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MINING OF MINERAL DEPOSITS
This page intentionally left blank
Mining of Mineral Deposits

Editors
Genadiy Pivnyak
Rector of National Mining University, Ukraine

Volodymyr Bondarenko
Department of Underground Mining, National Mining University, Ukraine

Iryna Kovalevs’ka
Department of Underground Mining, National Mining University, Ukraine

Mуkhaylo Illiashov
PJSC “Donetsksteel”, Ukraine

III
CRC Press/Balkema is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

© 2013 Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK

Typeset by Olga Malova & Kostiantyn Ganushevych, Department of Underground Mining, National Mining
University, Dnipropetrovs’k, Ukraine
Printed and bound by LizunovPress Ltd, Dnipropetrovs’k, Ukraine

All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information contained here in may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, by
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written prior permission from the publisher.

Although all care is taken to ensure integrity and the quality of this publication and the information herein,
no responsibility is assumed by the publishers nor the author for any damage to the property or persons as a
result of operation or use of this publication and/or the information contained herein.

Published by: CRC Press/Balkema

P.O. Box 11320, 2301 EH Leiden, The Netherlands
e-mail: [email protected]
www.crcpress.com – www.taylorandfrancis.co.uk – www.balkema.nl

ISBN: 978-1-138-00108-4 (Hbk)

ISBN: 978-1-315-86747-2 (eBook)

IV
 Mining of Mineral Deposits – Pivnyak, Bondarenko, Kovalevs’ka & Illiashov (eds)
© 2013 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN: 978-1-138-00108-4

Table of contents

Preface X

New-generation technique and technology for leakage tests 1

А. Bulat, O. Voloshyn, S. Ponomarenko & D. Gubenko

Optimal parameters of wall bolts computation in the united bearing

system of extraction workings frame-bolt support 5
V. Bondarenko, I. Kovalevs’ka, R. Svystun & Yu. Cherednichenko

Pillars sizing at magnetite quartzites room-work 11

N. Stupnik, V. Kalinichenko & S. Pismennyi

The calculation scheme of mathematical modeling of displacement

process of a terrestrial surface by working out of coal layers 17
M. Antoshchenko, L. Chepurnaya & M. Filatyev

Changes of overburden stresses in time and their manifestations

in seismic wave indices 23
A. Antsyferov, A. Trifonov, V. Tumanov & L. Ivanov

Specifics of percarbonic rock mass displacement in longwalls

end areas and extraction workings 29
I. Kovalevs’ka, V. Vivcharenko & V. Snigur

Operations under combined method of mining graphite deposit 35

V. Buzylo, T. Savelieva, V. Serduk & T. Morozova

Plasma reactor for thermochemical preparation of coal-air mixture

before its burning in the furnaces 39
А. Bulat, O. Voloshyn & O. Zhevzhik

The influence of fine particles of binding materials on the strength

properties of hardening backfill 45
O. Kuz’menko & M. Petlyovanyy & M. Stupnik

Magnetite quartzite mining is the future of Kryvyi Rig iron ore basin 49
M. Stupnik & V. Kalinichenko

Microalloyed steels for mining supports 53

M. Rotkegel, S. Prusek, R. Kuziak & M. Grodzicki

Induction heating in electrotechnology of machine parts dismantling 59

V. Driban, A. Novikov & I. Shestopalov

Studies of stationary supporting zone sizes varied in the course

of mining operations in deep horizons 71
O. Voloshyn & О. Ryabtsev

V
Influence mechanism of rock mass structure forming a stress
on a face support 77
G. Symanovych, M. Demydov & V. Chervatuk

Prospects for the bioindication methods implementation

in the environmental management system of industrial enterprises 83
A. Gorova A. Pavlychenko & T. Kholodenko

Hydrogeodynamics of the contact surface “lining-saturated rocks”

in opening mine working 85
І. Sadovenko & V. Тymoshchuk

Conditions for minerals extraction from underground mines

in the border areas against the seismic and rockburst hazards 91
A. Zorychta, P. Wojtas, A. Mirek & P. Litwa

Formation principles of the scientific system of ecological

management at the industrial enterprises 99
A. Bardas & O. Parshak

Fundamentals of highly loaded coal-water slurries 105

V. Biletskyy, P. Sergeyev & O. Krut

Genetic classification of gas hydrates deposits types by

geologic-structural criteria 115
V. Bondarenko, E. Maksymova & O. Koval

The recourse-saving compositions of backfilling mixtures based

on slag waste products 121
P. Dolzhikov, S. Syemiryagin & P. Furdey

Justification of the gasification channel length in underground

gas generator 125
V. Falshtyns'kyy, R. Dychkovs’kyy, V. Lozyns’kyy & P. Saik

Assessment of auger mining application in Polish hard coal deep mines 133
Z. Lubosik

The enhancement of hydrocarbon recovery from depleted gas

and gas-condensate fields 143
O. Kondrat

Study of rock geomechanical processes while mining two-level

interchamber pillars 149
V. Russkikh, A. Yavors’kyy, S. Zubko & Ye. Chistyakov

Heat pumps for mine water waste heat recovery 153

V. Samusya, Y. Oksen, M. Radiuk

Research of stress-strain state of cracked coal-containing massif

near-the-working area using finite elements technique 159
I. Kovalevs’ka, G. Symanovych & V. Fomychov

The results of instrumental observations on rock pressure in order

to substantiate complete excavation of coal reserves 165
Yu. Khalymendyk, A. Bruy & Yu. Zabolotnaya

VI
The study of ecological state of waste disposal areas of energy
and mining companies 169
A. Gorova, A. Pavlychenko & O. Borysovs’ka

The main technical solutions in rational excavation of minerals

in open-pit mining 173
M. Chetverik, E. Bubnova & E. Babiy

Method of calculation of the minimum pressure of hydro breaking

of the coal layer 177
D. Vasilyev, Y. Polyakov & A. Potapenko

Main directions and objectives of diversification processes in coal

regions of Donbass 181
A. Petenko & E. Nikolaenko

Complex use of coal of Northern part of Donbass 185

V. Savchuk, V. Prykhodchenko, V. Buzylo, D. Prykhodchenko & V. Tykhonenko

On the limit angles of inclination of belt conveyors 193

V. Monastyr’skyy, R. Kiriya, D. Nomerovs’kyy & N. Larionov

Investigation of the rock massif stress strain state in conditions

of the drainage drift overworking 197
V. Sotskov & I. Saleev

Methodology of gas hydrates formation from gaseous mixtures

of various compositions 203
M. Ovchynnikov, K. Ganushevych & K. Sai

The development of methodology for assessment of environmental risk

degree in mining regions 207
A. Gorova, A. Pavlychenko, O. Borysovs’ka & L. Krups’ka

Bolt support application peculiarities during support of development

workings in weakly metamorphosed rocks 211
V. Lapko, V. Fomychov & V. Pochepov

Pressure variation of caved rocks in mined-out area of face 217

O. Dotsenko

Magnetic stimulation of transformations in coal 221

V. Soboliev, N. Bilan & D. Samovik

Receipt of coagulant of water treatment from radio-active elements 227

O. Svetkina

Blasting works technology to decrease an emission of harmful matters

into the mine atmosphere 231
O. Khomenko, M. Kononenko & I. Myronova

The investigation of rock dumps influence to the levels of heavy metals

contamination of soil 237
A. Pavlychenko & A. Kovalenko

VII
The magnetic susceptibility of granular manganese sludge
of Nikopol’skyy Basin 239
A. Zubarev

Inner potential of technological networks of coal mines 243

S. Salli, O. Mamaykin & S. Smolanov

On parameters influence evaluating method application in some

geotechnical tasks 247
G. Larionov, R. Kirija & D. Braginec

New technical solutions during mining C5 coal seam

under complex hydro-geological conditions of western Donbass 257
V. Russkikh, Yu. Demchenko, S. Salli & O. Shevchenko

Effect of degasification efficiency of gas-emission sources under

complex degassing on maximum load on a stope as for gas factor 261
O. Mukha, I. Pugach & L. Tokar

Modification of cement-loess mixtures in jet technology during

mastering underground area 267
S. Vlasov, N. Maksymova-Gulyaeva & E. Maksymova

The modernization of ways of treatment of coal stratums for rise

of safety of underground mine work 273
V. Pavlysh, O. Grebyonkina, S. Grebyonkin & V. Ryabichev

About the influence of stability of workings on the parameters

of their ventilation in terms of anthracitic Donbass mines 277
P. Dolzhikov, A. Kipko, N. Paleychuk & Yu. Dolzhikov

In-stream settling tank for effective mine water clarification 285

V. Kolesnyk, D. Kulіkova & S. Kovrov

Rationale of method of unloading area rocks around of developments

workings for her repeated use 291
O. Remizov

Technological parameters of cutoff curtains, created with the help

of inkjet technology 299
O. Vladyko

The investigation of coal mines influence on ecological state

of surface water bodies 303
A. Gorova, A. Pavlychenko, S. Kulyna & O. Shkremetko

Experimental researches of geomechanical characteristics of railway

and point switches of underground transport 307
V. Govorukha

On the question of implementation prospects of selective mining

for exploitation unconditional coal seams 313
D. Astafiev & Y. Shapovalov

Study of mechanical half-mask pressure along obturation bar 317

S. Cheberyachko, O. Yavors’ka & T. Morozova

VIII
Research of mine workings stability on volumetric models made
from optically active materials 323
P. Ponomarenko

Researches of structural-mechanical properties of coal tailings

as disperse systems 327
O. Gayday

Theoretical investigation of dry frictional separation of materials

on rotating cylinder 333
Yu. Mostyka, V. Shutov, L. Grebenyuk & I. Ahmetshina

Influence of undermined terrain mesorelief on accuracy of forecasting

subsidence and deformation of earth surface 343
M. Grischenkov & E. Blinnikova

Aspects of sulphurous feed extraction in Ukraine 347

V. Kharchenko & O. Dolgyy

The stress-strain state of the belt on a drum under compression

by flat plates 351
D. Kolosov, О. Dolgov & A. Kolosov

Multifactorial mathematical model of mechanical drilling speed 359

M. Moisyshyn, B. Borysevych & R. Shcherbiy

Elastic waves influence upon enhancement of shale rocks fracturing 369

Ya. Bazhaluk, O. Karpash, I. Kysil, Ya. Klymyshyn, O. Gutak & Yu. Voloshyn

IX
 Mining of Mineral Deposits – Pivnyak, Bondarenko, Kovalevs’ka & Illiashov (eds)
© 2013 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN: 978-1-138-00108-4

Preface

The present collection of scientific papers is addressed to mining engineers, scientific and research
personnel, students, postgraduates and all professionals connected with the coal and ore industry.
The papers published describe topics related to mine workings drivage, optimization of longwall working
parameters, modeling of mine support interaction with rock massif, stress strain state of rock massif during
mining operations, geomechanical tasks solving, economic aspects and environment protection.
Additional information is provided regarding recovery and utilization of mine methane, borehole
underground coal gasification and alternative energy sources development such as gas hydrates.

Genadiy Pivnyak
Volodymyr Bondarenko
Iryna Kovalevs’ka
Mykhaylo Illiashov

X
 Mining of Mineral Deposits – Pivnyak, Bondarenko, Kovalevs’ka & Illiashov (eds)
© 2013 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN: 978-1-138-00108-4

New-generation technique and technology for leakage tests

А. Bulat, O. Voloshyn & S. Ponomarenko

M.S. Polyakov Institute of Geotechnical Mechanics, Dnipropetrovs’k, Ukraine
D. Gubenko
Yuznoye State Design Office named after M.K. Yangel, Dnipropetrovs’k, Ukraine

ABSTRACT: This article describes principle and mathematic model for testing various devices for leakage
with the help of fixed-volume method; shows advantages of this method when compared with manometric
methods with no pressure chamber; and presents functional arrangement for applying the method under con-
sideration in industries.

1 INTRODUCTION as pressure drop method. Its main drawback is es-

sential inaccuracy caused by impact of environment
Energy saving is the key issue of economic devel- parameter gradient on accuracy of the leakage tests.
opment in any country. One of the main types of en- This drawback can be eliminated with the help of
ergy for mineral mining is compressed air which is fixed-volume method at which:
widely used in the industry thanks to highly safe – two similar vessels (reference vessel and com-
pneumatic equipment. It is especially important for pensating vessel) are used;
gassy and dusty mines and, besides, in some cases – the vessels and device which measures differen-
usage of compressed air is the only possible way tial pressure between the vessels are located inside
when electric power is dangerous to be used for the the closed thermostat;
mineral mining in underground mines under the coal – value of factual total leakage in the system or
burst and gas release hazard. However, air ducts and device is determined by the varied gas mass value in
pneumatic devices in the active mines are in such the compensating vessel;
condition that requires special measures in order to – mathematic model which calculates total leak-
reduce direct energy inputs and material resources age size takes into account factual variations of gas
when compressed air is used. Today nonproduction pressure and temperature in the device under con-
cost of compressed air supplied to the mining sideration.
equipment is very high, and the problem to cut the Functional arrangement of components for testing
cost is a strong business case as tariffs for the en- device for leakage with the help of the fixed-volume
ergy carrier are growing. method is shown in the Figure 1.
One of the ways to save energy at compressed air In this scheme, device 1, which is a compressed-
production, transportation to and consumption by air consumer (volume Vt ) in the mine, is connected
the mining pneumatic equipment is minimization of to the compensating vessel 7 and reference vessel 8
the compressed air losses through the improved leak inside the thermostat 6 with the help of pneumatic
proofness in the pneumatic systems and equipment. lines 2, 3 and shutoff valves 4, 5. Differential pres-
With this end in view, the mining companies should sure meter 9 is installed between the vessels. Initial
improve their standards for testing the pneumatic compressed air parameters are fixed in the reference
equipment and air-supply system for leakage in the vessel, and current parameters are fixed in the com-
course of repair and preventive maintenance. pensating vessel per certain period of time, and
thermostat maintains positive temperature balance
with the environment.
2 RESULTS OF THE STUDY
Below is a sequence of preparatory operations for
the leakage testing:
The most widely spread method of testing pneu-
– the device under the test, compensating vessel
matic devices with no pressure chamber is ma-
and reference vessels are filled with compressed air
nometric method which determines value of the air
up to the operating pressure;
pressure drop per time unit. This method is known
– operating pressure is aligned throughout the

1
whole system, and the system is shut off from the compensating vessel” system are described by the
compressed air source by the valve 4 (not shown in following set of equations:
the Figure 1);
– compressed air temperature in the vessels is PVс  mк ,n RT к,c ; 
stabilized up to specified value, and the reference 
PVt  m u,n RT u,i ; 
 
vessel is shut off from the device under the test; the (1)
compensating vessel is still connected to the device, P  Pс Vс  mк  mк  T к,i  T к,c R; 
and both vessels are connected to each other
through the differential pressure meter.
 
