CHAPTER I ● The pronoun “it” is usually used for animals, plants and

inanimate objects.
Verb to be all forms / Personal pronouns / o We use “they” for both people and things.
Possessive adjectives / Wh-Questions /
Connectors 1.2.1. Affirmative form
1.1. Personal Pronouns
Personal pronouns are words used to replace nouns, and refer to
specific people or things.

1.2 Verb to be
The verb “to be” translates to two verbs in Spanish: “ser” and
“estar”. It is the most important verb to master. Here are some
useful tips:
● We always use capital “I”.
o I am a student.
● The pronoun “you” is used both for singular “tú” as well as
plural “ustedes”.

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1.2.2. Negative form 1.2.4. Short answers

1.2.3. Interrogative form

Let’s Practice!
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb “to be”.
1. ______ Ross and Rachel friends? No, they ______.
2. ______ Gaston Acurio from Arequipa? No, he ______.
3. ______ you from England? Yes, I ______.
4. ______ you in university? No, we ______.
5. ______ I in the team? Yes, you ______.

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1.3. Possessive adjectives 1.4.1. Greetings

1.4.2. Farewells

1.4. Vocabulary: Greetings and farewells

Greetings and farewells are the expressions we use when we see
someone we know and when we leave.

Let’s Practice!

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What would you say in the following situations? A: When is the exam?
A: I’m going to sleep now. Tomorrow we can play more! B: It’s next week.

B: Alright. ________ Justin. Let’s Practice!

A: Thank you for shopping here. ________. Fill in the blanks with: What – Because – Where – Why

B: You too. Enjoy your weekend. A: _____ time is it?

A: Hello. My name is Peter. I am the manager. B: It’s five thirty.

B: _________ Peter. My name is Derek. A: _____ are you stressed?

B: _____ I have an exam tomorrow.
1.5. Wh-Questions
A: _____ is my backpack?
We use wh-questions to ask for specific information. The answer
cannot be “yes” or “no”. B: It’s next to the table.

1.6. Personal information

Asking for personal information is the most common way to
establish a relationship with someone. They are important to get
to know people.
Names
A: What is your name?
Examples: B: My name is Luis.
A: Who is that man? A: What is your last name?
B: He is our math teacher. B: My last name is Fernandez.

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 A: Do you have a nickname? A: Do you have a boyfriend? / girlfriend?
B: Yes, people call me Lucho. B: Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.
Work and Occupation A: What is your number?
A: What do you do for work? B: My number is _____.
B: I am a ______. A: What is your insta?
A: Where do you work? B: My username is ______.
B: I work at _____. A: What is your email address?
Age B: My email address is_____.
A: How old are you? A: Who do you live with?
B: I am ______ years old.
B: I live with ______.
A: When is your birthday?
B: My birthday is on ______.
Background
A: Where are you from?
1.7. Countries, nationalities and languages
B: I am from _____. We don’t really use the word “nationality” in everyday language.
A: Where do you live? It is a formal word, used for official purposes, and most frequently
B: I live in ______. in written English. You may find it in the travel industry, as well as
Other in immigration.
A: Are you married / single? Instead, we ask: Where are you from? Or “Where do you
B: Yes, I am. / No, I am not. come from?

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 To which we reply: I am from Peru. / I come from Peru. / I
am Peruvian.
To know the nationality of a person, we usually add a suffix to the
end of the country name. The most common suffixes are –ish, –
ian, –an, –ese. However, there are exceptions to the rule.
Nationalities ending in -ish:

Nationalities ending in -an:

Nationalities ending in -ian:

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Nationalities ending in -ese: Finally, very frequently the language spoken in a place shares its
name with the nationality.
In Spain, Spanish people speak Spanish.
In Japan, Japanese people speak Japanese.
This is not always the case:
In Brazil, Brazilian people speak Portuguese.
In Canada, Canadian people speak English.

1.8. Connectors: And, but, or, because and so

Connectors are short words or phrases that help us link two ideas

Irregular nationalities: or statements. Connectors often add a new meaning to the

phrases.
The five connectors we will learn are:
AND – To express addition
OR – To express choice.
BUT – To express contrast.
BECAUSE – To express causation.
SO – To express effect.
Examples:
I like pop and rock music.

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Do you prefer comedies or dramas?
I love dancing, but I hate clubbing.
Jennifer loves the Amazon because she likes nature.
Jennifer likes nature, so she loves the Amazon.
1.9. Vocabulary: Jobs and occupations

Lawyer: Defends your client in court.

Firefighter: Rescues people in danger and put off fires.
Manager / CEO: Executive, boss of a business.
Secretary: Helps office workers with organization and schedules.

