INDIVIDUAL LEVEL OF ANALISIS

At the individual level, the conflict in Sudan can be attributed

to the actions and decisions of political leaders, military
commanders, rebel leaders, and other influential figures. One key
individual in this conflict is President Omar al-Bashir, who
ruled Sudan for over three decades before being ousted in 2019.
During his tenure, al-Bashir's authoritarian rule and repressive
policies contributed to the marginalization and
disenfranchisement of various ethnic and religious groups,
leading to widespread discontent and resistance.

Furthermore, the actions of rebel leaders and militia commanders

have also played a significant role in perpetuating the conflict.
These individuals have often pursued their own agendas, leading
to further fragmentation and violence within the country. The
lack of accountability for human rights abuses and war crimes
committed by these individuals has further exacerbated the
conflict, creating a cycle of violence and impunity.

Additionally, the role of external actors, such as neighboring

countries and international organizations, must also be
considered at the individual level. These actors have often
supported or influenced key individuals within Sudan, either
exacerbating or mitigating the conflict. For example, neighboring
countries like Egypt and Chad have historically supported
different factions within Sudan, further complicating the
conflict.

At the same time, there have been individuals who have worked
towards peace and reconciliation in Sudan. This includes civil
society activists, religious leaders, and diplomats who have
engaged in dialogue and mediation efforts to address the root
causes of the conflict and promote sustainable peace.

In conclusion, when
analyzing the ongoing conflict in Sudan from an individual level
of analysis, it is crucial to consider the actions and decisions
of key individuals who have shaped the trajectory of the
conflict. By examining the role of political leaders, rebel
commanders, and external actors, we can better understand the
dynamics of the conflict and identify potential avenues for
resolution. Additionally, it is important to recognize the
efforts of individuals working towards peace and reconciliation
in Sudan, as they offer hope for a more stable and prosperous
future for the country.
GROUP LEVEL OF ANALISIS
At
the group level of analysis, the ongoing conflict in Sudan can be
understood as a result of the dynamics between various ethnic,
religious, and political groups within the country. The conflict
is characterized by deep-seated historical grievances,
competition for resources, and power struggles between different
groups, which have contributed to the perpetuation of violence
and instability.

One of the key factors at the group level is the ethnic and
religious diversity of Sudan. The country is home to a wide range
of ethnic groups, including Arab, Nubian, Beja, and Fur, among
others. Additionally, Sudan is divided along religious lines,
with a predominantly Muslim population and significant Christian
and animist minorities. These divisions have been exploited by
political leaders and other influential figures to mobilize
support and perpetuate the conflict. For example, the government
under President al-Bashir promoted an Arab-Islamic identity,
leading to marginalization and discrimination against non-Arab
and non-Muslim communities.

Furthermore, the competition for resources, particularly land and

water, has fueled inter-group tensions and conflict. In regions
such as Darfur and South Kordofan, competition over natural
resources has led to violent clashes between pastoralist and
agrarian communities, exacerbating existing ethnic and tribal
divisions. The lack of equitable resource distribution and access
has further deepened these grievances and fueled conflict at the
group level.

Political dynamics also play a significant role in perpetuating

the conflict at the group level. The central government in
Khartoum has historically marginalized and oppressed certain
regions and ethnic groups, leading to widespread resentment and
resistance. This has fueled the emergence of rebel movements and
armed groups representing marginalized communities, who have
sought to challenge the authority of the central government and
demand greater autonomy or independence.

Moreover, external actors have also influenced group dynamics

within Sudan. Neighboring countries and international
organizations have often supported different factions within
Sudan, further exacerbating inter-group tensions and conflict.
This has contributed to the fragmentation of the country along
ethnic and regional lines, making it difficult to achieve a
sustainable peace agreement.

At the same time, there have been efforts at the group level to
promote reconciliation and peace. Civil society organizations,
community leaders, and traditional authorities have worked to
bridge inter-group divides and promote dialogue and
understanding. These efforts have been crucial in addressing the
root causes of the conflict and building social cohesion at the
grassroots level.

In conclusion, the ongoing conflict in Sudan can be understood

through a group level of analysis that considers the dynamics
between different ethnic, religious, and political groups within
the country. By examining the historical grievances, competition
for resources, and power struggles at the group level, we can
better understand the complexities of the conflict and identify
potential avenues for resolution. Additionally, it is important
to recognize the efforts of individuals and groups working
towards peace and reconciliation in Sudan, as they offer hope for
a more inclusive and harmonious future for the country.
STATE LEVEL OF ANALISIS
At the state level of analysis, the ongoing conflict in Sudan can
be understood as a result of the historical, political, and
economic factors that have shaped the country's governance,
institutions, and policies. The state-level dynamics in Sudan
have played a significant role in perpetuating the conflict,
contributing to the marginalization of certain groups, the
unequal distribution of resources, and the centralization of
power, all of which have fueled violence and instability.