P  Pс Vt  mu ,n  mt  T u,i  T u,c R ,
where P – pressure of compressed air at the begin-
ning of testing (boost pressure); Vt and Vc – vol-
umes of the device under the test and compensating
vessel; mк and mк – air mass in the compensating
vessel at the beginning of testing and its changes in
the course of testing; T к,i and T к,c – initial and
current temperature in the compensating vessel; R –
Figure 1. Functional arrangement for testing device for universal gas constant; mt and mt – air mass in the
leakage with the help of the fixed-volume method: 1 – de- device at the beginning of testing and its changes in
vice under the test; 2, 3 – pneumatic lines; 4, 5 – shutoff
the course of testing; T u,i and T u,c – initial and
valves; 6 – thermostat; 7, 8 – compensating and reference
vessels; 9 – differential pressure meter; 10 – sensor of the current temperature in the device; Pс – current dif-
gas absolute pressure in the reference vessel; 11, 12, 13 –
temperature sensor; 14 – barometric-pressure sensor. ferential pressure between the compensating and ref-
erence vessels measured by differential pressure
The following measurements are made in real meter.
time mode: This method of leakage test with the help of com-
– absolute air pressure in the reference vessel – by pensating and reference vessels is based on the as-
the sensor 10; sumption that when there is no compressed air leak-
– air temperature in the geometric centers of the age from the system mass of the compensating ves-
reference and compensating vessels – by the sensors sel does not change. This conclusion is proved by
11 and 12; the equations of the gas state for the compensating
– environment temperature in the entry to the vessel at the beginning and at the end of testing
thermostat – by the sensor 13; when the given gas volume is in the equilibrium
– atmospheric pressure – by the sensor 14 and dif- state. Equation 1 and 3 of the set (1) shows that:
ferential pressure between the compensating and
mк,t  T  Pc Tк,c
reference vessels – by the sensor 9 . 1  к,с   . (2)
The layout of the reference vessel 8, compensat- mк  Tк,i  P Tк,i
 
ing vessel 7 and differential pressure meter 9 in the
thermostat 6 (Figure 1) allows aligning temperature From the latter equation, it is obvious that
fields in them and removing temperature distur- mк,t  0 , provided:
bance received from the device 1. Thank to this, the
compensating vessel receives from the device 1 only Pc Tк,c Pc P
disturbance caused by differential pressure of com-  or  .
P Tк,i Tк,c Tк,i
pressed air. Changes of the air parameters can be
explained by two factors: leakages in the device 1 Thus, if there is no leakage in the system
and changed environment parameters. The changes
( mк,t  0 ) though temperature changes due to the
occur in accordance with the Clapeyron-Mendeleev
equation for the gas state and the law of mass and heat exchange between the device under the test and
energy conservation. environment then the Р change caused by this tem-
The mathematic model of testing the devices for perature factor is linearly connected with the Tк,c
leakage by the fixed-volume method is based on the change in the compensating vessel. As pressure in the
key laws of molecular-kinetic theory of gas (Gins- vessel cannot be less than pressure in the device (it
burg 1966 & Loistyankiy 1973). would contradict the Pascal law on the isometry of
Generally, processes occurring in the “device- pressure) the mass can flow only from the compensat-

2
ing vessel into the device and not vice versa. There- n
P  Pc  mt  mu ,i 
fore, in the equation (2) the mк,t is always  0 .    ;
P mt 
Consequently, as during the time period needed  
for estimating leakage proofness of the device we Pa ,c
have the following correlation: lg
n
P  Pc  ,
Pc P P Te ,t
  const , lg a ,c  lg
Tк,c Tк,i P  Pc  Ta ,c

then we can say about complete leakage proofness where Pa ,c – measured current atmosphere pres-
of the device with accuracy commensurable with the
measurement inaccuracy. sure; Te ,t – mean value of the current compressed-
Distinctive features of this method (they were air temperature measured in the compensating and
confirmed by mathematic model during studying reference vessels; Ta ,c – current atmosphere pres-
physical process of the compressed air leaking from sure measured in the entry into the thermostat.
the device under the test) are the following: 2. Changed compressed air mass in the device in-
1. Re-distribution of the compressed air parame- cludes air mass flowing out from the device due to
ters in the compensating vessel is determined by the the leakage and some quantity of air flowing into
adiabat law with adiabat ratio k , and re-distribution the device from the compensating vessel.
of gas parameters in the device – by polytropy law 3. Mass value m y of factual leakage in the de-
with polytrope index n :
vice in the atmospheric condition is determined by
k the following equation:
P  Pc  mк  mк ,t 
   ;

P  mк 

 k 
V P  Pc  nTn 1  Tt ,i Pc  Pi ,c   P Te ,t  Tt ,i    1 
n
m y  t   
Ta,i Pn PTe ,t
  

Tt ,i Pc  Pi ,c   P Te ,t  Tt ,i  Ve

 ,
Tt,iTe,t R

where Ve  Vc – volume of the reference vessel; where Te,t – current change of temperature meas-
 n , Pn , Tn – air density, pressure and temperature ured in the reference vessel; Ta ,c – current tempera-
at normal conditions which are chosen from the ref- ture of environment.
erence data; Ta ,i – initial temperature of atmos- In spite of impact of external factors (heat ex-
pheric air measured in the entry into the thermostat; change between the device under the test and envi-
Tt ,i – initial temperature measured in the compen- ronment and real variations of pressure) mass value
of factual leakage in the device m y depends only
sating vessel; Pi ,c – computed correction for pres-
on re-distribution of the compressed air mass be-
sure variation under the impact of environment tem- tween the device and compensating vessel. In order
perature. to determine m y in the formula (3) impact of
Mean value of the current compressed-air tem-
perature in the vessels and correction for pressure changed external factors and steadiness of thermo-
variation are calculated by the following formulas: stat operation are taken into account in the polytrope
index n and values of Pi ,c , Tt ,i and Te ,t .
Te ,t  Tк,i  Tк,c  Te,t ; The mathematic model is based on the following
assumptions:
T  – only quasi-statistic processes are considered;
Pi ,c  P a ,c  1 , – relaxation period is essentially less than time
 Ta ,i  periods for which gas-state equations are written;

3
 – time period during which pressure of com- AD converter. To measure barometric pressure,
pressed air in the device changes due to the leakage barometric pressure sensor RPT 410F is used. To
in the device and heat exchange with the environ- measure excess (working) pressure, pressure sensor
ment is essentially longer than the relaxation period; RPT 200 is used.
– compressed air pressure and its changes are the The instrumentation equipment has passed incom-
same in all points of the system according to the ing metrological inspection and metrological attesta-
Pascal law; tion in the National Scientific Center “Metrology
– compressed air temperature and density can dif- Institute”.
fer in different points in the device volume and are At working pressure up to 0.3 MPa (3 kgf / cm2),
inversely dependent on each other; the LTDHW detects factual leakage in the device
– compressed air temperature in the pneumatic under the testing with error not more than 20% from
line in the entry into the thermostat is equal to tem- the measured values. The low limit of the leakage
perature of environment; size measured by the working example of the
– leakage in the pneumatic line, shutoff valve, LTDHW is 10 l micron HG / s. Total time period
compensating and reference vessels and instrumen- needed for testing device for leakage is not more
tation equipment is essentially less than measured than 8 hours.
leakage of compressed air.
Depending on how compressed air mass in the
reference vessel has changed factual value of leak- 3 CONCLUSIONS
age in the device is determined by specially de-
signed fixed-volume method and with taking into The method to test pneumatic equipment in mines
account character of changes of environment pa- for compressed air leakage with the help of the
rameters. fixed-volume method is a result of complex theo-
For the purpose of practical testing devices for retical and experimental studies of various methods
leakage by the fixed-volume method, the Institute of of detecting micro leakages without using indicating
Geotechnical Mechanics under the National Acad- gases and barometric equipment. The fixed-volume
emy of Science of Ukraine together with the method improves accuracy and reliance of detecting
Yuznoye State Design Office named after M.K. compressed-air leakage from the wares of any con-
Yangel created and tested on the space-rocket hard- figuration and helps to determine factual size of to-
ware a precision Leak Testing Device for Hollow tal leakage in the devices in real testing conditions.
Wares (LTDHW), which consists of the following Computerized method of the leakage tests on the
key structural elements: basis of the proposed fixed-volume method will
– compensating and reference vessels designed as provide proper test control, automatic measurement
the Dewar spherical container; of all parameters, computer processing of measuring
– electronic unit for measuring local temperature results with their conversion to any needed dimen-
in gaseous media by quartz frequency thermometers sions. The method also makes shorter testing time
(QFT); and improves accuracy and reliance of measurement
– electronic unit for measuring differential pres- of factual leakage size in the devices.
sure between the vessels which consists of low-limit
differential pressure sensor, series LPX/LPM, pro-
duced by the “DRUCK Company (UK), and AD REFERENCES
converter;
– electronic unit for measuring excess pressure Ginsburg, I.P. 1966. Aerogas dynamics. Moscow: Vysha
shkola.
and barometric pressure which consists of two reso-
Loistyankiy, L.G. 1973. Fluid and gas mechanics. Mos-
nance pressure sensors of extra accuracy, RPT se- cow: Nauka.
ries, produced by the “DRUCK Company (UK), and

4
 Mining of Mineral Deposits – Pivnyak, Bondarenko, Kovalevs’ka & Illiashov (eds)
© 2013 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN: 978-1-138-00108-4

Optimal parameters of wall bolts computation

in the united bearing system of extraction workings
frame-bolt support

V. Bondarenko & I. Kovalevs’ka

National Mining University, Dnipropetrovs’k, Ukraine
R. Svystun
Mokryanskiy quarry, Zaporozhye, Ukraine
Yu. Cherednichenko
“Fuel-energy company of Donetsk” Donets’k, Ukraine

ABSTRACT: Engineering approach of required rational parameters of wall bolts installation, which provide
optimal load on the frame support all over its contour in view of their mechanical interrelation in the united
bearing construction using spatial-flexible units is developed.

Conducted researches of frame-bolt support interac- N1

tion with rock massif around extraction workings, Computation of parameter is conducted in
qv r
which are exposed to the intensive impact of
stoping, stresses into the support, caused by loads of terms of quadrants I-V in accordance with wrench
rock massif computation, obtained solutions nu- move for following basic data:   30  ,  y  20 ,
merical analysis allowed to work out engineering
h m
approach of flexible frame-bolt support rational  0.3 and  0.4 (which with working arch
parameters. It is based on nomograms range crea- r r
tion, which allows to compute parameters efficiently radius r  2.5 m corresponds to the height of rock
and accurate enough depending on mining environ- bankette h  0.75 m and of the seam m  1 m),
ment and mine engineering conditions of extraction k
working maintenance. Main design parameters of  0.4 . From I quadrant’s horizontal scale and
qv
frame-bolt support include: reactions N j of bolts
point   30 we drop a perpendicular to meet with
interaction (equal within their bearing ability),
h
coordinates  N j of bolts installation. the line  0.3 , from which we contour in quad-
r
Computation of impact required reaction on m
flexible bolts frame props. Nomogram used to rant II up to meet with the line  0.4 ; from this
r
measure required reaction N1 of bottom bolt, point we drop a perpendicular to the lower border of
located from the side of the coal seam is shown on the quadrant II, where we receive point A. From
Figure 1. Numerical analysis has shown, that re- the mark  c  20 on the vertical scale of quadrant
quired rate of bolts reaction N1 essentially (more
IV we contour to the point of meeting with line
than 10% of N1 intensity) depends on variables:  , m
 0.4 , from which we erect a perpendicular to
k m h r
c , , , . Here,  and  c are the angle of
qv r r the top border of the quadrant IV and receive a point
B . We connect points А and В with line we
internal friction of rocks and coal, respectively; qv
receive intermediate parameter value 0.235 on the
and k – are the vertical load on the frame and the summarizing scale of the quadrant 3. We put this
coefficient of its skewness (Bondarenko, Kovalev- value on quadrant's V vertical scale. From this point
s’ka & Symanovych 2012), respectively. we contour to the point of meeting with the line

5
 k N1
 0.4 , from which we erect a perpendicular to N1'  .
qv n
the top horizontal scale of quadrant V, where we
Nomogram used to measure required reaction N 2
N1
read the answer  0.285 m. Bottom bolt reac- of the top bolt, located from the side of the coal seam
qv r is shown on Figure 2. Computation is conducted in
tion magnitude N1 (for example with r  2.5 m and accordance with wrench move over the quadrants I-V
qv  165 kPa) builds up N1  0.285 m  2.5 m  by analogy with nomogram of reaction N1 computa-
165 kPa = 117 kN in terms of one frame installation N2
tion. Parameter value for the top bolt (located
on one long meter of the working. If the number of qv r
frames on one long meter equals one, that means from the side of the coal seam) builds up 0.20 m. for
n  1 that the reaction N1 of the bottom bolts is previously shown basic data, and reaction magnitude
117 kN. With other value n of frames installation N1 (with r  2.5 m and qv  165 kPa) equals
on working long meter number reaction N1' of the N 2  0.20 m  2.5 m  165 kPa = 83 kN for one
bolt equals long meter of the working.

Figure 1. Nomogram used to measure required reaction N1 Figure 2. Nomogram used to measure required reaction
of the bottom bolt, located from the side of the coal seam. N 2 of the top bolt, located from the side of the coal seam.

Nomogram used to measure required reaction N 4 is run in the following order. From the mark   30 
of the bottom bolt, located from the side of the goaf is on the horizontal scale of quadrant I we drop a per-
N h
shown on Figure 3. Parameter 4 dimensioning is pendicular to meet the line  0.3 , from which we
qv r r
carried out in accordance with wrench move over the qb 3
contour in quadrant II to the line  2.0 and
h qv
quadrants I-V for basic data:   30  ,  0.3 ,
r from the point of meeting we drop a perpendicular to
qb 3 qb 2 m k the bottom border of the quadrant II, where we re-
 2.0 ,  0.5 ,  0.4 ,  0.4 and
qv qv r qv

6
 qb 2 k
 0.4 , from which we erect a perpendicu-
ceive point A . From the value  0.5 on the the line
qv qv
vertical scale of quadrant IV we contour to the point lar to the horizontal scale of the quadrant V, where
m N
of meeting with the line  0.4 and erect a perpen- we read the answer 4  0.353 m. Bottom bolt reac-
r qv r
dicular to the top border of the quadrant IV, where we tion magnitude N 4 (for example with r  2.5 m and
receive point B . Then we connect points A and B ,
and compute value of the intermediate parameter on qv  165 kPa) builds up N 4  0.353 m  2.5 m 
the horizontal scale of the quadrant III that equals 165 kPa = 145 kN on one long meter of the
0.315. We put this value on the vertical scale of working.
quadrant V, and contour to the point of meeting with

Figure 3. Nomogram used to measure required reaction Figure 4. Nomogram used to measure required reaction
N 4 of the bottom bolt, located from the side of the goaf. N3 of the top bolt, located from the side of the goaf.

In order to compute top bolt required reaction Angular coordinate  N ( j  1,...,4 ) is used as
j
N 3 , located from the side of the goaf, nomogram
such parameter. According to the analysis, it essen-
was designed (Figure 4). Usage rules of it are simi-
tially depends on existing variables: angle of inter-
N
lar to the previous example. A value 3  0.255 m h
qv r nal friction of rocks  ; ratio of natural bankette
r
is received for previously shown basic data, and m
reaction N 3 magnitude built up N3  105 kN per height to the working arch radius; ration of
r
one long meter of the working. seam height to the radius of working arch; angle of
Units of flexible bolts connection on frame sup- k
port props installation place computation. Except of internal friction of  c coal seam; ratio of load
qv
the required bolts reaction stresses N j , rational
increment k in zone of stoping influence to the
parameters of their installation also include coordi-
nates of their location over the working contour. vertical load qv on the support out of this zone.

