SCHEME OF WORK FOR TECHNICAL DRAWING

2ND TERM CLASS: YEAR 10 2023/2024 SESSION

WEEK CONTENT
1. POLYGONS
- Polygons (Regular and irregular)
- Types of polygons e.g. Hexagon, Heptagon, Nonagon, etc.
- Construction of polygons
2. POLYGONS
- Construction of polygons
3. SCALES
- Scales and its uses
- Construction of scales; (a) Plain scale (b) Diagonal scale
4. ENLARGEMENT AND REDUCTION OF PLAIN FIGURES
- Application of enlargement and reduction
- Enlargement and reduction of regular and irregular plain figures; triangles, quadrilaterals,
polygons etc.
5. EQUAL AREAS OF SIMILAR FIGURES
- Theorems of equal areas.
- Construction of areas e.g. Triangles and quadrilaterals, Triangles and polygons.
6. EQUAL AREAS OF SIMILAR FIGURES
- Construction of areas e.g. Triangles and quadrilaterals, Triangles and polygons.

7. MID-TERM BREAK

8. TANGENTS AND TANGENCY

- Principle and application of tangency
- Construction of tangents to; (a) a point on the circumference of a circle (b) Two equal and
unequal circles.
9. TANGENTS AND TANGENCY
- Construction of tangents involving arcs (internal and external).
10. REVISION
11. EXAMINATION
12. EXAMINATION/RECORDING
13. VACATION.

1
 WEEK 1 AND 2
POLYGONS
A polygon is a plain figure having more than four (4) sides. Polygons are generally classified into
two;
(a) Regular Polygon: Has all its sides and angles equal
(b) Irregular Polygon: Has all its sides and angle unequal.

Parts of a Polygon

Diameter

Altitude
Diagonal

The following are different types of polygons with their number of sides;
 Pentagon (Pen) :- Has 5 sides
 Hexagon (Hex) :- Has 6 sides
 Heptagon (Hep) :- Has 7 sides
 Octagon (Oct) :- Has 8 sides
 Nonagon (Non) :- Has 9 sides
 Decagon (Dec) :- Has 10 sides
 Undecagon:- Has 11 sides
 Duo-decagon :- Has 12 sides

CONSTRUCTION OF POLYGONS
1. How to construct an octagon in a given circle
Procedure:
(i) With angle θ or radius R, construct a circle
(ii) Draw diagonal AB and bisect it to give point C and D
(iii) Bisect each of the quadrant
(iv) Join all the points with straight 90° angles to give points E, F, G and H on the circumference. Join lines
to give the required octagon.

2
 C

G E

A B

F H

2. To draw a Hexagon using a 60° set-square when given the length of side
Procedure:
(i) Draw one side AB
(ii) Draw a line from A and B in turn at 60° and mark off the length of side to give point C and D.
(iii) Draw a line from C and D in turn at 60° and mark off the length of side to give points E and F.
(iv) UJoin E to F.

E F

600 600
C D

600 600
A B

3. To draw a Hexagon with a circle when given the length of sides

Procedure:
(i) Draw a circle of radius R equal to the length of the given side
(ii) Draw horizontal diameter AB. With centres A and B in turn and radius of the circle, draw arcs above
and below AB to cut the circumference at C, D, E and F.

3
 C E

A B

D F

4. To draw an Octagon using 45° set-squares when given the length of side.
Procedure:
(i) Draw one side AB
(ii) Draw a line from A and B in turn at 45° and mark off the length of side to give points C and D
(iii) Draw a line from C and D in turn perpendicular to AB and mark off the length of side to give points E
and F.
(iv) Draw a line from E and F in turn at 45° and mark off the length of side to give points G and H
(v) Join G to H.

450 450

450 450

5. To draw any Regular Polygon with the aid of a protractor when given the length of
side
Procedure:
(i) Divide 360° by the number of sides (N) of the polygon to obtain the external angle. That
is;
4
θ =360°
N

In this exercise, a Pentagon is to be constructed.

A pentagon has five sides. This implies that N = 5
Therefore;

The external angle θ = 360°= 360° = 72°

N 5

(ii) Draw one side AB and draw a construction line at 72° to AB from A and B. Mark the length of side C
and D, on these lines and draw lines at 72° to the sides BC and AD from C and D to intersect at E.
ABCED is the required pentagon.