One of the key factors at the state level is the historical

legacy of colonialism and the subsequent struggle for
independence. Sudan's borders were drawn by colonial powers
without consideration for the ethnic and religious diversity of
the population, leading to tensions and conflicts between
different groups. Additionally, the post-independence period was
marked by political instability, military coups, and
authoritarian rule, which further exacerbated existing divisions
and grievances.

Furthermore, the centralization of power in Khartoum has led to

the marginalization of peripheral regions and ethnic groups. The
government's policies and resource allocation have favored
certain regions and communities, while neglecting others. This
has led to widespread resentment and resistance among
marginalized groups, who have sought greater autonomy and
representation in the political process.

Economic factors also play a significant role at the state level.

Sudan's economy has been characterized by inequality, corruption,
and mismanagement, which have contributed to social and economic
disparities between different regions and communities. The
unequal distribution of wealth and resources has exacerbated
inter-group tensions and contributed to the perpetuation of
conflict.

Moreover, the state's response to dissent and opposition has been

characterized by repression and violence. The government under
President al-Bashir employed brutal tactics to suppress dissent,
including the use of military force and human rights abuses. This
has further alienated marginalized communities and fueled armed
resistance against the central government.

At the same time, external actors have also influenced

state-level dynamics in Sudan. Neighboring countries,
international organizations, and global powers have often
supported different factions within Sudan, further complicating
the internal dynamics of the conflict. This has led to a
fragmentation of the country along regional and ethnic lines,
making it difficult to achieve a sustainable peace agreement.

In conclusion, the ongoing conflict in Sudan can be critically

analyzed at the state level to understand the historical,
political, and economic factors that have shaped the governance,
institutions, and policies of the country. By examining the
legacy of colonialism, centralization of power, economic
inequality, and state repression, we can better understand the
complexities of the conflict and identify potential avenues for
resolution. Additionally, it is important to recognize the role
of external actors in influencing state-level dynamics in Sudan
and consider their impact on the prospects for peace and
stability in the country.
SYSTEM LEVEL OF ANALISIS
At
the system level of analysis, the ongoing conflict in Sudan can
be understood as a result of regional and global dynamics that
have shaped the country's internal and external relations, as
well as the broader geopolitical context in which the conflict is
situated. System-level factors have played a significant role in
perpetuating the conflict, including regional power struggles,
external interventions, and the impact of global geopolitics.

One of the key system-level factors contributing to the conflict

in Sudan is regional power struggles and competition. Sudan is
located in a volatile region with complex regional dynamics,
including competition for influence and resources among
neighboring countries. The involvement of regional actors, such
as Egypt, Ethiopia, and South Sudan, has further complicated the
internal dynamics of the conflict, as these countries have
supported different factions within Sudan and pursued their own
strategic interests in the region. This has contributed to the
fragmentation of the country along regional and ethnic lines,
making it difficult to achieve a sustainable peace agreement.
Furthermore, external interventions by global powers and
international organizations have also influenced the conflict in
Sudan. The involvement of external actors, including the United
States, China, and the European Union, has had a significant
impact on the internal dynamics of the conflict, as these actors
have provided support to different factions and pursued their own
geopolitical interests in the region. Additionally, international
organizations, such as the United Nations and the African Union,
have been involved in peacekeeping efforts and humanitarian
assistance in Sudan, but their interventions have been limited by
political constraints and competing agendas.

The broader global geopolitical context has also played a role in

shaping the conflict in Sudan. The country's strategic location
in East Africa and its natural resources have made it a focus of
global competition and interest. The global demand for Sudan's
natural resources, such as oil, has contributed to international
involvement in the conflict, as global powers seek to secure
access to these resources and advance their own economic and
strategic interests in the region.

In conclusion, the ongoing conflict in Sudan can be critically

analyzed at the system level to understand the regional and
global dynamics that have shaped the country's internal and
external relations, as well as the broader geopolitical context
in which the conflict is situated. By examining regional power
struggles, external interventions, and the impact of global
geopolitics, we can better understand the complexities of the
conflict and identify potential avenues for resolution.
Additionally, it is important to recognize the role of regional
and global actors in influencing system-level dynamics in Sudan
and consider their impact on the prospects for peace and
stability in the country.