7
Following variables need to be considered during h
the line  0.3 ; from this point we drop a perpen-
the computation  N for the other pair of bolts r
j
k
( j  3, 4 ), that are installed from the side of the dicular to quadrant II till it meets the line  0.4 ,
qv
qb 3
goaf: ratio of wall load qb 3 along the from which we contour to the quadrant II, where we
qv receive value 1.77 of accessory parameter. Accord-
length of natural bankette (under security element) ing to this value we build a curve in quadrant III.
qb 2 From the mark  c  20 in quadrant IV we contour
to the vertical one qv ; ratio of wall load
qv
m
qb 2 , acting along the height of the security ele- to the line
r
 0.4 , from which we drop a perpen-

k dicular to quadrant III to the built by us line 1.77.

ment to the vertical one; ratio , angle of internal From the point of meeting we contour to the right
qv
vertical scale of quadrant III, where we read the
h m
friction of rock  ; ratio of and . answer  N  90 . As the result, it is the most
r r 1
Nomogram used to compute rational coordinates rational to install the bottom bolt near the frame bolt
 N of bottom bolt installation over the quadrants arch footing for the given example.
1
Rational coordinate  N of top bolt installation
I-V is presented on Figure 5 in accordance with 2

wrench move for following basic data:   30  , computation from the side of the coal seam is con-
ducted according to the nomogram (Figure 6) simi-
k h m
 y  20 ,  0.4 ,  0.3 ,  0.4 . larly to above described example. As a result of
qv r r computation for the same basic data we discover,
From the mark   30  on the vertical scale of that the top bolt must be installed at the angle of
quadrant I we contour to the point of meeting with  N  38.6 to the working vertical axis.
2

Figure 5. Nomogram used to measure rational coordinate Figure 6. Nomogram used to measure rational coordinate
 N1 of the bottom bolt, located from the side of the coal  N2 of the top bolt, located from the side of the coal seam.
seam.

Nomogram used to Figure rational value  N of h m

3  0.3 ;  0.4 . The other parameters do not have
the top bolt installation, located from the side of the r r
goaf is shown on Figure 7. Computation is conducted such significant impact on the angular coordinate
in accordance with wrench move for following basic  N . Method of computation is following: from the
3
q  q  k qb 3
data: b 3  0.8, b 2  0.4;  0.4;   30 ; mark  0.8 of the horizontal scale of quadrant
qv qv qv qv

8
 h k
and we drop a perpendicular to the line  0.3 ; then vertical scale of quadrant IV to the line  0.4 ,
r qv
qb 2 there we erect a perpendicular in quadrant V; we read
we contour in quadrant II to the line  0.4 ;
qv the answer –  N  27 from the point of meeting
3
after that we drop a perpendicular to quadrant III to
of vertical wrench with the line 1.08 in quadrant V on
m
the line  0.4 ; then we contour from this mark its vertical scale. We compute bottom bolt
r
and read on the vertical scale of quadrant III the  N  95 coordinate using nomogram shown on
4
answer for intermediate parameter. It equals 1.08. Figure 8 by analogy with the previous one.
After that we contour from the mark   30  on the

Figure 7. Nomogram used to compute installation coordinate Figure 8. Nomogram used to compute installation coordinate
 N3 of the top bolt, located from the side of the goaf.  N4 of the bolt, located from the side of the goaf.

Thus, as the result of wall bolts and frames unifi- REFERENCES

cation by means of mechanical bonds into the united
bearing system it is possible to create frame-bolt Bondarenko, V., Kovalevs’ka, I., Symanovych, G. and other.
supports in terms of high wall loads. They are nota- 2012. Process operator guide of extraction working main-
ble for reduced material capacity and sufficient tenance and security at flat seams. Research and practice
guide. Dnipropetrovs’k: NMU: 98.
bearing ability. .

9
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 Mining of Mineral Deposits – Pivnyak, Bondarenko, Kovalevs’ka & Illiashov (eds)
© 2013 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN: 978-1-138-00108-4

Pillars sizing at magnetite quartzites room-work

M. Stupnik, V. Kalinichenko & S. Pismennyi

Kryvyi Rig National University, Kryvyi Rig, Ukraine

ABSTRACT: The methods of the inclined pillars parameters calculation at level room-work of thick com-
plex-structural magnetite quartzite deposits in Kryvyi Rig iron ore basin is given.

1 SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL TASKS The main efficiency indices of mining methods
are production costs, which is largely determined by
In Kryvyi Rig iron ore basin rich and poor iron de- the level of ore losses, degree of waste rock dilution
posits are generally mined by room-work or sub- and the specific volume of the access workings
level caving methods (Table 1). (Table 2).

Table 1. Mining methods applied in mines.

Enterprise Mine Mining depth, m Mining methods
Rodina 1315 sublevel ore caving
Octyabrskaya 1190
PJSC “Krivbaszhelezorudkom” sublevel ore caving;
Lenin mine 1275
room and pillar caving
Gvardeiskaya 1270
PJSC “ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rig” #1 Artem mine 1135 sublevel ore caving
PJSC “Evraz Sukha Balka” Yubileinaya 1260 sublevel ore caving;
Frunze mine 1135 room and pillar caving

Table 2. Technical and economic indices of mining methods in Kryvyi Rig iron ore basin.
Mining methods
Name
Level room-work Sublevel room-work Sublevel caving
Specific weight in annual production, % 35.0 20.0 45.0
Specific volume of development and
1.9-3.0 2.5-4.5 3.0-5.0
access workings m / th. t
Ore losses, % 5.0-10.0 7.0-12.0
14.7-18.0
17.4-25.0 16.9-20.0
Ore dilution, % 4.0-7.0*) 4.0-6.0*)
16.5-18.0
13.0-16.0*) 11.4-14.0*)
Iron content reduction in ore output, % 0.5-2.0 0.3-1.5 1.5-3.0
Note: * – without pillar and ceiling mining.

Table 2 represents that the sublevel caving meth- horizontal area of more than 1500 m2 and strike
ods reduce iron ore content in ore output almost by length of more than 700 m, of ore bodies ranging in
two times in comparison with the room-work size from 50 to 500 m2 and strike length from 10 to
(Hivrenko 2001 & Development of technological… 75 m. The share of large deposits is 80% from the
2012). Taking into account that magnetite quartzite ore area in the basin. Their thickness varies from 20
deposits are composed of very thick hard rocks to 150 m and more. The ore bodies are extended in
technological advancement of their room-and-pillar the north-east direction and lie at angle from 20 to
methods is rather essential. 80 degrees with the grade of ore from 36 to 64%.
Physical and mechanical properties of Kryvyi Rig
iron ore basin vary widely. Some mine fields have
2 PAPER ANALYSIS one or two parallel iron deposits containing about
70% of the reserves of the mine field, others have
Iron ore deposits in Kryvyi Rig basin, reach the more than 20 separate ore bodies having a strike

11
length from 150 to 500 m with the grade of ore from fects the sale price of commercial products and in-
58 to 64% (Development of technological… 2012). creases the cost of extraction, transportation, hois-
According to the occurrence iron ore deposits are ting of extracted rock mass and its dressing.
divided into homogeneous and heterogeneous (De- Thereby, the development of improved version of
velopment of technological… 2012 & Bizov 2001). mining methods for deposits with barren area inclu-
There are inclusions of barren area or ores with low sions, allowing to increase the quality of mined ore
grade quality in heterogeneous deposits. The thick- mass, is an important scientific and technical task
ness of barren areas varies from 3.2 to 6 m in some for mines.
areas to 10.6 m. The specific area of barren inclu-
sions within the level (sublevel) is 10...15-18%. The
deposits with the presence of barren area, are usu- 4 MATERIAL PRESENTATION
ally mined by complete mining, see Table 1. AND RESULTS

Ore deposits of Kryvyi Rig iron ore basin according

3 THE PROBLEM STATEMENT to their structure can be divided into five types: 1 –
without barren area inclusions; 2, 3 and 4 – mining
Application of traditional mining methods with ore ore area has single; double and triple barren area in-
complete mining at ore deposits mining, including clusions; 5 – ore area has combined barren area in-
barren area inevitably leads to a decline of the ore clusions, Figure 1.
grade quality from 3 to 10%, which significantly af-

1 2 3 4 5
5-10 m
5-10 m 5-10 m 5-10 m
5-10 m 5-10 m 5-10 m 5-10 m

70-105 m
60-90º
10-150 m 40-150 m 60-150 m 120-150 m 35-150 m

1 2 3 5
5-8 m
5-8 m 5-8 m 5-8 m 5-8 m
70-90 m

45-60º

10-150 m 60-150 m 80-150 m 35-150 m

Figure 1. The structure of ore deposits of Kryvyi Rig iron ore basin.

The first type includes all single and parallel and second type. The third and the fourth type are ore
contiguous deposits that don’t contain barren area deposits having two or more barren area inclusions,
inclusions or the thickness of barren area inclusions the distances between barren area inclusions vary
between the ore deposits is more than 15 m. In this from 15 to 35 m and more. The fifth type is ore de-
case, it should be noted that the parallel and con- posits with barren area inclusions of irregular shape.
tiguous deposits are mined separately. Deposits Based on researches, the classification of ore de-
which have one barren area inclusion with the posits of Kryvyi Rig iron ore basin tend to be mined
thickness of not more than 10 m belong to the by room and pillar systems is given (Table 3).

12
Table 3. Morphological classification of ore deposits of Kryvyi Rig iron ore basin.
Without Tripled by
Combined
barren Single barren area Doubled by barren barren
Name barren area
area inclusions area inclusion area
inclusions
inclusions inclusion
Deposit type 1 2 3 4 5
Dip angle of ore
45-90 45-60 60-90 45-60 60-90 60-90 45-60 60-90
deposits, degree
Thickness of ore
10-150 60-150 40-150 80-150 60-150 120-150 35-150 35-150
deposits, m
Dip angle of barren
— 45-90 60-90 45-60 60-90 60-90 45-70 60-90
area inclusions, degree
Thickness of barren
— 5-8 5-10 5-8 5-10 5-10 5-8 5-10
area inclusions, m
Rigidity of ore body +/- +/- +/- +/- +/- +/- +/- +/-
Rigidity of hanging
+ + +/- + + + + +/-
wall rock
Rigidity of bottom
+ +/- + +/- + + +/- +
wall rock
Rigidity of rock inclu-
— + +/- + + + + +/-
sions
Notе: + hard ores or rock; – soft ores or rock.

For mining of iron ore deposits with barren area M

inclusions (type 2-5) it is necessary to use selective N 1 , (3)
n
mining, leaving barren area inclusions in the waste
area (Bizov 2001). This can be achieved by using where N – amount of mining areas in the stope
level (sublevel) room and pillar systems with caving limited across by barren rock inclusions; M – hori-
or leaving pillars and crowns between rooms. How- zontal thickness of ore deposit, m, n – amount of
ever, their use has a number of boundary conditions, barren area inclusions the thickness of which are
which include: the minimum allowable thickness of ranged from 5 to 8-10m.
barren area and ore deposit, the amount of mining The thickness of the inclined barren area inclu-
panels, the thickness of inclined dirt area inclusion sion that will ensure its stability for a period of the
(Storchak 2003). panel mining is determined by the conditions of the
The minimum allowable thickness of barren area longitudinal compressive forces Pl in which there
inclusion is conditioned by inclined pillar integrity
support, normal conditions of ore crashing and de- is no integrity. Side forces Ps , are directed towards
termined by the previously mined room filled with caved rocks
(Storchak 2003). The design formula for determin-
m n  1. 5  W , (1) ing the width of the inclined interstall pillar is
where mn – minimum allowable thickness of bar- Pl  K d     t  h
ren area inclusion, m; W – line of least resistance at b  ms , (4)
nc   сom  K f  
longhole work, m.
The minimum allowable thickness of ore body
limited by the barren area inclusion depends on the where Pl – longitudinal compressive forces work
underground mining technology, height of level along the inclined pillar; K d – ratio depending on
(sublevel) and is determined by the tensile stress and rock deformation;  – ratio of
m p  0.1 0.3  h  mn , (2) rock creeping;  t – rock tensile strength, kPa; nc –
amount of longitudinal pillars per one room;
where m p – minimum allowable thickness of ore  сom – rock compressive strength; K f – inclined
body which is situated near barren area, m, h – pillar stability factor;  – specific weight of rock,
height of level, m. forming the inclined pillar, kg / m3.
The amount of mining panels in the stope limited In the case when there is no tensile stress and de-
across by barren area inclusions is determined by

13
formation in the pillar K d is 1.15-1.41, when in- by the expression (4) should be 1.5 times greater
clined pillar subjected to maximum deformation than the thickness power of barren area inclusion.
without affecting its integrity K d is 1.41-1.73, in As a result of researches an improved version of the
level room mining methods with pillars and crown
the laminated fractured ground with possible or par- caving is developed.
tial pillar caving K d is 1.63-2.0, and at crack initia- A distinctive feature of the proposed version of
tion with the following caving K d is 2.0-2.44 (Sle- the room mining method shown in Figure 2, from
sarev 1948). the traditional is the following. Mining section is di-
So, the width of the inclined barren pillar defined vided into mining panels according to the thickness.

Vertical projection

air level

drilling level

draw level
transportation level

Cross-section across-strike
j i air level

drilling level

undermining level
draw level
transportation level

Figure 2. Level room development with dirt inclusions leaving in the section: 1 – primary stope (room); 2 – hauling road-
way; 3, 4 – raise, air and passageway, ore-pass; 5, 10 – draw entry; 6 – loading rooms; 7 – ditch undercutting; 8 – stope of
the second turn (room fender); 9 – vertical compensation room; 11 – spiral ramp; 12 – rings of block caving deep holes;
13 – cutoff ditch ort; 14 – cut raise.

The first section is limited by hanging wall rock ving levels. Between the mining panels the inclined
and hanging wall of barren area inclusion, the last pillar consisting of barren inclusion is left. Interstall
one is limited by hanging wall of barren area inclu- inclined pillars (barren inclusions) are not mined but
sion and bottom wall. Section mining is carried out remain unaffected between panels. Ore pillars and
by mining panels from hanging to bottom wall. crowns mining are carried out according to the tra-
The panels are mined separately by level, (sub- ditional technology. The results of calculation of
level-) room and pillar system with the formation of improved mining method application compared with
a separate compensation space, drilling and recei- traditional technologies are shown in Table 4.