720 720
D C

720 720
A B

Exercise:
With the aid of a protractor, construct a Nonagon with length of side = 35mm.

6. How to construct any polygon in a given circle.

Procedure:
(i) Construct the given circle
(ii) Draw a diameter AB and divide it into a number of equal parts same as the polygon's number of sides
(iii) With A and B as centres and AB as radius, draw arcs to intersect at K.
(iv) Draw a straight line from K through 2 to cut the circumference at C
(v) Join AC to give one side of the polygon.
(vi) With centre C and radius AC, mark off points D, E and F to end at A on the circumference.
(vii) Join CD, DE, EF and FA to complete the polygon.

5
 C

1 2 3 4 5
A B

7. How to construct any Polygon when the length of side is given.

E D

3
2
F 4 C

1 5

6
A B

8. How to construct any Polygon and a Square on the same base.

6
 10

9
8
7
6
5
4

A B

WEEK 3
SCALES
Scales are used to reduce or enlarge the original size of an object to a proportionally portable size
on a drawing board. An object is often too large to be drawn full size on a paper, so a convenient
scale is used.

TYPES OF SCALES

1. Types of Scales (According to Proportion or Ratio)

(a) Full Scale e.g. 1:1
(b) Reducing Scale e.g. 1:2, 1:50, 1:100, 1:200, etc.
(c) Enlarging Scale e.g. 2:1, 5:1, 10:1, etc.

2. Types of Scales (According to the measurement)

(a) Plain Scale
7
(b) Diagonal Scale

Representative fraction (R.F) and Length of Scale (LOS)

Representative Fraction (R.F) is defined as the ratio of Drawing Size of the object to the Actual
size of the object and it is called the Representative Fraction or R.F.

(A) R.F = Distance drawn/Distance represented

OR
R.F = Dimension on drawing sheet/Actual dimension of object
E.g. R.F = 1cm/1m = 1cm/1 x 100cm = 1/100
(B) LENGTH OF SCALE (LOS) = R.F. x Maximum Length to be Measured
That is, LOS = R.F x Max. Lenght

Note: The scale or R.F of a drawing is given usually below the drawing. If the scale adopted is
common for all drawings on that particular sheet, then it is given commonly for all figures under
the title block.

Different Units of Measurement

• 10 Millimetres (mm) = 1 Centimetre (cm)
• 10 Centimetres (cm) = 1Decimetre (dm)
• 10 Decimetres (dm) = 1Metre (m)
• 1000 Metres (m) = 1 Kilometres (km)

PLAIN SCALE
Plain scales read or measure up to 'two'units or a single unit and its sub-division, for example
centimetres (cm) and millimetres (mm). When measurements are required up to first decimal, for
example 2.3m or 4.6cm etc.
Steps to Draw Plain Scale:-
1. It consists of a line (LOS) divided into a number of equal main parts.
2. The first main part is sub-divided into smaller parts.
3. Mark zero (0) at the end of the first main part.
4. From zero, mark numbers to the main parts or units towards right and give numbers to the sub-
divisions or smaller parts towards left.
5. Give the names of the units and sub-units below clearly. Indicate below the name of the scale
and its R.F clearly.

Example:
1. Construct a scale of 1:4 to show centimeters and long enough to measure up to 5 Decimetres.
Prodedure:
8
- R.F = 1/4
- Length of scale (LOS) = R.F X Max. Length = 1/4 X 5dm = 1/4 X 50cm
= 12.5cm
- Draw a line 12.5cm long and divide it into 5 equal divisions, each representing 1dm.
- Mark 0 at the end of the first division and 1, 2, 3 and 4 at the end of each subsequent divisios to
its right.
- Divide the first division into 10 equal sub-divisions each representing 1cm.
- Mark Centimetre (cm) to the left of 0 and Decimetre (dm) to the right.

