fig. 1. Belagavi Site.
and protect the environment. Indian government has already
taken essential measures to promote the green energy A recent study by National Institute of Wind Energy
development and facilitate the participation of renewable (NIWE) proposed that India has huge wind energy potential
energy resources. It is interesting to note that the solar capacity of 302 GW (100 m hub-height) and current wind installed
is increased from 2.6 GW to 34 GW in last 5 years and capacity is 38 GW. In this paper, the focus is on the real time
renewable share is 23.39% of the total installed generation wind speed assessment of warm and humid climate zone of
capacity (368.9 GW) up to February 2020. Renewable India. As this region is rich in solar and wind energy, this study
installed capacity has proliferated to 226% in last 5 years and shall help in possible future expansion of renewable energy
shown remarkable growth in terms of green energy. India is capacity in India. Rayleigh and Weibull distribution functions
now at 5th position globally in renewable energy installed were used for wind speed assessment in this paper. Wind
capacity and plans to become world’s largest renewable velocity and direction are noted by plotting wind rose diagram
energy developing country with a capacity of 175 GW by for one complete TMY [2]-[7]. Real time data was used for
2022. Wind power generation in India also seen tremendous carrying out the study at a specific location which helps in
changes with addition of 5.5 GW in 2016-17 (Source: MNRE, future possible expansion. The feasibility study of community
India) [1]. Fig.1. shows geographical location of BELAGAVI microgrid is carried out using HOMER for BELAGAVI city.
wind site located at latitude of 15.8497° N, longitude of
74.4977° E in Indian state of Karnataka. As the wind is II. WIND SPEED ASSESSMENT USING STATISTICAL MODEL
intermittent and stochastic in nature of wind speed and energy
Amongst many probability density functions (PDF),
potential is assessed using statistical distribution functions.
Rayleigh and Weibull models are widely accepted. Shape
The techno-economic analysis was carried out for a typical factor and scale factor terms can be flexible in Weibull
location in BELAGAVI with the existing resources. For the function but it can’t be used for calm wind speed [8].
selected location, wind and solar PV resources are found to be
Weibull PDF for two parameters:
the best renewable sources. Hybrid Optimization Model for
Electrical Renewable (HOMER) software was used for k
simulation. Homer provides the optimized and feasible k −1 −  v 
kv  
solution for combinations that meet the load demand and f (v ) =   e c (1)
requirements. cc

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 532

Weibull CDF is given by: PWeibull  1 

3
 3
3
= 0.5ρvm = 0.5ρ  cΓ (1 + )  = 0.5ρc 3Γ  1 +  (11)
k
A  k   k
v v
− 
F (v ) =  f (v) dv =1 − e  c  (2) PR 3 3 3 3
= ρvm = ρc (12)
0 A π π

where is the wind speed, and are shape and scale III. TECHNO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF A COMMUNITY
parameters respectively [9]-[19]. MICROGRID
Rayleigh PDF and CDF are given by The community microgrid considered for the study is
located in Belgaum district of Karnataka state with latitude of
 π  v 2  15.8497° N, longitude of 74.4977° E. Based on the study
−    carried out on the potential resources available solar, wind and
π v   4  vm  
micro hydro resources are predominant for power generation.
f (v ) =  2 e   (3)
2  vm  HOMER Pro tool is used for designing and evaluating the off-
grid/on-grid hybrid power system configurations.
 π  v 2 
−    The average energy consumption of the selected location
 4  vm  
F ( v ) = 1 − e  (4) is found to be 1693.15 kWh/day and the peak load
204.309kW. Fig.2 shows the monthly average load variations.
The maximum load varies between 141.29 kW and 204.39 kW
where is mean wind speed. monthly. Monthly load profile of the site selected is as shown
Weibull distribution parameters are determined by Energy in Fig. 3.
pattern factor method (EPF). Monthly mean power density
(MMD) is given by

vi3
n
P = 0.5 Aρ (5)
i =0 n

n 3 Fig. 2. Energy load profile (per annum).

P v
MMD = = 0.5ρ i (6)
A i =0 n

EPF is given by

n
vi3
 MMD 
n  
EPF = 1
=  0.5ρ  (7)
3 3
 n vi  vm
  
 1 n

Shape factor of Weibull distribution is

Fig. 3. Load profile (monthly).
3.69
k =1 + (8) A. Solar Resource
EPF 2 Solar radiation and clearness index data for the selected
location was obtained from National Renewable Energy
Scaling factor is given as Database. From the data solar radiation is estimated to be 5.55
kWh/m2/day (annual average) and 0.58 clearness index.
vm
c= (9) The average monthly Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI)
 1 Data is considered for the selected site. It is observed from the
Γ 1 + 
 a data that the average monthly solar radiation is highest in the
months of March and April which are 6.803 kWh/m2/day and
For gamma function 6.810 kWh/m2/day.
B. Wind Resource
∞
Γ( k ) =  x k −1 − x
e dx and Γ(1 + k ) = k Γ(k ) (10) Monthly variation of the wind speed for the location is
obtained from National Renewable Energy Database.. From
0
the Data the highest and lowest wind speeds are in the months
of June and November which are 5.58 m/s and 3.020 m/s
Weibull power density and Rayleigh power density is
given by [20-23] respectively.