14
Table 4. Technical and economic indices of mining methods in deposits with barren area inclusions.
Room and pillar mining Ore and cover caving Proposal room and
Name
without pillar caving methods pillar mining method
Block (panel) parameters
Block strike length, m 50 50 50
Mining thickness, m 100 100 80
Level height, m 90 90 90
Barren inclusion thickness, m 10 10 -
Dip angle of ore deposits, degree 80 80 80
Barren inclusions amount, pieces 2 2 -
Mined blocks (panels) amount, pieces 1 1 3
Ore volume weight, t / m3 2.8 2.8 2.8
Barren inclusions volume weight, t / m3 2.2 2.2 -
Ore mass reserve in the block, th. t 1206 1206 1008
– ore reserve in the block, th. t 1008 1008 1008
– barren inclusion reserve in the block, th. t 198 198 -
Grade, %:
– in ore 46.0 46.0 46.0
– in rock 24.0 24.0 24.0
– in dirt inclusions 16.0 16.0 -
Specific rate of preliminary development
2.8 3.6 3.8
and access working, m / th.
Ore output per hole meter run, ton / m 21 20 25
Output per man-shift, t / per shift 136.2 154.8 155.72
Grade of mining block (panel), % 40.0 40.0 46.0
Ore loss, % 10.0 16.0 10.0
Ore dilution, % 7.0 15.0 7,0
Ore mass amount, th. t 1084.5 1191.8 975.5
Grade of mined ore, % 38.9 37.6 44.5

5 CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES

It is determined that the use of inclined pillars con- Hivrenko, V. 2001. Technological classification of com-
sisting of barren area inclusions allows to increase plicated structural deposits. Ore deposits development.
the iron content in the mined ore from 37.6-38.9% Kryvyi Rig: KTU, #76: 26-29.
Development of technological opening schemes, prepara-
to 44.5%, and to reduce drilling, output and miner-
tion and longwall mining for complicated structural de-
als processing costs. Thus, the ore output is reduced posits at further development on big depth: Report from
by 10-18%, which significantly reduces the rock research work. 2012. #GR 0109U002336. Kry-
processing and haulage costs. vorizhs’kyi national university, #30-84-11: 306.
The given method of pillars determination is ap- Bizov, V., Storchak, S., Sirichko, V., Cherednichenko, O.,
plicable when the calculated width of inclined pil- Garkusha, A., Vitryak, V., Plothikov, V., Repin, О.,
lars is equal to or less than the barren inclusion Hivrenko, О., Schelkanov, V. & Andreev, B. 2001. Pat-
thickness. In the case when the calculated width of ent № 37982А Е 21 С41/16 UA. Method of steep ore
bodies development that consist waste rock insertion”.
the inclined pillar is more than the barren inclusion
Publish 15.05.2001. Bulletin #4.
thickness, the traditional ore and cover caving Storchak, S., Chelkanov, V., Karamanic, F., Andreev, B.,
method is applied. Korzh, V. & Pismennyi, S. 2003. Patent. 62168 UA,
МKІ Е21С41/06. Method of steep deposit development
of mineral resources. Publisher 02.01.2003; Publish
15.12.2003; Bulletin #12.
Slesarev, V. 1948. Rock mechanics and mine support.
Moscow: Coal Publisher: 45.

15
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 Mining of Mineral Deposits – Pivnyak, Bondarenko, Kovalevs’ka & Illiashov (eds)
© 2013 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN: 978-1-138-00108-4

The calculation scheme of mathematical modeling

of displacement process of a terrestrial surface
by working out of coal layers

M. Antoshchenko, L. Chepurnaya & M. Filatyev

Donbass State Technical University, Alchevs’k, Ukraine

ABSTRACT: On the basis of the carried-out theoretical research and analysis of experimental data it’s been
developed method of forecasting final subsidence of terrestrial surface which uses trajectory displacement of
points on the earth surface and which takes into account the mechanical properties of rocks, mining depth
and geometry sizes of extraction sites.

Determination of regularities of process of displace- means of characteristic points of the mathematical

ment of a terrestrial surface at a side job its clearing function describing development of subsidence of a
developments is one of the main objectives while terrestrial surface in time. By way of such points it
working off of coal layers. The authentic forecast of is offered to use extremes of the first three deriva-
parameters of displacement of a terrestrial surface tives on time from the main equation describing the
promotes the successful decision of others, not less change of subsidence of a point of a terrestrial sur-
important, mining tasks. To them, except protection face in the process of displacement (2-4).
of objects on a terrestrial surface, the choice of the lo- By the mathematical models (2-4) it’s supposed the
cation of excavations and rational ways of their pro- formation of a flat bottom displacement trough on a
tection from influence of mountain pressure, the gas terrestrial surface (  0 ) by carrying out clearing
emission forecast from undermining sources, justifi- works within one extraction site. It is recommended
cation of rational schemes of airing of extraction (Gavrilenko 2011) to take a time point as the end of
sites, calculation of bearing ability support also many the process when the current subsidence (  0 ) reaches
other things belong. By the solution of the specified
tasks essential value has establishment of dynamics of 0.970.99 its final value. At such approach it is pos-
displacement process and allocation of its characteris- sible to consider that depth of a flat bottom displace-
tic stages. ment trough (  0 ) is equal to final displacement of a
Duration of process is considered the period of terrestrial surface (  к ), taken for one of main pa-
time during which the terrestrial surface is in a condi-
rameters of mathematical models (2-4).
tion of displacement owing to influence of clearing
The analysis of known experimental data
works. The general duration divides into three stages:
(Borzych, 1999) showed that there are mining-and-
initial, active and subside stage. Establishment of the
geological conditions in which the flat bottom dis-
specified stages according to the normative document
placement trough on a terrestrial surface isn't
(The rule of undermining of buildings, 2004) is made
formed even by working out of several extraction
rather conditionally and in modern conditions of big
sites. It testifies that mathematical models (2-4) ade-
depths of development to their definition it is impos-
quately describe processes of displacement of a ter-
sible to declare existing approach completely correct
restrial surface only for the greatest possible extent
(Kulibaba 2010). Its main shortcoming is lack of ac-
of development of clearing works after formation of
curate and unambiguous methods of definition of a
a flat bottom displacement trough. By their use for
temporary framework of course, both all process of
forecasting of course of process it’s still unknown
displacement of a terrestrial surface, and its separate
the value of final subsidence of a terrestrial surface
stages. The most perspective direction in the solution
of a considered problem it’s offered the approach rep- (  к ). The offer (Gavrilenko 2011) to define (  к )
resented by Professor Gavrilenko Yu.N. (Gavrilenko according to (The rule of undermining of build-
2007). ings… 2004) is insufficiently reasonable for the rea-
Division of displacement process of a terrestrial sons given earlier in work (Kulibaba 2010). Besides
surface on separate stages is offered to be made by this it has been established (Filatyev 2011) that cri-

17
teria of formation of a flat bottom displacement rocks ( f ) and depth of carrying out works (H). The
trough by working out of anthracitic layers signifi- scheme of change of a ratio between boundary cor-
cantly differ from recommended (The rule of un- ners and corners of full displacement in process of
dermining of buildings… 2004). For the specified development of clearing works is given in the refer-
reasons in this work the purpose to develop the ence (Filatyev 2010);
scheme of subsidence of a terrestrial surface before – the maximum subsidence of a terrestrial surface
achievement of its full side job during removal of a
clearing face from the cutting furnace is set. Such (  1m ,  m2 ,  m
3 i
… m ) to its full undermining by lay-
approach will allow to open more fully features of ers of a flat bedding take place approximately over
course of process of displacement of a terrestrial the middle of the developed space. Dependence
surface and to predict value at any extent of devel-  m  1 ( L) is described be curve 4 (Figure 1). Final
opment of clearing works with removal of a clearing
subsidence (  кi ) for the concrete position of a clear-
face from the cutting furnace on distance of L .
Processes of displacement of a terrestrial surface ing face (the amount of clearing development) is
are considered by mathematical model (Gavrilenko characterized by the maximum subsidence  кi   m i
;
2011) in time for approximately identical speed of a
– the full undermining of a terrestrial surface is
moving of a clearing face. Such condition of appli-
observed during removal of a clearing face from the
cation of model is noted in work (Kulibaba 2010).
cutting furnace on distance more Lк . In this case
The author of the model (Gavrilenko 2011) offers
also for the description of development of process the final, most possible value of subsidence of a ter-
of displacement instead of time on abscissa axis to restrial surface (  к ) is approximately equal to depth
use distance concerning a projection of the line of a of a flat bottom trough (  0 );
clearing face to a terrestrial surface to a supervision
– after formation of a flat bottom trough displace-
point. Use of geometrical parameters, in our opin-
ment of any point on a terrestrial surface doesn't de-
ion, is more expedient as they allow coordinating
pend any more on distance of its projection to the cut-
the extent of development of clearing works, the
ting furnace, and is connected only with a further
change of corners of full displacements in the un-
moving of a clearing face. The description of process
dermining rocks and the maximum subsidence of a
of displacement of a terrestrial surface during this pe-
terrestrial surface. Confirmation of validity of such
riod of development of clearing works completely
approach are also almost functional dependences of
corresponds to mathematical models (2-4).
the maximum subsidence of a terrestrial surface
The developed scheme of trough formation of
(  m ) in specific mining-and-geological conditions displacement of a terrestrial surface during removal
by changing of one of the geometrical amount of of a clearing face from the cutting furnace is con-
clearing development (Filatyev 2011) that is ex- firmed both direct measurement of some parame-
plained by constancy of thickness of developed ters, and their calculation with use of experimental
layer (m), depth of carrying out works (H) and data about the processes which are caused by dis-
strength properties of undermining rocks. In the placement of undermined rocks and indirectly char-
conditions of one mining layers, owing to the speci- acterizing their condition.
fied reasons, it is possible to apply mathematical For example, fixing distances between a clearing
dependences, both with absolute parameters, and face and the cutting furnace and observing dynamics
with relative ones (Filatyev 2011). Relative parame- of methane emission in vent wells (excavations), it
ters (  m / m , L / H ) it is expedient to use for gen- is possible to calculate the change of corners of
eralization of the results received in different min- unloading (full displacement). In specific conditions
ing-and-geological conditions (Filatyev 2011). the sizes of these corners changed in process of de-
By developing the scheme of formation of trough velopment of clearing works from 35 tо 65 (Anto-
parameters of displacement of a terrestrial surface shchenko 2013) that practically corresponds to their
(fig. 1) it has been used modern ideas of the geome- final values (The rule of undermining of buildings…
chanical processes happening in undermining rocks 2004).
by development of clearing works. They consist of One of important points is definition of with-
the following: drawal of a clearing face from the cutting furnace
– the beginning of displacement of a terrestrial ( Lн ), by which displacement of a terrestrial surface
surface occurs in a point A during removal of a begins. For specific mining-and-geological condi-
clearing face from the cutting furnace on some dis- tions it can be defined, having statistically processed
tance Lн , which is defined by strength properties of experimental data of directly proportional depend-

18
ences  m  1 ( L) or  m / m   2 ( L / H ) . Such type scheme (Antipenko 2001) dependence  m  1 ( L)
of dependences is caused by an active stage of is accepted rectilinear. For specification of a type of
course of process of displacement of rocks during this dependence by a method of the smallest squares
this period of time of clearing works. The point of made statistical processing of the experimental data
intersection of these dependences with abscissa axis known from references obtained for the last fifty
(A) defines required value Lн . The example of such years. The empirical dependences characterizing
definition is given in the work (Antoshchenko 2012) change of relative maximum subsidence of a terres-
when at H  97114 m value Lн made 21 m. trial surface (  m / m ), are received for different
The key moment for the adequate description of mining-and-geological and mining conditions. Ini-
processes by means of mathematical models is es- tial grouping of basic experimental data were made
tablishment of a trajectory of movement of points on strength properties of containing rocks. The
rocks containing anthracitic layers are referred to
with the maximum value of subsidence  m towards
the strongest. The intermediate group on durability
a moving of a clearing face. In the scheme offered is represented by layers with coals of average de-
by us the trajectory of movement of these points gree of a metamorphism. Less strong are rocks of
corresponds to a curve of 4 (Figure 1). In the the Western Donbass.

Figure 1. Scheme of formation of trough parameters of displacement of a terrestrial surface during removal of a clearing
face from the cutting furnace: H – depth of carrying out clearing works; m – thickness of developed layer; 1, 2, 3, … i ,
… к , … T – the position of a clearing face at its withdrawal from the cutting furnace and trough of subsidence of a terres-
trial surface corresponding to them;  , – boundary corners;  0 – the corner of full displacement corresponding to the
beginning of subsidence of a terrestrial surface,  1 ,  2 ,  3 ,…  i – the corners of full displacement corresponding to 1,

2, 3, … i – positions of a clearing face;  к – final value of a corner of full displacement,  1m ,  m2 ,  m3 ,…  mi – maxi-

mum subsidence of the terrestrial surface, corresponding to 1, 2, 3, … i – positions of a clearing face; 4 – trajectory of
movement of points with the maximum value of subsidence  m towards a moving of a clearing face;  к – final subsi-
dence of a terrestrial surface approximately equal to depth of a flat bottom trough of displacement  0 ; Lн - distance from
a clearing face to the cutting furnace at which displacement of a terrestrial surface begins; Lк – distance from a clearing
face to the cutting furnace at which there is a full undermining of a terrestrial surface; – direction of a moving of a
clearing face.

Except strength properties of containing rocks course of experiments one of the geometrical sizes
during processing experimental data the depth of changed, and the second remained constant. If the
carrying out works (H) and the amount of clearing single lava of variable length L1 was object of su-
developments were considered ( L1 , L2 ). In the

19
pervision, the change  m during removal of a clea- dependence  m   ( L) becomes almost parallel to
ring face from the cutting furnace on a distance L2 abscissa axis (Figure 1) that testifies to formation of
was considered. By working out of several extrac- a flat bottom displacement trough. Subsidence of a
tion sites when the full side job of a terrestrial sur- terrestrial surface on a site between points Т  and
face wasn't reached, length of an extraction column Т  also is defined by only the current position ( Т )
was invariable. In this case value  m was defined of a clearing face. The distance from a projection of
points of a terrestrial surface to the cutting furnace
after discrete increase of the second size of the de- in this case has no any more practical impact on
veloped space at the size of length of the next ful- processes of displacement and consolidation of the
filled lava. undermined rocks.
Such approach allowed receiving the empirical The developed scheme, coordinating development
equations (1-3) considering two sizes of clearing of clearing works and processes of displacement of
development: a terrestrial surface, allows expanding a scope of
– for conditions of working out of anthracitic layers mathematical modeling by means of characteristic
0.67 points. On the basis of the carrying out researches
m / m  ; (1) the important practical conclusions have been don
 L L 
1  9.83  exp  2.16 1  2  for mining science:
 H H  – in mathematical models instead of temporary pa-
rameter more expedient is to use the geometrical sizes
– by extraction of layers with coals of average
of clearing development (the developed space). It will
degree of a metamorphism
allow developing the general mathematical models
0.78 for the description of processes of displacement by
m / m  ; (2) removing of a certain group of coal layers. In this
 L L 
1  11.31  exp  3.14 1  2  case it is possible to go to time factor, setting values
 H H  of speed of a moving of a clearing face;
– for the Western Donbass – three stages of processes of displacement of a
terrestrial surface (initial, active and attenuations)
0.92 have the features connected with development of
m / m  . (3) clearing works. By an incomplete side job of a ter-
 L1 L2 
1  23.97  exp  4.79   restrial surface it is necessary to consider mathe-
 H H  matical models with use of the parameters charac-
The logistic equations of type (1-3) are usually terizing the geometrical sizes of clearing develop-
used for modeling of processes of transition from ments (the developed spaces). After achievement of
one stable condition in another. In relation to the de- a full side job processes of displacement of points of
scription of subsidence of a terrestrial surface the a terrestrial surface depend only on their position in
numerator characterizes the greatest possible value relation to a clearing face;
 m / m . In the case under consideration it corre- – for mathematical modeling it is conditionally
possible to consider that formation of a flat bottom
sponds to depth of a flat bottom trough of displace- trough of displacement of a terrestrial surface is one
ment of a terrestrial surface at a stage of carrying of criteria of the end of processes at a stage of carry-
out clearing works. Empirical coefficients of a de- ing out clearing works;
nominator define the position of a curve concerning – final displacement of a terrestrial surface needs
abscissa axis and width of an average site (an active to be defined taking into account the sizes of earlier
stage). Dependences (1-3) almost functionally de- fulfilled extraction sites;
scribe processes of displacement of a terrestrial sur- – in the conditions of one mining layer at ap-
face and correspond to their physical sense at values proximately constant values of depth of carrying out
L1 L2 works, the thickness of developed layer and strength
  0.3  0.5 . Smaller values of argument
H H properties of containing rocks can be used mathe-
L L matical dependences both with absolute parameters,
( 1  2 ) characterize processes of the beginning and with the relative ones. Relative parameters are
H H
of displacement of a terrestrial surface and demand recommended to be applied to generalization of the
the separate studying. experimental data obtained in different mining-and-
After removal of a clearing face from the cutting geological conditions;
– movement of a trajectory of points towards a
furnace on distance Lк , a site ( К   Т  ) of curve
moving of a clearing face during its removal from