CM DM
10 5 0 1 2 3 4

R.F = 1/4

2. Construct a scale of 2 centimeters equals 1 meter to read up to 6 meters in decimeters. Show a

measurement of 4.4m.
Procedure:
- R.F = 2cm/1m = 2cm/100cm =1/50 => R.F = 1/50
- LOS = R.F x Max. Length = 1/50 x 6m = 1/50 x 600
LOS = 60/5 =12cm
- Draw a line of 12cm long and divide into 6 equal parts.
4.4m

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
DECIMETER METER

R.F = 1/50
9
Class Exercise;

3. Construct a scale of 1½ times full size to read up to 8 centimeters in millimeters.

Solution
R.F = 1½ = 3/2
LOS = R.F x Max. Length = 3/2 x 8cm
= 3 x 4 = 12cm or 120mm

DIAGONAL SCALE
Diagonal scales are used to read or measure up to three units. This scale is used when very small
distances such as 0.1mm etc. are to be accurately measured or when measurements are required in
three units or up to second decimal. e.g. 2.36dm or 4.68cm etc.
Diagonal scales are used to measure distances in a unit and its immediate two subdivisions. e.g.
dm, cm, and mm. Diagonal scale can measure more accurately than plain scale.

Example:
Construct a Diagonal scale of R.F = 1:40, showing meters, decimeters and centimeters. The scale
should measure up to 6 meters. Show a distance of 4.56 meters.

Solution
- Length of Scale (LOS) = (1/40) x 6m = 1/40 x 600cm = 30/2 = 15cm
- Draw a line AB = 15cm, divide it into 6 equal parts.
- Divide the first part AO into 10 equal divisions.
- At A draw a perpendicular and step-off along it 10 equal divisions ending at D.
- Complete the rectangle ABCD.
- Draw perpendiculars at meter-divisions i.e. 1, 2, 3, ... 10.
- Draw horizontal lines through the division points on AD. Join D with the end of the first division
along AO (i.e. 9).
- Through the remaining points i.e. 8, 7, 6,... draw lines parallel to D9
- PQ = 4.56m

10
 4.56m
cm

10

10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
dm
m

R.F = 1/40

Exercise:
Draw a diagonal scale of R.F. 1: 2.5, showing centimeters and millimeters and long enough to
measure up to 4 decimeters. Show distances of 3.46dm and 2.19dm on it.

WEEK 4
ENLARGEMENT AND REDUCTION OF PLAIN FIGURES

Similar figures are figures that have the same shape but may be different in sizes. Ratio is the
relationship between numbers and lines.

1. To construct a figure similar to a given figure ABCDEF with its sides in the ratio 6:4 (i.e.
Enlargement)

E1 D1

F1 E D
C1
F
C

A B B1
1
2
3
4
5 11
6
2. How to enlarge a figure in Ratio 5:3 with the pole outside the figure.

D1

D
E1 C1

E C

P
1
A B
2
A1 B1
3

3. To draw a polygon similar to another with the sides reduced in the ratio 4:6
D
C

E
D1
C1

E1

6
B1 5
4
3
2
1
A

4. How to reduce or enlarge a figure to a required size.

12
 C1

B1

C
B

P A A1

D1

5. To draw a figure similar to a given figure but reduced in size.

EXERCISE 15

35
15

Ø30
80
40

25

A B BI
P
35 70 50
13
ASSINGMENT

Reduce the drawing in the ratio 2:5 with the information provided.

15

75
50
40
20

P 80

WEEK 5 AND 6
EQUAL AREAS OF SIMILAR FIGURES

1. To construct a square equal in area to a given rectangle

Procedre:
(i) Draw the given rectangule ABCD
(ii) Extend AB at B. With centre B and radius BC, draw an arc to touch AB extended at E.
(iii) Erect a semi-circle on AE. Extend BC to touch it at F. BF is the length of side of the
square.

14
 G F

D C

H
A S B E

2. To construct a rectangle of different sides but equal in area to a given rectangle.

Procedure:
(i) Draw the given rectangle ABCD
(ii) Mark EB equal to the required different side
(iii) Draw CE
(iv) Extend BC and draw AF parallel to EC
(v) EBFG is the required rectangle.

G F

D C

A E B

3. To construct a rectangle equal in area to a given triangle

Procedure:
15
 (i) Draw the given triangle ABC
(ii) Draw a perpendicular to AB from C to give point D
(iii) Bisect CD to give E
(iv) Draw a parallel line to AB through E. Draw perpendiculars at A and B to give point F
and G. ABGF is the required rectangle.