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 CHAPTER II

Demonstrative adjectives / Indefinite articles /

Numbers / Date and time
2.1. Demonstrative adjectives
Demonstrative adjectives are words used to express the position
of a noun, in relationship to the speaker. This position can be both
in space and in time. The most common ones are: this, that,
these and those.
Demonstrative adjectives show the physical distance of a noun,
differentiating between close and far away. Examples:
A: Do you like this phone?
B: No. I like that one!
A: Are these your clothes?
B: No. My clothes are those over there.
You can also use demonstrative adjectives to express how close
or how far away in time is an event.
I graduate from college this year!
Remember that time we went to a concert?
She has free time these days.

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 Those years in high school were the best of my life. W-sounding “o”: a one-hour block.
Sounded “h”: a house.
2.2. Indefinite articles: a / an
Indefinite articles are words that help us talk about nouns without
specifying it. There are two indefinite articles: “a” and “an”.
Keep in mind, indefinite articles are used only for singular nouns.
Examples:
I want an apple. (It can be any apple).
She watches a movie. (It is not specified which movie)
We use a before consonant sounds:
I saw a cat.
She eats a sandwich.
We use an before vowel sounds:
I have an exam.
They use an umbrella.
Sometimes, the letter “h” is silent. In this case, we use an:
An honest man.
An hour.
Finally, sometimes we use a for:
Long “u”: a uniform.

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2.3. Vocabulary: Physical appearance 2.4. Cardinal numbers

2.5. Telling the time

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 Months:
2.6. Ordinal
Months, too, always start with capital letters.
numbers

Seasons:

2.7. Vocabulary: Days of the week, months and seasons Unlike days and months, seasons are not capitalized.

Days:
Days always start with capital letters.

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* Fall is used in American English, while autumn is used in British
English *

In the spoken language, there are two ways to read the year:

2.8. Telling the date

To communicate the date, firstly we write the month, always
capitalizing the first letter. Then, we use cardinal numbers for the
day, and lastly, we add the year.

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Let’s Practice!
Fill in the blanks with the correct date or time:
14:55: ________________________
January twenty-second: _____________
11/07/2022: __________________
11:30: _________________
1955: __________________

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2.9. Vocabulary: Daily routines

Our daily routine is the collection of all activities we do on a

regular basis. For most of us, we have a routine for week days
(MON – FRI), and another routine for the weekend (SAT and
SUN).

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 CHAPTER III

Present Simple / Adverbs of frequency / Vocab:

Weather / Vocab: Colors
3.1. Present simple
The present simple tense is used to talk about routines, habits
and facts. Unlike many other tenses, the present simple tense
has a special feature: verbs in the third person singular (he, she,
it) are conjugated differently. Let’s take a look:

3.1.1 Affirmative form

I – run
You – eat
He – plays
She – washes
It – has
We – fly
You – take
They – think
As you can see, the verbs conjugated with he, she and it, have a
different ending. In most cases, this ending is simply adding the
letter “—s” at the end of the verb. However, there are some other
rules:

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 3.1.4 Short answers
3.1.2 Negative form
For the negative form, we add the auxiliary verb “do”, plus the
word “not”. In the case of he, she and it, we use “does” instead.
In the negative form, we do not change the main verb.

3.2. Adverbs of frequency

We use adverbs of frequency to express how often we do an
activity. These range from 100% of the time – always, to 0% –
never.

3.1.3 Interrogative form

For the interrogative form, we keep the auxiliars do and does,
and we also keep the verb in its base form. However, we do
change the order of the words.

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3.2.1 Verb “to be” 3.4. Vocabulary: the weather
When the sentence uses the verb to be, we place the adverb of
frequency after the verb.

3.2.2 All other verbs

For all other verbs, we place the adverb of frequency before the
verb.

3.3. Expressions of frequency

Expressions of frequency go at the end of the sentence.

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 3.5. Vocabulary: colors

There are two ways we can use to describe something with

colors:
3.4.1. Nouns and adjectives Noun + verb to be + color
Very frequently, we can create adjectives for the weather by My backpack is black.
simply adding the letter —y at the end of a noun:
Color + noun
Rain → rainy Fog → foggy
I have an orange cat.
Sun → sunny Cloud → cloudy
Wind → windy

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 CHAPTER IV 4.1.1. Affirmative form

There is and there are / Prepositions of place /

Singular and plural nouns / Preferences / Modal
verb can
4.1. There is and there are
4.1.2. Negative form
We use “there is” and “there are” to express the existence or the
presence of an object, animal or person. “There is” is exclusive to
the singular, “while there are” is exclusive to the plural.

4.1.3. Interrogative form

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4.1.4. Short answers Examples:
Let’s meet at the bus station.
The doctor is in his office.
There’s a phone on the table.
I like walking under the bridge.
The library is between the bus station and the school.