20
the cutting furnace happens to the maximum value Gavrilenko, Yu.N. 2007. The mathematical description of
of subsidence of a terrestrial surface generally on dynamics of process of displacement on coal mines of
curvilinear dependence that is confirmed by statisti- Donbass. International Society for Mine Surveying,
XIII International Congress. Budapest, Hungary. Report
cal processing of experimental data. The beginning
032: 6.
of displacement in this case is determined by a point Gavrilenko, Yu.N. 2011. Forecasting of displacement of a
of intersection of the specified dependences on ab- terrestrial surface in time. Coal of Ukraine, 6: 45-49.
scissa axis; Borzych, A.F. & Gorovoi, E.P. 1999. Influence of width of
– some parameters of displacement of rocks and a the developed space on activization of displacement of
terrestrial surface can be determined on the experi- carboniferous massif. Coal of Ukraine, 9: 26-30.
mental curve characterizing dynamics of gas emis- Filatyev, M.V., Antoshchenko, N.I. & Syatkovsky, S.L.
sion from underlined sources; 2011. About the maximum displacement of a terrestrial
surface by working out of coal layers. Coal of Ukraine,
– the choice of mathematical functions for the
2: 37-40.
adequate description of process of subsidence of a Filatyev, M.V. 2011. Influence of extent of development of
terrestrial surface at all stages of development of clearing works on the maximum subsidence of a terres-
clearing works by means of characteristic points trial surface. Coal of Ukraine, 4: 12-16.
demands the further analysis and development of Filatyev M.V, Antoshchenko, N.I. & Syatkovsky, S.L.
recommendations about their application in specific 2010. Necessary conditions of formation of a flat bottom
mining-and-geological conditions. trough of displacement of a terrestrial surface after re-
moving of coal layers. Sb. scientific works of DonSTU.
Vyp. 31. Alchevs’k: 41-49.
Antoshchenko, N.I., Kulakova, S.I. & Filatyev, M.V.
REFERENCES
2013. The gas emission forecast from the underlined
coal layers. Coal of Ukraine, 1: 44-49.
The rule of undermining of buildings, constructions and Antoshchenko, N.I., Chepurnaya, L.A. & Filatyev, M.V.
natural objects at coal mining by underground way. Pub- 2012. Quantitative assessment of parameters of dis-
lishing house is official. 2004. GSTU 101.00159226.001- placement of the underlined rocks and a terrestrial sur-
2003. Sectoral standard of Ukraine. Kyiv: Ministry of face by removing coal layers. Sb. scientific works of
Energy of Ukraine: 128. DonSTU. Vyp. 38. Alchevs’k: 17-24.
Kulibaba, S.B., Rozhko, M.D. & Hokhlov's, B.V. 2010. Antipenko, G.A. & Nazarenko, V.A. 2001. About some
Nature of development of process of displacement of a terms and definitions of process of displacement of a
terrestrial surface in time over moving clearing face. terrestrial surface. Coal of Ukraine, 9: 44-45.
Science works UKRNDM NAN of Ukraine, 7: 40-54.

21
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 Mining of Mineral Deposits – Pivnyak, Bondarenko, Kovalevs’ka & Illiashov (eds)
© 2013 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN: 978-1-138-00108-4

Changes of overburden stresses in time and

their manifestations in seismic wave indices

A. Antsyferov, A. Trifonov, V. Tumanov & L. Ivanov

UkrSRMI of the NAS of Ukraine, Donets’k, Ukraine

ABSTRACT: During one and a half – two months, due to the redistribution of the stress state, the energy in-
dicator of low-velocity low-frequency waves of channel nature can increase and decrease two-threefold and
the energy indicator of high-frequency component of the refracted waves can change by a factor of four.

Coal-producing areas are characterized by manifes- within the overburden exposure of fault zone of the
tations of widespread geodynamic phenomena. Kotlinsky overlap fault. The bottom of the overbur-
Among these are rock bursts, induced earthquakes, den lies at the depth of about 40 m. Overlap fault
ground surface subsidence and caving and others. throws in the range of the first tens to the first hun-
Unpredictability or poor predictability leads to dreds meters. Its recent activity is confirmed by
emergency and catastrophic situations. Occurrence geophysical observations conducted in combination
of these phenomena is closely connected with the with geophysical survey. Both areas are located
changes in the stress state of rocks in time. For that within subsidence profile, closer to its axial line.
reason research into the changes in time of the stress Rock mass have been undermined down to the
state conducted in coal-producing areas is of imme- depth of 750 m for one and a half year before sur-
diate interest. veying began. Taking into account that rock move-
Changes in the stress state are caused by two ment has been occurring for several years, the rock
main groups of factors: natural and human-induced. mass under consideration is in conditions of the
The main natural factors are recent tectonic fault changes in the stress-deformation state.
movements, and undermining of rock mass is hu- Sounding was conducted down to the depth of the
man-induced factor. overburden with the offset recording range of 60 m.
Estimation of the stress-deformation state of rock Seismic signal generation and recording were car-
mass based on the data of ground surface movement ried out in shallow (about 1.0 m) wells with multi-
is traditionally used for long-lasting processes. Moni- ple (up to 100 times) stacking based on seismic en-
toring of geophysical fields provides information on ergy excitation. Three cycles of observations were
the changes in the stress state during comparatively conducted at two mine field areas repeated in 1.5-2
short time determined by months, days and hours. In months (07.08.12; 26.09.12; 20.11.12).
recent times estimation of rock stresses employing Spectra of the recorded seismic signals are shown
seismic sounding techniques growths rapidly (Antsy- in Figure 1. These spectra reflect several types of
ferov, Tirkel and other 2009; Trifonov, Kiseleev and waves: high-intensity surface waves, refracted and
other 2012; Trifonov, Arkhipenko and other 2010; low-velocity low-frequency waves. It is determined
Antsyferov, Trifonov and other 2009; Trifonov, that during three cycles of observations changes in
Tirkel and other 2009; & Antsyferov, Tirkel and other the spectrum of seismic signals take place. Suffi-
2008 & Antsyferov, Tirkel and other 2007). Prospects ciently expressed differences are typical for its high-
of these techniques are specified by parametric abun- frequency region. At the area #1 they are confined
dance of seismic waves and capability of simultane- to the frequency range of 50-70 Hz, and at the area
ous use of several types of waves with physically dif- #2 to 45-60 Hz (Figure 2).
ferent principles of generation and propagation. With regard to the sounding conditions under ex-
Changes in seismic wave dynamic indices due to amination the described changes in the spectrum is
a joint impact of fault and rock mass undermining the manifestation of high-frequency components of
have been detected at the mine field of the Pok- refracted waves propagating in the deep dense part
rovskoe Mining Unit in the Krasnoarmeisk coal of the overburden. It is determined that energy index
province of the Donets Coal Basin. Surveys were of the spectrum high-frequency components (as the
conducted at two areas (area #1 and area #2 located sum of the amplitudes of frequency components of

23
spectrum ranges) changes considerably during Seismic signals as absolute values of the ampli-
monitoring. At first (cycles 1-2) this index de- tudes reduced by energy index of the first signal
creases, and then (cycles 1-2) increases. Its change phase with averaging the energy index by sliding
takes place concurrently at two areas and achieves window method (width = 50 ms, interval = 25 ms)
four-fold value (see Figure 2). are shown in Figure 3.

0.06 Area #2
Cycle 1
standard unit
Amplitude,

0.04 Cycle 2
0.02 Cycle 3

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Frequency, Hz

Figure 1. Seismic signal spectra based on three cycles of observations.

1 Area #1 1 Area #2
Energy index, standard unit

Energy index, standard unit

0.8 0.8 Spectrum range
Spectrum range
44-53 Hz
51-58 Hz
0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2
1 2 3 1 2 3
Observation cycles Observations cycles

Figure 2. High-frequency part of seismic signal spectra and energy indices based on three cycles of observations.

1 Area #1
Energy index,

Cycle 1
standard unit

Cycle 2
0.5
Cycle 3

0
100 300 500 700 900
T ime, ms

1 Area #2
Energy index,
standard unit

Cycle 1
Cycle 2
0.5
Cycle 3
0
100 300 500 700 900
T ime, ms

Figure 3. Seismic signals as absolute values of the amplitudes reduced by the energy index of the first signal phase with
averaging the signal energy index in 50 ms time window and navigating the window based on the signal duration with
25 ms interval.

24
 The difference of these signals by observation cy- We can see that in the first time band (100-160 ms)
cles enables us to identify three time bands: 100- the energy index practically does not change, or, as at
160 ms, 300-450 ms and 500-950 ms. The first time the area #2, changes a little (up to 20%). Therefore re-
band is typical for refracted waves (which propaga- fracted waves within their basic frequency (of the or-
tion velocity is 400-500 m / s), the second one – for der of 30 Hz) shall be considered as the less sensitive
surface waves (150-200 m / s), and the third one – for of the analyzed wave types. The reason for this is ap-
low-velocity low-frequency waves (70-120 m / s). parently the long wavelength at this frequency (about
Energy index of the signals for three observation 15 m) at which the sensitivity of refracted waves is
cycles based on the mentioned time bands is shown in much lower that that of the examined high-frequency
Figure 4. components of these waves.

1 Area #2
Area #1
1

Energy index, standard unit

Energy index, standard unit

0.8

0.6
0.8

100-160 ms 0.4 100-160 ms

300-450 ms 300-450 ms
500-950 ms 500-950 ms
0.6 0.2
1 2 3 1 2 3
Observation cycles Observation cycles

Figure 4. The energy index of seismic signals of different time bands based on three observation cycles.

The second time band is characterized by highly cycle 3). Its value changes two-threefold. Such large
apparent increase in the energy index of the waves range of changes in the energy index speaks for high
from cycles 1-2 and 3. At the area #1 this index in- sensitivity of low-velocity low-frequency waves.
creases by half, and at the area #2 it increases two- High sensitivity of these waves is specified by the
fold. During monitoring there was no precipitation characteristics of their propagation in conditions of
that influences the propagation of surface waves. the original seismic channel. The upper boundary of
Therefore, taking into consideration location of the the channel is ground surface; the lower boundary is
areas with regard to the active overlap fault and sub- top of rocks with increased elastic parameters. In this
sidence profile being formed, the reason of the case a seismic wave is generated as a result of se-
changes in the waves under examination is the re- quential reflection of signals from the above bounda-
distribution of stress state of rock mass. ries at the angle near to 90º at which elastic waves
The third time band differs by the character and undergo small refraction. Due to such path waves
magnitude of changes in the energy index of the pass a distance that exceeds the sounding base
waves with time. This index decreases at first (from (source point interval/spacing) by many times and ac-
cycle 1 to cycle 2) and then increases (from cycle 2 to cumulate the impact of the stress state of rock mass.

1 Sounding base of 30 m
standard unit
Amplitude,

0.5

0
0 200 400 600 800
T ime, ms

Figure 5. Low-velocity low-frequency wavetrain in the time band of 400-600 ms at seismic records obtained based on the
different sounding bases.

25
 Low-velocity low-frequency waves as a low- can consider the low-frequency waves as the most
frequency wavetrain (11-18 Hz) are notably traced sensitive indicator of the changes in stress state of
at seismic records obtained at the sounding bases of rock mass.
30 and 60 m (Figure 5). It should also be stated that in spite of different
Amplitude levels of these waves in regard to the nature of their generation the refracted and low-
surface and refracted waves with the increase in the velocity low-frequency waves are characterized by
sounding base practically do not change. This fea- correlation of energy indices changing with obser-
ture shows that low-velocity low-frequency waves vation time (see Figure 2 and 4). This fact speaks
propagate in the seismic channel. In favor of their for physical objectivity of the employed energy in-
channel nature speaks also comparatively narrow dex as well as the capability of using the high-
spectrum and existence of dispersion (Figure 6). frequency components of refracted waves and low-
Hence, taking into account the mode of propaga- velocity low-frequency waves for reliable estima-
tion and significant changes in the energy index we tion of the changes in the stress state of rock mass.

1
19
Amplitude, standard unit

Frequency, Hz 17
0.5

15

0 13
0 20 40 60 80 300 400 500 600 700
Frequency, Hz T ime, ms

Figure 6. Seismic spectrum and frequency-wavetrain duration function for low-velocity low-frequency waves obtained at
the sounding base of 30 m.

Thus, the outcomes of the survey are as follows. damentals of seismic monitoring of geomechanical state
1. Seismic sounding down to the overburden of rock mass when working coal deposits of Ukraine.
depth enables to detect redistribution of the stress Methods and Systems of seismodeformation monitoring
of induces earthquakes and rock bursts. Novosybirs’k:
state due to undermining of coal-rock mass and re-
Mining Institute of the Siberian Branch of the RAS.
cent fault movements. Trifonov, A.S., Kiseleev, N.N., Tumanov, V.V., Buzhdez-
2. Due to the redistribution of the stress state the han, A.V. Khlyustov, N.V. & Yalputa, Ye.A. 2012.
energy indicator of low-velocity low-frequency Manifestations of human-induced faulting of rock mass
waves of channel nature can increase and decrease in energy indices of seismic waves. Donets’k: Transac-
two-threefold and the energy indicator of high- tions of UkrSRMI of the NAS of Ukraine: Collection of
frequency component of the refracted waves can Scientific Papers, 11: 267-274.
change by a factor of four. Trifonov, A.S., Arkhipenko, A.I., Khlyustov, N.V. & Yalpu-
ta, Ye.A. 2010. Seismic surveys of geomechanical state of
3. Low-velocity low-frequency waves of channel
the overburden in active development of exogenous geo-
nature and high-frequency component of the re- logical processes. Donets’k: Transactions of UkrSRMI of
fracted waves can be used for verifiable and operat- the NAS of Ukraine: Collection of Scientific Papers, 6:
ing control of the current changes in the stress state 294-300.
of coal-rock mass. Antsyferov, A.V., Trifonov, A.S., Tirkel, M.G., Tumanov,
V.V. 2009. Estimation of the stress state of the under-
mined rock mass based on the parameters of seismic re-
REFERENCES flections. Donetsk: Transactions of UkrSRMI of the NAS
of Ukraine: Collection of Scientific Papers, 5 (Part 1):
Antsyferov, A. V., Tirkel, M.G., Glukhov, A.A., Trifonov, 434-440.
A.S. & Tumanov, V.V. 2009. Development of the fun- Trifonov, A.S., Tirkel, M.G., Tumanov V.V. & Arkhipenko
A.I. 2009. Research into the impact of stress state of the

26
 upper part of the rock mass being undermined on seismic geoenvironment. Mining Institute of the RAS. Novo-
signals parameters. Donetsk: Transactions of UkrSRMI sybirs’k.
of the NAS of Ukraine: Collection of Scientific Papers, 4: Antsyferov, A. V., Tirkel, M.G., Trifonov, A.S. & Tumanov,
61-70. V.V. 2007. Diagnostic seismic monitoring geodynamic
Antsyferov, A. V., Tirkel, M.G., Trifonov, A.S. & Tumanov, state of the rock mass when mining coal seams. Proceed-
V.V. 2008. Seismic monitoring of coal-rock mass above ings of the Conference Geodynamics and Stress State of
production workings. Proceedings of the Conference Subsurface. Mining Institute of the RAS. Novosybirs’k.
Fundamental problems of formation of technogenic

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 Mining of Mineral Deposits – Pivnyak, Bondarenko, Kovalevs’ka & Illiashov (eds)
© 2013 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN: 978-1-138-00108-4

Specifics of percarbonic rock mass displacement

in longwalls end areas and extraction workings

I. Kovalevs’ka
National Mining University, Dnipropetrovs’k, Ukraine
V. Vivcharenko
Department of Coal Industry Ministry of Energy and Coal Industry of Ukraine
V. Snigur
“DTEK Pavlogradugol”, Pavlograd, Ukraine

ABSTRACT: Results of loading of support underground investigations of extracting working and longwall
equipment set in end areas of longwalls were exposed. They took into account structure of percarbonic rock
mass, represented by laminate massif of soft rocks.