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 533

The annual average wind speed is 3.97 m/s [24-29]. Two which is represented in Table VIII. It is observed that the Cost
frameworks are designed and compared using HOMER of Energy is less for Grid connected model as in Off Grid COE
simulation software. The grid connected HRES model is more because of requirement of fuel for DG set. Also NPC
consisting of Wind Turbine, Solar PV array, micro Hydro for Off Grid model is more due to the requirement of storage
turbine, load, converter, and grid is represented in Fig.4 and unit. Based on these results Grid connected model is
the other framework represents the same HRES model without economical.
connection to the grid.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Wind Speed Assessment
BELAGAVI wind site is located at latitude of 15.8497° N,
longitude of 74.4977° E in Karnataka, India. Real time
samples were collected every 10 minutes from a height of 10
m. Daily and monthly mean wind speed were calculated for
one year and Fig.7 depict the wind speed (daily/monthly).
Table I shows computed values of mean wind speed
(monthly), Weibull parameters and EPF. Mean wind speed is
4.952 m/s (highest in June) and 1.9395 m/s (lowest in
February). Table II demonstrates computed most probable
power, Weibull and Rayleigh models. Wind speed is grouped
Fig. 4. HOMER simulation model of hybrid power system (Grid
into bins for the month of June as shown in Table III. The total connected).
monthly power density is 86.913 W/m2. PDF and CDF of
Rayleigh are shown in Fig.5 and Fig.6 respectively and it is
very interesting to infer that the Rayleigh model is found
superior. BELAGAVI site produces maximum-120.472
W/m2, Rayleigh-110.3728 W/m2 and mean power density-
86.9126 W/ m2. Fig.8 depict the wind rose diagram for TMY
data and it is observed that the wind blows at a velocity of
more than 10 m/s in South direction , more than 8 m/s towards
East and blows at 6 m/s in North [20-23].
Techno-Economic Analysis of a Community Microgrid.
For the selected location the average energy consumption is
1693.15kWh/day and the peak load is 204.39kW.This gives
the average energy consumption as 617949.14kWh/Yr. With
eight units of 25kW flat plate PV panel the production is
98987kWh/Yr. The production from four units of 100kW
wind turbine is 303032kWh/Yr. The remaining
244801kWh/Yr can be taken from grid.
The energy production and consumption summary for grid Fig. 5. Rayleigh PDF.
connected model is given in Table IV and Table V
respectively. For grid connected system, minimum cost of
electricity (COE) achieved from the simulation is $0.0821 and
the renewable energy contribution is found to be 59.4%. In
grid connected model, optimum NPC is $ 812101.Fig.9 gives
the component wise Net Present Cost of the grid connected
system.
In Off-Grid model, the insufficient energy will be
produced using DG set instead of the grid. The production and
consumption summary in case of Off-Grid is represented in
Table VI and Table VII respectively. For off grid HRES, the
minimum COE achieved from the simulation is $0.28.In this
case, the energy contribution from renewable resources is
49.2%. The Net Present Cost (NPC) for off–Grid is $2240547.
Fig.10 gives the component wise NPC of the Off-Grid
connected system.
The NPC, COE and Renewable fraction has been
compared for both Off Grid and Grid Connected models Fig. 6. Rayleigh CDF for One Year.

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 534

BELAGAVI January
9
Dialy Mean Wind Speed (m/s)
Feburay
8 March
7 April
6 May
5 June
4 July
3 August
2 September
1 October
0 November
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 December
Day In Month
Fig. 7. Mean wind speed (daily for complete one year).

