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Lecture 1

Chapter 12 of Zumdahl discusses atomic structure and periodicity, focusing on the nature and properties of waves, including electromagnetic radiation and its interaction with matter. It introduces key concepts such as quantum theory, the photoelectric effect, and the dual nature of light and matter, supported by historical experiments and discoveries by scientists like Planck, Einstein, and de Broglie. The chapter emphasizes the significance of wave-particle duality in understanding atomic and molecular behavior.

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4 views

Lecture 1

Chapter 12 of Zumdahl discusses atomic structure and periodicity, focusing on the nature and properties of waves, including electromagnetic radiation and its interaction with matter. It introduces key concepts such as quantum theory, the photoelectric effect, and the dual nature of light and matter, supported by historical experiments and discoveries by scientists like Planck, Einstein, and de Broglie. The chapter emphasizes the significance of wave-particle duality in understanding atomic and molecular behavior.

Uploaded by

ghanemaudrey66
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Zumdahl Chapter 12

Atomic Structure and Periodicity

1. The nature and properties of waves:

▪ Wavelength  distance between two


peaks or troughs. ()

▪ Frequency  number of cycles that


pass through a given point in
space per unit time. ()

distance travelled/second
=
distance/cycle
speed v (m / s)
= =  s −1 or Hz
wavelength  m
▪ Light  electromagnetic radiation (how energy “travels” through space)

▪ Radiation  emission and transmission of energy in the form of waves

Magnetic and Electric fields

▪ For all electromagnetic radiation, speed c = 2.998  108 m/s

Increasing frequency or energy

Visible range: 400-700 nm


▪ For an electromagnetic wave:
c
=

WHY? Interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation 
SPECTROSCOPY information about atoms,
molecules and structure.

2. The nature of matter

▪ Before 1900: matter  particles



light  electromag netic radiation (waves)
▪ Beginning of the 20th century: discovery of phenomena that could
not be explained by classical physics:
Blackbody radiation, photoelectric effect, Compton effect, atomic and
molecular spectra, etc.. could be explained only by a modern view:
development of QUANTUM THEORY
Blackbody Radiation

• Heat an object to Law of Rayleigh and Jeans


incandescence: Ultraviolet catastrophe!
we get a
spectrum of radiation.
• Heat an iron bar: after it
glows red, it turns white 2000 K
Max Planck
when heated to higher

Intensity
temperatures. Nobel 1918
• Planck studied the 8 h c
I = 3 hc / kT
electromagnetic radiation  (e − 1)
emitted from a blackbody. 1800 K
• The maximum of intensity
shifts to lower wavelength
1300 K
(), as T increases.
Wavelength
▪ Planck (1900): energy can be gained or lost only in whole
numbers of the quantity h , where

  frequency of the electromagnetic radiation absorbed or


emitted.
one quantum E = h
h = 6.626  10−34 J s
n quanta n = 1, 2, 3, ..... Planck’s constant

h  a discrete package of energy or quantum  energy


is quantized.

▪ Einstein (1905): “special theory of relativity”

E = mc2  m = E/c2 … energy has mass!

Nobel 1921 Albert Einstein


Einstein (1905): “The photoelectric effect”
When a metal is irradiated with light, electrons are ejected from
its surface generation of a photocurrent.
1. No electrons are emitted unless the frequency of the incident
light exceeds a minimum frequency (threshold):  > 0.
2. For light with frequency less than the threshold, no electrons
are emitted, regardless of the intensity of the light.
3. If  > 0, the number of electrons emitted increases with the
intensity of the light.
4. If  > 0, the kinetic energy (K.E) of the emitted electrons
increases linearly with the frequency of the light.
h = h 0 + K .E
1 2
E0 = Work function  E0 + mv
2
Photoelectric effect

K.E

Slope = h

0 
The kinetic energy of the electron increases linearly with .
Note that the kinetic energy cannot go negative.
In the photoelectric effect: Einstein assumed the electromagnetic
radiation itself to be quantized:
existence of “particles of light” or
photons
▪ Does a photon have mass??
▪ Compton (1922): The collision of X-rays with electrons:
photons exhibit the h
mass calculated from m=
the equation: c

Arthur Compton

Nobel 1927
COMPTON effect (1923)
• When X-rays are scattered from electrons,
their wavelength slightly increases.

 = c (1 − cos )
c = 2.426 pm
’
h
=
 me c

Compton wavelength
Rationalization: Dual nature of light: light
manifests itself as particles
 E = mc 2
 h
 c  m=
 =h c Light as a wave phenomenon
 

Light as a stream of photons


▪Conversely, does matter possess wave properties??

▪ De Broglie (1923): Every particle is associated with a wave of


wavelength:
h
= De Broglie’s wavelength
mv
Do Example 12.2
Nobel 1929 Louis de Broglie
me = 9.11  10 −31 kg
Electron:   e = 7.3  10 −11 m
ve = 1.0  10 7 m/s

mb = 0.10 kg
Ball:   b = 1.9  10 −34 m !!
vb = 35 m/s

▪ DIFFRACTION

Separation of the light into rays of different wavelengths,


as it is scattered from a regular array of points or lines:

• spectrum of colors obtained as light is reflected from the grooves of a


compact disk.

• shades of colors observed as light passes through a prism.


A crystal of NaCl (array of Na+ Cl− Na+ Cl− …) also produces a
DIFFRACTION PATTERN upon interaction with X-rays.

Diffraction
pattern
of a Ti-Ni alloy

The diffraction pattern can


only be explained in terms
of interference of waves.

Recall: e  10-10 m (1 Å) In between


 typically the distance Partial cancellation
between the ions in an NaCl NO spot
Produce Dull spot
crystal.
Hence, a crystal should be
able to diffract electrons as
well !
Hence, a crystal should be able to diffract electrons as well !

▪ Davisson and Germer (1927)

Nobel 1937
C. Davisson &
L. H. Germer

Electrons are diffracted from the Ni


crystal, just like X-rays !
De Broglie’s hypothesis is thus
justified.
Wave and particle nature of matter melt together:

The WAVE PARTICLE DUALITY


Hence, a crystal should be able to diffract electrons as well !

▪ Davisson and Germer (1927)

Nobel 1937
C. Davisson &
L. H. Germer

Electrons are diffracted from the Ni


crystal, just like X-rays !
De Broglie’s hypothesis is thus
justified.
Wave and particle nature of matter melt together:

The WAVE PARTICLE DUALITY

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