Researches of rock pressure manifestation in extrac- – rock heaving is only 10-20% less than rock fault
tion workings of West Donbass have history, com- in the context of close meanings of rock hardness
parable with the beginning of this region develop- coefficients in direct roof and lying wall, and some-
ment. During last decades changed environmental times the second one is bigger by half than the roof;
conditions of seams extraction have not fundamen- causes of such phenomenon are explained by
tally transformed qualitative regularities of rock “stamp effect”;
pressure rising in case of longwall approach to any – proportion of walls and roof-lying wall conver-
fixed cross-section of extraction working and re- gence builds up 67-105% in different mines and
move from it. These regularities are divided accord- working areas, just as this proportion is regulated
ing to the most typical re-used extraction workings within the range of 0.20-0.39 in existing regulatory
support periods. For each of which complex of ana- documents.
lytical and underground investigation has been As a result, conducted experimental investiga-
made. Eventual result – delivery of scientifically tions in different mines of West Donbass discovered
grounded recommendations of resource-saving con- indispensable presence of active walls and lying
ditions of their re-use providence. wall rocks arching in extraction workings both out-
Modern techniques of extraction workings sup- side and inside stopings influence zone. It also
port in West Donbass mines are characterized by proved by numerous results of computer modeling
common use of abutment-bolt support, essence of of stress-strain state of rock massif, support and se-
which includes bolts system formation in working curity systems. Nature of this phenomenon is fol-
roof, which is reinforced with rock arch, sharing lowing:
part of the pressure, limiting roof subsidence and – partly softened rocks amount is located in
protecting frame support from extreme rock pres- working walls, inclosed between two hard bodies –
sure of mainly vertical direction. Such combination reinforced rock plate in rood and coal seam;
of abutment-bolt and frame supports was analyzed – laminating amount of rocks in working lying
in terms of extraction workings rock contour dis- wall is affected by abutment joint in walls, which is
placement measurements in proportion to stoping spread through hard coal seam.
face progress. The essence of the recommendation is reduced to
Found regularities of roof rocks, walls and lying multiplying of frame support, in accordance with
wall displacement development in extraction work- known technical solution of space-flexible connec-
ings showed that: tions between frames and walls bolts, and to crea-
– influence of longwall becomes obvious at dis- tion of united bearing system. Activation of rock
tance of 20-25 m and up to 60-80 m in different pressure manifestation and appearance of its signifi-
mines. It is caused by different kinds of environ- cant anomalies near working take place in front of
ment of mining; the first longwall. Partial softening of rock layers of

29
percarbonic mass in terms of its spatial discrete dis- – skewness of support load spreading is incre-
placement in the areas of extension stresses activi- asing, and intensive side load does not correspond to
ties and  у , and strong concentrations of compres- frame support design features.
Gradual stabilization of rock pressure manifesta-
sion stresses lead to increase of rock amount liable
tion takes place during further longwall removal.
to active strains. And if they are spread on interact-
The working is maintained in such state for a long
ing plates system, process of partly softened near-
period (usually, not less than 1.5-2 years) until the
the-contour massif walls and lying wall arching is
time of adjacent extraction area mining. Solidifica-
intensified.
tion and consolidation of broken rocks with adapta-
After longwall drivage, process of layerwise rock-
tion of some quaziself massif features takes place
fall is growing rapidly, first, of direct and then of
during this period. Rock pressure anomalies gradu-
main roof with formation of classical zones in the
ally reduce their manifestation intensity by means of
goaf: random rockfalls, and gradual deflection of lay-
stresses relaxation and strain flow. It follows, that
ers without discontinuity. These zones occur near side
the most dangerous area of extraction working
borders of the goaf, as it is shown on Figure 1. Fol-
(from the viewpoint of geostatic anomalies) is in the
lowing positions of support and security systems load
area of its connection with longwall: if it is possible
should be marked here:
to provide stable state of extraction working, then
– extreme inequality of load spreading through
there is no possibility of further significant difficul-
working perimeter is occurred. It has a detrimental
ties of its operating condition maintenance, taking
effect on its stability;
into account some repair operations – mainly, bot-
– security construction provokes formation of in-
tom ripping.
creased abutment load on it, and, as a result, – for-
mation of side load on the frame;

Joint-block
displacement zone
Softening
zones

Failure zone

Extraction Rockfall Stoping face

working
Security
construction

Figure 1. Spatial representation of percarbonic rock mass displacement scheme in the area of longwall and extraction
working connection.

Further development of geomechanical processes – sharp decrease of rock pressure manifestation

in the area of extraction working concerns stoping intensity at the limited area 10-15 m length.
zone of influence, which is generated by the second In order to rate influence of percarbonic rock
longwall. New significant inequality of load and its mass movement and its structures in longwall end
common growth trend in proportion to the second areas experimental investigation complex was con-
longwall movement appears. In order to choose ducted. It studies load formation processes on end
compromise of extraction working maintenance (in sections of mechanized support depending on ge-
terms of resource-saving) two factors must be con- omechanical and technological parameters of the
sidered: stoping. It is determined, that regardless of geome-
– short length of the working maintained area be- chanical parameters of stoping, there is no stable
hind the second longwall; regularity of load shifting on support section across

30
longwall length, including its end areas (Figure 2). significant distances between holes. And mining-
Maximum load on sections according to different and-geological prognosis is based on data obtained
coordinates X of extraction panel length occurs from drilling of them. Given guess was tested with
through longwall length Z in stochastic way. It has variation of other parameters, which affect forma-
been repeatedly monitored both in central and end tion of load on support sections. It and regular am-
longwall areas. It is obvious, that it linked with per- biguity (mainly spontaneous) of load spreading
carbonic rock mass structure changes along the along the longwall length only approve the conclu-
longwall length, which are extremely difficult to sion of massif structure dominant impact in context
monitor using geological surveys. It is caused by of other equal conditions.

P, Bar P, Bar
Thinly laminated
structure
Thickly laminated
structure

Z, m
X, m

Figure 2. Change of pressure averaged values P in hy- Figure 3. Change of pressure P in end areas hydraulic
draulic props of the section along the longwall length Z props during the process of main roof different structure
caused by daily average rate Vc of stoping face advance: areas extraction.

1 – Vc  3.2 m / day.; 2 – Vc  7.7 m / day.;

3 – Vc  11.4 m / day.

Increased attention is paid to percarbonic rock In order to conduct given investigations five areas
mass structure, because the process of its movement with essentially different structure of percarbonic
includes not only end areas of mechanized support, rock mass with roof height 11-13 m were selected:
but also near-the-contour rocks around extraction from mainly thinly laminated to mainly thickly
working with its support. According to geomechani- laminated structures. Generally, they are represented
cal process essence there is a united system consid- by mudstone and silty rocks. Figure 3 diagrams
ered. Its loading indicator is pressure P in end show sufficient pressure stability P in hydraulic
areas hydraulic props head ends. props (as section load equivalent) during the process
Common point is that immediate mine roof of longwall movement (coordinate X of extraction
amount weight, caved right after outcropping is the area length, including extraction working) in terms
factor of mechanized support loading. But the main of mainly. It shows that in some way significant
factor – subsidence of main roof rock layers, where mounting bases are not formed behind mechanized
load directly depends on hanging over the section support sections blocking and process of rock layers
mining bases length. This statement also concerns fall from top to bottom is gradual and equal enough
end sections, but mounting bases should be consi- without rock pressure disturbance, which often pre-
dered in three-dimensional representation in form of cedes so called main roof caving. Such phenomenon
rock plates with soft jamming in coal seam depth is almost absent. According to this, it is logical to
and with bearing on side near-the-contour rocks of consider the rock plate (for every layer) in longwall
extraction workings. Against this background end areas. It will also fall in extraction working
experimental investigations of rock plates formation cross-section at the border with the goaf, but with-
process in longwall end areas are attractive. The ob- out mounting bases hovering, directly in near-the-
jective is – further use of the results in extracting contour rocks of the working. When roof rocks has
mechanism of load formation on extracting working thickly laminated structure, despite low strength
support in the area of connection with longwall and characteristics of mudstones and silty rocks, peri-
behind it. odical pressure disturbance in end areas of hydraulic
props takes place. It denotes mounting bases hove-

31
ring with further periodical fall of them, which ac- tion working section, where main rood caving takes
cording to X coordinate corresponds to main roof place. Noninteraction between parameters P and
caving spacing. It is logical to suppose, that there is H shows that the process of load formation on the
also a plate with blow into the goaf for some length end sections is closed in some amount of main roof
forming on the border of longwall and extraction rocks. It does not depend on working depth, and far
working (in its cross-section). Although noted more connected with percarbonic rock mass struc-
exceedence of average pressure in hydraulic props ture and large variety of other parameters. On the
builds up 20-25%, highwall-shaped rock plates blow analogy it is possible to suppose, that straining next
in terms of its roof height is able to significantly in- to it unstable rocks amount, which creates load on
crease the load on the support of extraction working support and security systems of extraction workings
and security construction, raised behind the long- is also barely connected with mining depth along
wall. It reduces working berm stability and intensi- with closer relationship with other parameters, per-
fies rock heaving. carbonic rock mass structure in particulat. Explana-
As a result, experiments proved that process of tion of this phenomenon lies in the context of West
load formation on the extraction working mainte- Donbass rock specific features, which have low
nance system can fundamentally differ within one strength and strain characteristics, weak connections
extraction area; it is caused by percarbonic rock between layers (or their almost absence), strongly
mass structure change. Marked variations of rock marked deformation behavior; and deformable mas-
pressure manifestation must not only be reflected in sif is extremely disposed to creation of pressure arch
the mechanism of load formation on the support, but according to prof. M.M. Protodyakonov; it is
also during the following geomechanical processes known, that such arch volume does not depend on
modeling stage, in order to predict extraction work- mining depth.
ing stability and substantiate provision events of its
re-using more objective and reliable.
P, Bar
P, Bar

H, m

Figure 4. Change of average pressure P in hydraulic

props according to the depth H of stoping with longwall
position X in relation to l п main roof caving spacing,
wich is represented mainly by thickly laminated structure:
1 – X  lп ; 2 – X  lп ; 3 – X  lп .

The other experimentally proved feature of rock t, hour

pressure manifestation in longwall end areas is load
on mechanized support sections independence from Figure 5. Pressure growth P in hydraulic props of pushed
mining depth H (Figure 4). As we can learn from (1) to the working face and unpushed (2) end sections dur-
ing t standstill: before main roof caving; on
the diagrams, depth change of almost 100 m (from
the rest of spacing length.
H  440 m to H  340 m) has practically not af-
fected hydraulic props sections pressure volume P . Technological parameters of stoping such as daily
Data presented here is mainly for thickly laminated average rate of stoping face advance Vc , standstill
structure, when effect of main caving is manifested,
in order to reflect depth effect H as significant as time t and distance from end sections to the wor-
possible. Nevertheless, far more fluctuation P is king face  play essential role in load formation on
caused by end sections location in relation to extrac- mechanized support (Figure 1 and 5). This regulari-

32
ties are limiting and widening roof rocks arch, named “stamp effect”. Such phenomenon is found
which forms the load on end sections. Similar proc- in the load development mechanism on the support
esses also include neighbor roof rocks over the system both outside and inside stoping zone, where
extraction working. “stamp effect” is considered in complex with per-
carbonic rock mass movement process in longwalls
end areas. It also affects extraction working state.
CONCLUSIONS 3. With security system introduction into work,
high abutment pressure forms horizontally, which
1. Reuse efficiency of extraction workings is deter- increase skewness of support load spreading on
mined by the choose of their maintenance parame- support system. It sharply decreases its bearing abil-
ters based on objective and reliable reflection of ity. Moreover, frame support itself is not meant for
geomechanical processes, which include “loading resistance to high wall loads, that is why it needs re-
history” of support and security systems during the inforcement of chosen direction. And, according to
whole period of working exploitation from its con- our opinion, in order to realize it in the most effec-
struction and till its repayment after reuse. There are tive way it should be done by means of frame-bolt
4 stages of rock pressure manifestation during support with space-flexible connection of wall bolts
extraction working maintenance process with sub- and frames creation. Other direction of extraction
stantiation of soft rocks percarbonic rock mass working stability increase is the diagram of load
movement, which is typical for West Donbass envi- spreading on support system by means of strain-
ronment: outside stoping influence zone; inside strength characteristic of security construction regu-
abutment pressure in front of the first longwall; lation in accordance with rock pressure manifesta-
behind stoping face, including area of rock pressure tion specifics.
stabilization; in the area of the second longwall 4. Area of rock pressure manifestation is charac-
stoping influence up till extraction working redemp- terized by partial leveling of geostatic anomalies
tion. Such approach provides continuity of support caused by joint action of rheology factors such as
and security systems loading mechanism reflection solidification and consolidation of earlier softened
in different areas of extraction working and correla- rocks over the goaf. It simplifies support and secu-
tion of further recommendations of its resource- rity systems work. That is why it is extremely
saving maintenance. important to provide stability of extraction workings
2. Experimental investigations in different mines in the area of their connection with longwall. It is a
of West Donbass discovered indispensable presence warranty of resource-saving perspective creation of
of active walls and lying wall rocks arching (espe- their reuse.
cially when frame-bolt support is used), which we

33
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 Mining of Mineral Deposits – Pivnyak, Bondarenko, Kovalevs’ka & Illiashov (eds)
© 2013 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN: 978-1-138-00108-4

Operations under combined method

of mining graphite deposit

V. Buzylo, T. Savelieva, V. Serduk & T. Morozova

National Mining University, Dnipropetrovs’k, Ukraine

ABSTRACT: Transition to combined method of mining graphite deposit as the most efficient one while
mining given area is considered in the paper. In these conditions combined method gives the possibility for
grade homogenizing, i.e. ore separation according to grades, accumulation of various ore grades and their
further measuring to form a mixture with given value of ore grade. Questions concerning graphite percentage
within ore mass, extraction of sized ore, i.e. quality of ore breaking and parameters which have impact on
this process, mechanical means of drilling operations and hole charging are considered. Recommendations
concerning loading and delivering broken ore are given.