TABLE I. WIND SPEEDS AND DISTRIBUTION (ONE YEAR)

Parameters January Feburay March April May June July August Sepetmber October November December
Mean wind speed [m/s] 1.939516129 2.365179 2.388038 2.957222 3.439247 4.95625 4.281989 3.847715 2.818888889 2.311694 2.684583333 3.43776882
EPF 1.830690542 1.322428 1.138325 1.166808 1.254452 1.196875 1.160588 1.125995 1.701928261 1.255164 2.350722082 1.5648523
a 2.101023251 3.11 3.847695 3.710363 3.344866 3.575898 3.739492 3.910406 2.273925017 3.342206 1.667765215 2.50688344
b 2.112318824 2.502402 2.472715 3.073878 3.613099 5.171607 4.447245 3.977273 3.057502744 2.428741 2.93337643 3.70464822
Vmps 1.553063237 2.208941 2.286672 2.82441 3.249086 4.718322 4.092152 3.687938 2.369774237 2.183643 1.694408922 3.02390382
Vmaxp 2.904069769 2.93563 2.756887 3.452651 4.156586 5.855693 4.987084 4.420403 4.035391501 2.794635 4.70535612 4.68127397
x 2.427875678 1.96463 1.779688 1.808546 1.896897 1.83895 1.802248 1.767184 2.319304717 1.897611 2.798814349 2.19670502
(1+3/a) or (x) 1.26523592 0.985558 0.926149 0.93368 0.960707 0.942302 0.931982 0.923083 1.180424129 0.96095 1.674821342 1.09983167

TABLE II. WIND SPEEDS

Bins Vi Vmin[m/s] Freq. f(vi) Fwe(vi) fRa(vi) P/A[W/m]
1 0-1 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 1-2 1.9125 1 0.033333 0.051823 0.124735 0.139905352
3 2-3 2.86875 2 0.066667 0.134187 0.157702 0.944361123
4 3-4 3.554166667 2 0.066667 0.20258 0.165728 1.795863649
5 4-5 4.614583333 12 0.4 0.265054 0.155644 23.58352512
6 5-6 5.4875 8 0.266667 0.234006 0.133102 26.43891219
7 6-7 6.45416667 3 0.1 0.134448 0.101672 16.13138954
8 7-8 7.64583333 2 0.066667 0.033063 0.064261 17.87863968
Sum 30 1 1.055161 0.902845 86.91259665

TABLE III. POWER DENSITIES(W/M2)

Parameters January Feburay March April May June July August Sepetmber October November December
Mean Power density [W/m2] 7.63476 10.32768 9.146252 17.69096 30.27485 86.9126 54.21771 38.21406 22.62115634 9.090261 27.0012478 37.7211416

Most probable wind power density [W/m2]

2.247598 6.467013 7.174023 13.51869 20.5795 63.02515 41.1156 30.09555 7.984949457 6.247356 2.91881077 16.5903355
Maximum power density [W/m2] 14.69509 15.17942 12.57211 24.69502 43.08851 120.472 74.42029 51.82471 39.42832026 13.09564 62.5070128 61.5521784
Pwe/A [w/m2] 7.154861 9.266266 8.401454 16.27082 27.18827 78.20201 49.18494 34.84562 20.24370011 8.260289 25.3643146 33.5519989
PR/A [w/m2] 7.520801 12.50423 12.06446 23.17638 37.63789 110.3728 70.18736 50.20442 22.80794891 11.43218 20.1413724 40.5720163

N
25%
>10 m/s 20%
NW NE
15%
8-10 m/s
10%
6-8 m/s 5%
W 0% E
4-6 m/s

2-4 m/s
SW SE
0-2 m/s
S

Fig. 8. Wind rose diagram using TMY data.

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 535

TABLE IV. PRODUCTION SUMMARY

TABLE V. CONSUMPTION SUMMARY
Module Production(kWh/Yr) %
Module Production(kWh/Yr) %
Generic flat plate PV 98987 12.8
AC Primary load 617999 80.8
Wind Turbine 303032 39.2
DC Primary load 0 0
Hydro 60384 7.81
Grid Sales 147037 19.2
Grid Purchases 310601 40.2
Total 765035 100
Total 773004 100

Component Wise NPC(Grid)

100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Hydro Grid Storage Solar PV Converter WT
Capital Replacement O&M Fuel

Fig. 9. Net Present Cost (NPC) in Grid connected system.

TABLE VI. PRODUCTION SUMMARY

TABLE VII. CONSUMPTION SUMMARY
Module Production(kWh/Yr) %
Module Production(kWh/Yr) %
Generic flat plate PV 98987 12.8
AC Primary load 617949 100
Wind Turbine 303032 39
DC Primary load 0 0
Hydro Turbine 60384 7.78
Total 418846 100
DG Set 313863 40.4
Total 776266 100

Component Wise NPC(Off Grid)

100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Hydro DG Set Storage Solar PV Converter WT
Capital Replacement O&M Fuel

Fig. 10. Component wise NPC (Off Grid).

TABLE VIII. OFF GRID V/S GRID CONNECTED SYSTEM

Off grid($) Grid connected($)
NPC 2240547 812101
COE 0.281 0.082
Renewable Fraction (%) 49.2 59.4

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 536

V. CONCLUSION [14] A.W. Dahmouni, M. Ben Salah, F. Askri, F. Aloui S. Ben

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