F E G

A D B

4. How to construct a triangle when the area and length are given e.g. 21cm² and 7cm.
Procedure:
(i) Asume a length DE = 7cm for a rectangle
(ii) Calculate the breadth of the rectangle as;
Area = L x B, 21cm² = 7cm x B, B =21cm²/7cm
B = 3cm
(iii) With L = 7cm and B = 3cm, construct the rectangle DEGF
(iv) Extend line EG upward and mark H such that GH = EG. H
(v) Join D to H to give the required triangle DEH

F G

D E

16
 5. How to construct a square equal in Area to a given parallelogram
Procedure:
(i) Draw the given parallelogram ABCD
(ii) Extend AB to the right
(iii) Construct a perpendicular at B (BK)
(iv) With centre B and radius BE draw an arc to cut the extension of AB at F.
(v) Bisect AF and construct a semicircle on AF using O as centre.
(vi) The perpendicular BK cuts the semicircle at G. BG is the length of the required square.

G J

E C
D

600
A O B F H

6. To construct a triangle equal in area to a given polygon

Procedure:
(i) Draw the given polygon ABCDE
(ii) Extend AB at both ends
(iii) Join AB and BD
(iv) Draw EF parallel to AD and CG parallel to BD
(v) Join FD and GD. FDG is the required triangle.

17
 D

F A B G

7. To draw a triangle equal in area to any regular polygon

Procedure:
(i) Draw the regular polygon (e.g. a Hexagon)
(ii) Draw the diagonals to intersect at the centre of the polygon O.
(iii) Draw AB equal in length to length of side X-number of sides (in this exercise, AB is
equal to six (6) times the length of the side of the hexagon).
(iv) Join O to A and O to B. ABO is the required triangle.

600 O
600

600 600
A B

18
 WEEK 8 AND 9
TANGENTS AND TANGENCY
Principle Of Tangency

Point of contact

Tangent

Normal

1. A Tangent: A tangent is a line drawn outside a circle passing through a point on the
circumference of the circle.
2. Point of Contact: Is the point at which the tangent touches the circumference of the circle
3. Normal: Is the radius joining the point of contact to the centre of the circle.

1. How to construct a common External tangent to two equal circles

Procedure:
(i) Draw the line AB and mark O1 and O2
(ii) With centres O1 and O2 construct the circles
(iii) Bisect the diameters of the circles to cut the circumference at D and C
(iv) Draw a line through points DC to give the required tangent.

D C

O1 O2
A B
x y

19
 2. How to construct an internal tangent to two equal circles.
Procedure:
(i) Construct the two circles with centres C1 and C2
(ii) Join C1C2 and bisect it to give point D
(iii) Bisect C1D to give point E
(iv) With centre E and radius ED, draw a semicircle to cut the circle at F
(v) With centre D and radius FD, cut the second circle at G. draw a line through FG as the
tangent.

C1 E C2
D

3. How to construct an External tangent to two unequal circles

Procedure:
(i) With AC and BD as radius, draw the circle
(ii) Draw AB to join the centres
(iii) With centre A and radius AE = AC – BD, draw a circle
(iv) Bisect AB to give centre O
(v) With O as centre and OA as radius, draw a semicircle to cut the inner circle at F
(vi) Draw a line from A through F to meet the larger circle at G
(vii) Draw BK parallel to AG as normal
(viii) Draw GK as the required tangent.

20
R = 35mm, r = 20mm, A –B = 100mm.

A E C O D B

4. How to construct an internal tangent to two unequal circles

Procedure:
(i) Draw the given circles using AC and BD as radius
(ii) Draw centre line AB and bisect it to give centre O
(iii) With centre O and radius AO, draw a semicircle on AB
(iv) With centre A and radius AF = AC + BD, draw an arc to intersect the semicircle at G
(v) Draw AG to cut the larger circle at H
(vi) Draw BK parallel to AH
(vii) Draw a line through H and K to give the required tangent.

21
 G

A C O F D B

5. How to construct an Internal and an External arc of a given radii tangential to two
given circles.
Internal radius R1 = 60mm
External radius R2 = 100mm
r1 = 20mm
r2 = 40mm
|AB| = 100mm

r1
A B

r2
R2 - r 1
R2 - r 2 R1 + r 2

R1 + r 1

22