1 INTRODUCTION 2 PARAMETER EFFECT OF HOLE CHARGE

AND DIAMETER ON BREAKING QUAILITY
Transition from open-pit to combined underground-
open-pit method of mining Zavalievs’k graphite de- Calculation of graphite percentage within ore mass
posit requires study and recommendations concern- was carried out according to method offered in the
ing the choice of the method of ore mass winning. paper (Koval & Stebakov 1988). Two enriched for-
Conditions of deposit occurrence and the shape of mations of gneiss layers G1 and G2 isolated verti-
ore body are complicated. That’s why applying se-
cal ore layers K1 and K 2 are marked in geological
lective or bulk mining is rational only in some
places (it’s not efficient to use them all over the sec- section.
tion). In these conditions combined method (combi- Isolated ore layers K1 and K 2 can be mined by
nation of bulk and selective mining) is the most ra- pillar method with chamber location within ore
tional one. body, and thin layers of formations G1 and G2
Combined mining will give maximum effect with thin interlayers of waste rock can be mined by
while working-out the section as sized ore is possi- pillar method with chamber location across the
ble (blending), i.e. ore separation according to strike of deposit.
grades, accumulation of various ore grades and their Calculation of graphite percentage within ore
further measuring to form a mixture with given mass showed that given mining method is accept-
value of ore grade. able to these conditions. Each zone gives its own
Ore entry into technological operations with de- average graphite percentage within ore mass. It is
viation from average level leads to deviation of
required to mix ore formation G2 with ore layers
technological mode from optimal level and to un-
balance of carrying capacity and efficiency of fol- K1 and K 2 in equal proportions to have constant
lowing operations. In case of reducing the compo- graphite percentage.
nent value productivity is decreased as the process Extraction of sized ore under underground mining
takes place in not-optimal mode. Therefore, the ba- is of great importance. Usually extraction of over-
sic criterion of evaluating efficiency of ore mining sized fraction is in the wide ranges (15-40%). Ore de-
method is graphite percentage within ore mass livery from stopes is limited by the sizes of output
which enters to dressing mill. It should not be less units and applied means of delivery, load and trans-
than 5%. The important questions are extraction of portation. Volume of works concerning secondary
sized ore, i.e. quality of ore breaking and parameters breaking on the output horizons grows with increased
which have impact on this process, mechanical number of pieces exceeding fixed standard size. It
means of drilling operations and hole charging . leads to reducing labor productivity and output inten-
These problems are paid attention to in this paper. sity, delay of delivering, loading and transport
equipment, dust and gas content in mine atmosphere.

35
 The main reason of poor crushing of breaking ore under great depth. Under well depth of 30-35 m its
is excessive rarefaction of hole pattern. It is con- end due to deviation can be declined from direction
nected with the fact that manufactured drilling rigs of linear part per meter. Well deviation and
have low rate of drilling and large diameter of declining from given direction while drilling to
boring crowns. It leads to great labor intensity and great depth cause in homogeneity of crushing and as
high cost of one meter of the well. a consequence increased output of oversized mate-
There are definite patterns of location for each rial. Thus, wells of up to 30 m depth are the most
well diameter under which explosive energy is in acceptable. Drilling wells of significant depth can
full application. lead to loss of advantages received in result of ra-
Data analysis given in Table 1 showed that expe- tional choice of well diameter.
diency of applying particular diameter should be fi-
nally determined by economic comparison. Fur-
thermore, drilling productivity plays the key role.
Great diameter of blast holes leads to center local-
ization of ore mass destruction that in its turn leads
to greater irregularity of massif crushing. Ore break-
ing by wells of small diameter leads to increasing
number of wells and consequently to increasing la-
bor intensity and charging as well as to additional
requirements for quality of explosives. Besides,
changing the line of minimal resistance in the range
of 1.5-2.5 m doesn’t greatly influence on distribu-
tion of broken ore into fractions.

Table. Parameter effect of charge location and well diame- Figure 1. Output of oversized material under various depths
ter on crushing quality. of blast holes.
Well Line of Distance Output of
diameter, minimal re- between oversized
mm sistance, m wells, m material, % 4 EFFECT OF SPECIFIC CONSUPTION
44 0.8 0.8 8.7 OF EXPLOSIVES ON QUALITY OF ORE
65 1.0 – 1.5 1.0 – 1.5 13 – 18 CRUSHING
80 1.5 – 1.8 1.5 – 1.8 12 – 18
105 2.0 – 2.5 2.0 – 2.5 12 – 16 Connection between specific consumption of explo-
130 2.5 – 3 2.5 - 3 13.5 sives on breaking and quality of crushing is clearly
150 3 – 3.5 3 – 3.5 7 – 12
seen within relatively monolithic rocks.
180 3.5 – 4 3.5 – 4 11 – 20
Dependence of specific consumption of explo-
sives on ore hardness change while breaking by
Table shows that under well pattern with the nests
deep wells is shown in Figure 2.
equal to 20-25 diameters of wells output of over-
sized material doesn’t depend on diameter (Tkachuk
& Fedorenko 1978).

3 WELL DEPTH EFFECT ON QUALITY

OF ORE CRUSHING

With well depth increase from 10 to 30 m drilling

productivity is sharply reduced. It is explained by
the time increase spent on tripping operations and Figure 2. Change of specific consumption of explosives de-
drilling out narrowed sections of the wells. Well di- pending on ore hardness: 1 – well diameter 85 mm; 2 – well
ameter decrease under drilling depth increase is the diameter 65 mm; 3 – well diameter 100 mm.
most noticeable in hard abrasive ores.
Figure 1 shows that output of oversized material Ore body of Zavalievs’k deposit is not of the
is increased up to 20% with well depth increase up same hardness. Its hardness is in the range of 3 to 8.
to 30%. It was stated that the well keeps straightness Experimental and practical works of a large num-
at the length up to 17 m. Its deviation takes place ber of mining enterprises found out qualitative char-

36
acter of dependence of oversized material output on 5 MECHANICAL TOOLS OF DRILLING
specific consumption of explosives on breaking OPERATIONS AND WELL CHARGING
(Figure 3). This dependence is given to conditions
of ore mining of average hardness with insignificant Practice shows that application of units NKR-100
fracturing. Quality of massif breaking is character- with pneumatic impact tools is rather efficient for
ized by dependence of hyperbolical character. conditions of Zavalievs’k deposit. The tool has a
great depth of drilling. So, well deviation will be
minimal under drilling depth of up to 30 m/sec. Fur-
thermore, drilling rate of the tool within ores of av-
erage hardness is 20-25 m / sec.
Granulated explosives are currently widely used
in underground mining. These explosives are of
great looseness that allows to mechanize charging
efficiently. Equipment for mechanized charging de-
pends on well direction, its depth and the type of
explosives.
The unit UZDM-1 is used for mechanized prepa-
ration of igdanite explosive mixture, delivering ex-
plosives from production level to stoping face and
charging well of any diameter and depth . These
tools are able to charge wells by granulated explo-
sives of factory fabrication and can produce new
AS/DT explosives in the process of charging and to
regulate water feed to explosive composition to dust
elimination process or to charge wells by aquanite.
Plastic pipes are used as transport and charging
Figure 3. Change of oversized material output depending magistral.
on specific consumption of explosives on breaking: 1 – ac- Charging safety concerning localization of elec-
cording to calculation data; 2 – according to experimental trostatic and electromagnetic effects is achieved by
data. applying semiconductive pipes with definite specific
volume, electric resistance, good ground of charging
Data analysis given above shows that under ore unit and drift watering before charging.
hardness from 3 to 8 specific consumption of explo- Well drilling takes much time in technological
sives is changed correspondingly from 0.65 to cycle as drilling units have a great drilling rate. It is
0.9 kg / m3 .. Furthermore, output of oversized mate- required to select optimal parameters of well drilling
rial is in the range of 8-11%. It depends on specific with maximum productivity and minimal labor in-
consumption of explosives. The more specific con- tensity.
sumption of explosives, the less output of oversized Figure 4 shows the change of labor productivity
material. while well drilling depending on its depth.
Therefore, it can be regulated by two ways: drill-
ing depth of blasting holes and specific consumption
of explosives on breaking. Well diameter doesn’t
greatly influence on the output of oversized mate-
rial.
Calculation of well pattern under specific con-
sumption of explosives equal to 0.9 kg / m3 and spe-
cific weight of 2.34 t / m3 of ore allowed to deter-
mine well pattern taking into account the distance
between the ends of adjacent wells within drill ring
of 2.9 m. While loading coefficient of well charge
along the length are interchanged in drill ring in se-
quence: 1, 2/3, 1/2, 1, 2/3, 1/2, 1, etc. Furthermore,
given specific consumption of explosives according
to coefficient of rock hardness corresponds to condi- Figure 4. Labor productivity change under drilling depend-
tions. ing on well depth: 1 – downward wells, 2 – upward wells.

37
 Analysis shows that under drilling depth of 30- require less number of operating staff. They are
40 m downward wells and under drilling depth of more movable. It allows transporting ore from sev-
18-25 m upward wells average drilling labor pro- eral faces during one shift. Development, final and
ductivity is maximum. Therefore, efficient depth of non-productive operations take less time. Therefore,
drilling downward wells is 30-40 m and upward it is recommended to apply load-haul-dump units
wells is 18-25 m. PD-12.
Figure 5 shows the change of labor productivity,
drilling and charging cost under combined method
of well drilling of ore massif depending on the depth 6 CONCLUSIONS
of downward and upward wells.
Analysis of the work done showed that output of
oversized material can be regulated by the depth of
drilling blasting holes and specific consumption of
explosives spent on breaking. Furthermore, well di-
ameter doesn’t greatly influence on output of over-
sized material.
It was stated that under given method of mining
wells of the following depth: upward – up to 20 m
and downward – 30 m are more preferable.
Preliminary calculations concerning stability of
chamber parameters carried out by the finite-
element method were able to recommend the sizes
of mining chambers.
For further design it can be possible to give fol-
lowing recommendations: chamber height is 48 m,
chamber width is 10 m, chamber length is to the
whole thickness of ore body or section of bulk
mining.
Figure 5. Change of labor productivity, drilling and charg- Calculation of well pattern under specific con-
ing cost under combined method depending on the depth sumption of explosives equal to 0.9 kg / m3 could
of downward and upward wells:1 – downward wells; 2 – determine well pattern. Distance between the ends
upward wells. of adjacent wells within drill ring is 2.9 m. Well di-
rection is drill ring of 90° from vertical wells to
Under the height of drilling massif of 50 m ra- horizontal ones, well diameter is 80-105 mm, the
tional depth of upward wells is 16-18 m concerning length of upward wells is up to 20 m. Loading and
labor productivity and 18-20 m according to cost; delivering broken ore is recommended to carry out
downward wells is correspondingly 31-34 m con- by load-haul-dump units PD-12.
cerning labor productivity and 30-32 m concerning
cost.
Project is provided for ore output by natural flow REFERENCES
to the oil ort. Loading and delivering is carried out
by load-haul-dump units which are served by one Koval, I.A. & Stebakov, B.A. 1988. Efficiency increase of
worker and perform ore loading and delivering at ore mining. Moscow: Nedra: 332.
the distance of hundreds of meters. It greatly in- Tkachuk, K.N. & Fedorenko, P.I. 1978. Blasting opera-
creases labor productivity. tions in mining industry. Kiev: Higher school: 332.
Baikonurov, O.A., Filimonov, A.G. & Kaloshyn, S.G. 1981.
Load-haul-dump units carry out operations of Complex mechanization of ore underground mining.
loading, transporting and unloading loose rock mass Moscow: Nedra: 264.
(Baikonurov, Filimonov & Kaloshyn 1981). In com-
parison with other means of load and delivery they

38
 Mining of Mineral Deposits – Pivnyak, Bondarenko, Kovalevs’ka & Illiashov (eds)
© 2013 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN: 978-1-138-00108-4

Plasma reactor for thermochemical preparation

of coal-air mixture before its burning in the furnaces

А. Bulat, O. Voloshyn & O. Zhevzhik

M.S. Polyakov Institute of Geotechnical Mechanics, Dnipropetrovs’k, Ukraine

ABSTRACT: A mathematical model of the process of thermochemical preparation coal before combustion
was presented; gas and particle velocities, temperature and gas composition as a result of the calculations
were obtained; was founded that at invariable initial air mixture consumption increased diameter of the reac-
tor leads to peak temperature zone shifting towards the initial section; the influence of the coal particle form
coefficient and its diameter of the intensity of the air mixture burning in the reactor and the position of the
ignition zone was analyzed.

1 INTRODUCTION “Ecology-Geos” and the Pridneprovskaya Thermal

Power-Station.
Effective firing of low-reactive coals in the furnaces Essence of the technology lies in rapid high-
of thermal power stations presents one of the most temperature heating of the air- mixture flow in a
pressing and live challenges for the energetic com- special aerodynamic reactor where coal-dust parti-
plex. cles separated by their sizes are heated up to the ig-
Low-reaction coals of anthracite culm class with nition temperature. In the process of heating, the
volatile content less than 4-6% are burnt in the fuel is partially gasified, volatiles are released, and
power stations in the coal-dust flares illuminated by coal particles are ignited and burn with no added
mazut or natural gas share of which in the heat ba- illuminating fuel (natural gas or mazut).
lance can reach 30%. The process is accompanied
by essential mechanical underburning and harmful
emissions into the air. 2 MATHEMATIC MODELING OF
The situation in the world indicates that volumes THERMOCHEMICAL PREPARATION
of anthracite culm coal production and usage will be PROCESS
not only kept at the same level but, in view of
quickly exhausting oil and gas reserves, will in- Scheme of plasma reactor for the PTChP is shown
crease. But the coal used in power complexes and in Figure 1. Air mixture containing air and coal par-
heat-supplying systems is burnt in the obsolete ticles flows to the plasma reactor 1. In the inlet into
equipment. Thus, improvement of the furnace op- the reactor, air is heated by plasmatron 2 up to aver-
eration through the coal prior thermochemical age temperature 800-1200 °С while initial tempera-
preparation (PTChP) is the problem No. 1. ture of the coal particles is about 240 °С. Mass con-
There are several institutions, mainly in Ukraine sumption of the air mixture via the reactor is 5-20%
(Korchevoy 2009) and Russia (Messerle & Usti- of the total coal consumption via the burner. In re-
menko 2012), that studied processes of the coal prior sult of the heating and chemical reactions on the
thermochemical preparation and obtained good re- surface of the coal particles and in volume of gas, a
sults with using natural gases or for highly-reaction stream is formed in the outlet from the reactor
coals with high volatile content which easily ignite which contains products of the coal dust gasifying
and burn well even without prior PTChP. and heated coal particles prepared for further burn-
The problem of productive burning of low- ing in the furnace.
reaction coals of the anthracite culm class without On the basis of mathematical description of me-
using illuminating mazut or gas can be solved by a chanical, physical and chemical processes flowing
new plasma technology of PTChP designed by the in the reactor an approach was proposed which is
M.S. Polyakov Institute of Geotechnical Mechanics described in the paper (Nigmatulin 1987).
under the National Academy of Science of Ukraine To calculate velocity field and air mixture tem-
together with the Scientific and Engineering Center perature and concentration in the reactor, a model of

39
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ON THE MOUNTAIN'S SLOPE

High on the mountain's slope I pause and turn—

Over my head, by the rough crag-points high,
Seems rent and torn the tender hovering sky,
Till almost—thro'—I see a Heaven-spark burn;
Then downward to the sleeping world I yearn
Whose eyes so heavy droop they may not try
To catch the higher gleam—and live thereby—
Youth passes graveward—and they never learn.
Then faint with brooding o'er a careless earth
I turn to Nature and her broad warm breast,
Strive for a friendship with her sun-burnt mirth,
Teach my sad soul to catch her cadence deep,
Dream that in her absorbed my heart must rest;
But Nature smiles, and turns once more in sleep.
TO THE BELOVED

Beloved, when the tides of life run low

As sobbing echoes of a dead refrain,
And I may sit and watch the silent rain
And muse upon the fulness of my woe,
Then is my burden lighter, for I know
The roses of my heart shall bloom again
The fairer for this plenitude of pain,
And Summer shall forget the chilly snow.
But when life calls me to its revels gay
And I must face the world's wide-gazing eyes
Nor find sweet rest by night or peace by day,
E'en seems your love, where I would turn for aid,
As distant as the blue in sunny skies;
Then am I very lonely and afraid.
MY BROOK

Earth holds no sweeter secret anywhere

Than this my brook, that lisps along the green
Of mossy channels, where slim birch trees lean
Like tall pale ladies whose delicious hair
Lures and invites the kiss of wanton air.
The smooth soft grasses, delicate between
The rougher stalks, by waifs alone are seen,
Shy things that live in sweet seclusion there.
And is it still the same, and do these eyes
Of every silver ripple meet the trees
That bend above like guarding emerald skies?
I turn—who read the city's beggared book
And hear across the moan of many seas
The whisper and the laughter of my brook.
BENEATH THE MOON

Give me thy hand, Beloved! Here where still

The night wind hovers 'neath the pallid moon
Give me this fleeting moment; all too soon
The listless day will break upon the hill;
This last sweet night is mine. The tremulous thrill
Upon thy lips is all the precious boon
I begged of Heaven, the garish sun of noon
Is theirs—the rest—mine is this moment's will.
Our love could never be the love of day.
I have not claimed the welcome of thy lips;
No touch save fluttering hand, and for the pay
I gave my minstrelsy of sea and sky.
Once more thine eyes! Now sun-stained finger tips,
Send through the hush of dawn a glad good-bye.
THE RUBY

Ah—she was fair, this daughter of a queen!