4.2. Prepositions of place My things are behind my desk.

In – Used to position something inside a large area or a three- 4.3. Singular and plural nouns
dimensional space. Just like in Spanish, there are two types of nouns in English:
On – Used to express something physically touching a surface. singular and plural. Singular nouns name one person, place or
At – Used to indicate a specific point, location or position. object:
Examples:
A horse.
A jacket.
An apple.
On the other hand, plural nouns name more than one:
Examples:
Two singers.
Some green trees.

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 Many students.

4.4. Rules for singular and plural nouns

4.4.1. Rules for regular nouns
In most cases, transforming a singular noun into a plural one is
quite simple. Just add –s at the end. However, there are a few
rules for other cases:

4.4.2. Irregular nouns

There are a few words in English where the singular and plural
forms are very different. Here’s some examples:

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4.5. Preference verbs
To talk about our preferences, we use the verbs like, love, hate
and don’t like. We always add –ing to the following verb.

4.6. Spelling rules for –ing

The ing form of verbs is called the gerund. In most cases, it is
formed by simply adding –ing at the end of the verb. There are,
however, some other rules:

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4.7. Modal verbs: can and can’t
Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that help us communicate more
complex ideas. In the case of the verb “can”, it expresses ability,
possibility or permission. Used in a question, it communicates
a request.
4.7.4. Short answers
4.7.1. Affirmative form

4.7.2. Negative form

4.7.3. Interrogative form

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4.8. Vocabulary: Abilities, sports and free time activities

When we talk about abilities, sports and free time activities, we

frequently use –ing at the end. Similarly, we also express our
ability to perform them using the modal can, in which case we use
the base form of the following verb.
Examples:
I love playing chess. / I can play chess.
I can play the guitar. / I love playing the guitar.

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 CHAPTER V 5.1.2. Negative form
For sentences in present continuous in the negative form we use:
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
subject + verb to be not + —ing verb + complement
5.1. Present Continuous
We use present continuous to talk about events happening at the
time of speaking or around the time of speaking. VERB TO
SUBJECT —ING VERB COMPLEMENT
BE NOT
5.1.1. Affirmative form
For sentences in present continuous we normally use: I ‘m not watching films.

subject + verb to be + —ing verb + complement He isn’t using the refrigerator.

Daniella isn’t sleeping on the bed.

They aren’t going to the bakery.

SUBJECT VERB TO BE -ING VERB COMPLEMENT
Mike and John aren’t working in a fire station.
I am watching TV.

He is using the cooker.

5.1.3. Interrogative form and short answers
Daniella is sleeping on the armchair. 5.1.3.1. Yes / No questions

They are going to the café. For Yes/No questions in present continuous we use:

Mike and John are working in a swimming pool. verb to be + subject + —ing verb + complement + ?

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VERB —ING 5.1.3.1. WH— questions (information questions)
SUBJECT COMPLEMENT
TO BE VERB

Are you watching TV? Wh— word + verb to be + subject + —ing verb + ?

Is he using the cooker?

Is Daniella sleeping on the armchair? WH— VERB TO SUBJECT —ING VERB

WORD BE
Are they going to the café?
What are you watching?
Are Mike and John working in a swimming pool?
What is he using?

For short answers in present continuous we use: Where is Daniella sleeping?

Yes / No, + pronoun + verb to be Where are they going?

Where are Mike and John working?

Yes, I am. No, I ‘m not.

Yes, he is. No, he isn’t. 5.2. Uses of Present Continuous

A. We use present continuous to talk about events happening at
Yes, she is. No, she isn’t.
the time of speaking.
Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.
- He’s using the cooker at the moment.
- Daniella is sleeping on the sofa now.

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 5.3. Stative verbs
In present continuous we normally use active verbs (or actions):
watching, using, sleeping, going, working, playing, eating,
drinking, cooking, doing. They involve activity, movement,
change, energy, time.
In the present continuous we don’t use stative verbs (or states):
have, like, depend, want, be, cost, etc.
Stative verbs are:
B. We use the present continuous to talk about events happening
POSSESSION PREFERENCE EMOTION MENTAL OTHERS
around the time of speaking.
STATES
- She is studying for her final exams this week.
have like want know cost
- I’m reading a really interesting book these days.
contain love need believe be
include hate wish forget depend
prefer remember

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5.4. Present continuous vs Present Simple 5.5. Parts of the house
PRESENT CONTINUOUS PRESENT SIMPLE

For events or actions happening For permanent states and

at or around the time of habits (repeated actions) or
speaking. things that are always truth.

Only for actions. For actions or states.

With time expressions as: now, With time expressions as: every
right now, at the moment, today, day, on Mondays, always,
these days, this month, etc. often, sometimes, never

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5.6. Furniture and house objects 5.7. Places in town

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