Jewels upon her breast's soft fall of snow,
Jewels—in golden hair—and fierce aglow,
The gem of pride upon her brow serene!
Sleeping soft moonstone, emerald's baleful green,
A single sapphire, singing soft and low
Of wars for beauty's sake in years ago,
And flaming opal—wed with tourmaline.
Yet was there one great stone she might not wear,
And so her eyes were weary, and her mouth
Curved in the listless line of vain desire.
No diamond pure was hers the right to bear,
But—crimson poison petal of the South—
The ruby shone in deep unholy fire.
SPRING AND AUTUMN

The painted World has laid her jewels down,

Let fall the pinchbeck hair about her face
And croons a love song. In a far-off place
Where she was strutting in her silken gown
She met the Youth. His face was young and brown.
"Good day to you," she cried, the frosty lace
About her shoulders trembled. Ah—disgrace!
He turned, and left her weeping in the town.
She smiles not any more, her heart disdains
The wind's rough courting, loud and indiscreet.
Her tears dissolve the earth in ceaseless rains
And though her searching steps be light and fleet
Through frowning city or soft country lanes,
Now never more may Spring and Autumn meet.
THE LOST MOMENT

This moment I so careless threw away,

Tossed to the ages, with a spendthrift hand,
Little I recked the labour that had planned
This flash eternal of a Summer day;
Æons of sequent toil had passed to pay
Wealth to the freighted instant. Slow and grand
Wavers a solemn dirge across the land,
One soul, in my lost moment, found a way
To throw the mock to Time, and call him slave.
And I—a pauper still—gaze wise at last
To all the grey horizon line of nought.
But from the heart I deemed an empty grave
Gleams forth like spark my precious gem of past
Shrined in the setting of a deathless thought.
THE COMING OF LOVE

I dreamed that love came, as the oak trees grow,

By the chance dropping of a tiny seed;
And then from moon to moon with steady speed,
Tho' torn by winds and chilled with heedless snow,
The sap of pulsing life would upward flow,
'Till in its might the heavens themselves could read
Portents of power that they must learn to heed.
This was my dream—the waking proved not so—
For love came like a flower, and grew apace;
I saw it blossom tenderly and frail
Till the dear Spring had run its eager race,
Then the rough wind tossed wide the petals red;
The seeds fell far in soil beyond my pale.
I know not, now, if love be lost, or dead.
EVENING AT WASHINGTON

The purple stretches of the evening sky

Lean to the fair white city waiting here,
Flecking with gold the marble's lifted tier,
Down the blue marsh where crows to Southward fly.
Flanked by dim ramparts, where the tide dreams by,
High from the city's heart, a lifted spear,
In its straight splendour makes the heavens seem near,
Symbol of man-made force that shall not die.
To the tall crest we gaze in self-command,
Assured the world's our own and we may dare
To raise our Babel thro' forbidden aisles
And hold the skirt of knowledge in our hand,
Great in our moment, spurn the world's despair;
While Heaven looks down through calm unmeasured miles.
LOVE'S KISS

Kiss me but once—and in that space supreme

My whole dark life shall quiver to an end,
Sweet Death shall see my heart and comprehend
That life is crowned—and in an endless gleam
Will fix the colour of the dying stream
That Life and Death may meet as friend with friend
An endless immortality to blend;
Kiss me but once, and so shall end my dream.
And then Love heard me and bestowed his kiss,
And straight I cried to Death: I will not die!
Earth is so fair when one remembers this;
Life is but just begun! Ah, come not yet!
The very world smiles up to kiss the sky
And in the grave one may forget—forget.
THE SCARLET THREAD

The sun rose dimly thro' the pallid rain,

Dear Heart—and have we strength to face the day?
The times and life alike are old and grey,
All worn with long monotonies of pain.
Lo—we are working out the curse of Cain,
Who never felt the fire of passion's sway.
Ah—show us crimson in some tragic way
That we may live!—Fate laughed in her disdain.
A thread of scarlet clashed upon mine eyes
Hung for a moment and was swept behind,
And blankly I beheld the hopeless skies
For day by contrast now is grimmest night—
Remembering light as do the newly blind
I pray for death to hide the bitter sight.
AUTUMN

The ruddy banners of the Autumn leaves

Toss out a challenge to the waiting snows,
Where Winter stalks from o'er the mountain rows;
This fiery blaze his onward march receives,
A mock defence his coward heart believes,
And turns him sulking to his moated close.
Now Man the confidence of Nature knows,
And feels the mighty heart that loves and grieves.
Not as in rude young March or hoyden June,
Hard in their beauty, laughing thro' their days;
Their fine indifference is out of tune.
In the dark paths we tread in hope and fear
Look we to Autumn and her gracious ways,
The great last swan-song of the dying year.
THE TIDE OF THE HEART

Love, when you leave me, as with moon-bent tide

The glad waves leave the beaches of my heart;
Slowly and indolently they depart
Ripple by ripple, till the light has died
And left the naked sands forlorn to bide
The sea's return. No might of human power
Can fill the empty waste, nor take one hour
From that long durance in Earth's prison wide.
But when you come again, and hold your hands
Dear hands, outstretched to take me, then, the waves,
They turn, full flooded on the fainting sands,
And all the dimpled hollows smile again,
And brimmed with life, the deep mysterious caves
Forget the distant night of lonely pain.
POEMS
DOES THE PEARL KNOW?

Does the pearl know, that in its shade and sheen

The dreamy rose, and tender wavering green,
Are hid the hearts of all the ranging seas—
That Beauty weeps for gifts as fair as these?
Does it desire aught else when its rare blush
Reflects Aurora in the morning's hush,
Encircling all perfection can bestow—
Does the pearl know?

Does the bird know, when thro' the waking dawn

He soaring sees below the silvered lawn,
And weary men who wait to watch the day
Steal o'er the heights where he may wheel and stray?
Can he conceive his fee divine to share,
As a free joyous peer with sun and air,
And pity the sad things that creep below—
Does the bird know?

Does the heart know, when filled to utter brim,

The least quick throb, a sacrificial hymn
To a great god who scorns the frown of Jove
That here it finds the awful power of love?
Think you the new-born babe in first wise sleep
Fathoms the gift the heavens have bade him keep
Yet if this be—if all these things are so—
Does the heart know?
IN AUTUMN

The gold-red leaves have burned

To their last great glow, and died
And underfoot
By the strong oak's root
They are seized by the angry wind and spurned
And into a common grave have turned
For Summer—warm and wide.

A year must a sapling wage

Its life with the sun and rain,
Then its tender youth
Without reck or ruth
Is frozen and beaten to harsh old age
By a stroke of Nature mother's rage
And the sturdy fight seems vain.

It wails to the oak o'erhead

As the coffin-cold wraps round
"The end of life
Is toil and strife
And the secret of being, I have found
Is a seed in the wind and a log on the ground.
I hope I will soon be dead."

"Peace little struggler—sleep"—

And the great oak croons a song,
"Death is but night
And a cradle white
For one dark space may the shadows creep,
Then Spring will rise from her dungeon keep
And life wake, wise and strong.
WAITING FOR DAY

Sweet Lady Night is paling white.

Why lags her Lord and Master?
She weeping, lays her jewels off—
Ah—may he not come faster.

But hush—the tender rosy blush

Her beauty fair adorning
Her love steps o'er the mountain's rim,
They kiss—and here's the morning.
THE ANGEL OF INDIFFERENCE

A Man once loved a Woman, in the days of old,

Our bond is the strongest in the world, they said—
The Angels up above
Are jealous of our love,
Perhaps they are wishing we were dead, overhead.

So they loved for a Time and the passing of a Time,

And the Angel of Indifference, smiling down, saw their fire,
And he covered for a space
With his sombre wings his face,
That they twain might have of love all desire, without tire.

But love's perfect joy within them burned at last to a flame

Till they longed for a breeze that would gently cool the heart.
For absence! cooling snow
They sighed apart and low,
Tho' they murmured still their love, hand and heart loth to part.

But at length they prayed together to the calm Angel—pale,

Ah—we yearn, scorched and weary, for the peace of thy breast.
For that land where love seems
But the shadow of dreams,
Where all sleep in the silver of the West, give us rest.

And he heard, and he bore them to the cool grey heights,

Where all men may drift and himself alone stands fast,
And gave them for their token
The peace of dreams unbroken
Where their souls, his faithful vassals, rest at last, from the past.
DEAR DEAD WOMEN

The winds have chilled the loving odorous South,

All wan and grey she seeks a place to die,
Her tossing hair, her pleading passionate mouth,
Pity that things so fair in death must lie;
But Winter holds and kills her with a sigh.
One kiss he lays upon her lips so proud,
Shuts the blue eyes and winds her sombre shroud.

I walk between the narrow way of yew.

The glowing amaranth droops upon its stalk,
The shivering birds are timorous and few,
And waifs of Summer strew th' untended walk;
With vague sweet forms I seem to pass and talk.
The ladies of those days in Summer's prime
Whose smiles prevailed not for the frown of Time.

Their little tripping feet reluctant turned

Down the dark paths they had not known before;
Behind them all the glow of living burned,
But they must enter thro' the gloomy door,
And leave behind the loves that plead no more,
The dear frivolity of wiles and ways
They neither need nor know in these grim days.

Here in their garden's close I spend no tear,

No smile—too rare the heights for such display.
But on the frosted hedges' lifted spear
And with my head a little bowed, I lay
A pale camelia, proud and cold as they
Who wait beneath their ashen pall of snow—
Perhaps the fair dead dames will see and know.
THE GRAVE OF HOPE

There's a wild little gnome in the wood

Who sings as he digs a grave
Of Hope that soars and Hope that flies
And Hope that singes her wings, and lies
In peace where the willows wave.

And he croons in the pauses of toil,

A shivering song of Fears,
The lean black shades of Hope so fair
Who weave her nets with her golden hair
And harry her down the years.

And he knows she will perish at last,

He has carved her name on the stone
While the trees draw near and forget to sleep,
And the little leaves bend their heads and weep,
For Hope that must die alone.
TREES OF THE WILDERNESS

The great bleak trees stand up against the sky

Lifting their naked arms in ceaseless prayer
To the unpitying heavens, that they might die,
Rather than drag their weary lives out there.

Thro' starless nights the untold hours wear on,

All awful phantom shapes affright the wood—
And morning light but brings th' unwinking sun,
To torture with its glare their solitude.

In those grim wilds no sweet-voiced bird will sing,

No flowers will bloom within those trackless lands,
Nor is there trace of any living thing,
Save those gaunt giants, holding up their hands.

And when they fall, still round the unknown spot

Howls the rough wind, till in the common ground
They end the life which is—and yet is not,—
A riddle where no meaning shall be found.
THE LOVE OF THE ROSE

Trilled forth the Nightingale

In sweetest sleep of day—
Unto his love, the rose,
Ah golden heart, unclose!
For love, my fairest rose, will last for aye.

So, thro' the waning night

She learned to wear her crown;
Yielded her heart's sweet strife
And found that love was life
Set to the time the dear bird lilted down.

But when the morning came

The red sun burned above;
Hid are the night birds all,
Flower petals fade and fall;
The rose is dead—and what became of love!
IN THE GREEN YEW

The wind is howling in angry pain,

Ah me, and I cannot rest;
On such a night home is best,
Why does she stand in the same old place
With the smile of smiles on her cold white face
And call me thro' the rain?

Ah—the Wind has died from the Fear of her smile—

And I creep quite still—
On over the hill,
To where she stands 'mid the scented yew
And where I now am standing too,
And she sees me all the while.

A little green snake curls thro' her hair—

The scent of the yew is strong and sweet—
Her eyes have drawn me to her feet,
And I lie along on the drenching ground
And worship—and watch the snake curl round,
His tongue shoots thro' the air.

Now—slowly she takes her eyes from me,

And I dream and wait,
Till in shades of hate
My love of her smile has faded quite
And I spring to kill her, there in the night—
But only the yew I see.
THE DEAD NIGHT

The strong brave Night is dead. Its endless deeps

Of patient tenderness, the moon-bright still
When every silver lake and purple hill
Hold wise unfathomed converse with the steeps
Of starry heaven, are past. All nature weeps
And draws the veiling grey of morning mist
Upon the lips that Night's last clouds have kist—
The Night that watched so well the world who sleeps.
The Night is dead—Alas—and pallid Day
is but the corpse laid out in cold array,
The white sad emblem of the heart we knew.
Through half-closed lids the eyes shine palely blue;
The gleaming grave clothes cover all the rest.
So cruel still lies now the air's sweet breast
And trees and hills fold down calm hands and eyes,
That none may guess their secret mysteries.
SONG

Softly sighs the gracious wind—

Dash of rose, in deeps of sky,
Love is fair and love is kind,—
Singing free—I passed him by.

Shredded clouds are whirled in air,

Winter stalks adown the gale
Tossing wide Love's golden hair—
Cease the singing—Love grows pale.

Howls the grey sky to the sea—

Loose the storm-dogs from their bed.
Turned I back—and woe is me—
I must die—for Love is dead.
SIGH NOT FOR LOVE

Sigh not for love, the ways of love are dark!

Sweet Child—hold up the hollow of your hand
And catch the sparks that flutter from the stars!
See how the late sky spreads in flushing bars!
They are dead roses from your own dear land
Tossed high by kindly breezes: lean, and hark,
And you shall know how morning glads her lark!
The timid Dawn, herself a little child
Casts up shy eyes in loving worship—dear,
Is it not yet enough? the Spring is here
And would you weep for Winter's tempest wild
Sigh not for love, the ways of love are dark!
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