Experiment # 01

Identify sodium, Calcium, Strontium, Barium, Copper, and Potassium cons by flame test.
Material Required: -
Apparatus: Watch glass, platinum wire, burner / spirit lamp, glass rod,
Chemicals: NaCl, KCl, SrCl, BaCl2, CuCl2, CaCl2, Conc. HCl.
Procedure:
i. I took the platinum wire and made a small loop if it.
ii. I dipped it in conc. HNO3 and then heated it in an oxidizing blue flame till wire
imparted no colour.
iii. Then took a small amount of a salt on the watch glass with help of spatula and
added few drops of conc. HCL on it, stirred it with glass rod until a uniform paste
was prepared.
iv. I took a little paste on the loop of PT wire and heated it in an oxidizing / blue flame.
v. I noted the colour, colour of the flame, washed the wire by conc. HCL and heated it
on the flame.
vi. I repeated the experiment with other salts in the same manner and recorded my
observations as under.

Metallic Sodium Calcium Strontium Barium Copper Potassium

ion ion ion ion ion ion ion
Colour of Golden Grassy Bluish
Brick red Crimson red Violet
flame Fellow green green

Result: Sodium, Calcium, Strontium, Barium, Copper and Potassium ions are identified by
their flame tests.
 Experiment # 02
Standardize the given NaOH solution volumetrically.
Material Required: -
Apparatus: Beakers, Burette, Pipette, Funnel, conical flash, iron stand.
Chemicals: Distilled water, 0.1M HCl soln, NaOH solution and Phenolphthalein
Procedure:
i. I Rinsed the Pipette first with distilled water and then with the given NaOH solution.
Similarly rinsed conical flask with distilled water only.
ii. Pipette out 10 cm3 of NaOH solution into a conical flask and added one drop of
Phenolphthalein indicator. Solution turned pink.
iii. Rinsed the burette first with distilled water and then with the given HCL soln. Fixed
the burette on clamp stands and filled it with given HCL solution.
iv. I noted the initial reading on burette and allowed the HCL solution dropwise in the
flask containing NaOH solution.
v. I kept on titrating the solution until the pink colour disappeared. That was the end
point of titration.
vi. I noted the final reading and repeated the experiment thrice.
Chemical Equation: NaOH + HCL → NaCl + H2O.
Observations
No. of
Initial Reading cm3 Final Reading cm3 Volume of acid used. cm3
Obervation
1 0.00 10.0 10.0
2 10.0 20.0 10.0
3 20.0 30.0 10.0
Mean volume used = 10+10+10/3 = 10.0 cm3
Calculations: M1 V1 / n1 = M2 V2 / n2
M1 = Molarity of acid solution (HCL) = 0.1M
Where
V1 = Volume of acid solution used = 10.0 cm3

n1 = No. of moles of acid in the balanced chemical equation = 1 mole

M2 = Molarity of base soln (NaOH) = ?
V2 = Volume of base solution used = 10 cm3
n2 = No. of moles of base in balance chemical equation = 1 mol
M2 = M1 V1 / n1 x n2 / V2
M1 = 0.1 x 10 / 1 x 1 / 10
M1 = 0.1 M
Result: Molarity of given NaOH solution is 0.1 M.
 Experiment # 03
Standardize the given HCl solution volumetrically.
Material Required: -
Apparatus: Pipette, burette, burette stand, funnel, conical flask, beaker.
Chemicals: Solution of HCl, standard solution of NaOH, Phenolphthalein.
Procedure:
i. I set the apparatus.
ii. I took the given HCl solution in burette using a plastic funnel and noted the initial
reading of HCl in burette.
iii. I pipette out 10cm3 of standard NaOH solution in conical flask and added a drop of
Phenolphthalein indicator.
iv. Then I allowed the HCl solution drop wise from burette into conical flask containing
NaOH solution with continuous shaking. The end point is light pink to colorless.
v. I noted the final reading and repeated the same thrice.
Chemical Equation: HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O.
Observations
No. of Initial Reading Final Reading Volume of acid used.
Observation cm3 cm3 cm3
1 0.00 cm3 10.0 cm3 10.0 cm3
2 10.0 cm3 20.0 cm3 10.0 cm3
3 20.0 cm3 30.0 cm3 10.0 cm3
Mean volume used = 10+10+10/3 = 10.0 cm3
Calculations:
acid base
M1 V1 / n1 = M2 V2 / n2
Where M1 = Molarity of acid solution (HCL) = ?
V1 = Volume of acid solution used = 10.0 cm3
n1 = No. of moles of acid in balanced chemical equation = 1 mol
M2 = Molarity of base solution (NaOH) = 0.1 M
V2 = Volume of base solution used = 10 cm3
n2 = No. of moles of base in the balanced chemical equation = 1 mol
M1 = M2 V2 / n2 x n1 / V1
M1 = 0.1 x 10 / 1 x 1 / 10
M1 = 0.1 M
Result: Molarity of the given HCl solution is 0.1M.
Experiment # 04
Determine the exact molarity of a solution of oxalic acid (COOH)2. 2H2O Volumetrically.
Material Required: -
Apparatus: Top loading balance, watch glass, spatula, measuring flask (100cm3)
Chemicals: Phenolphthalein, 0.1 M NaOH, glass rod, distilled water,
beakers (250cm3)
oxalic acid.
Procedure:
i. I Weighed exactly 1.26g of oxalic acid and dissolved it in 50cm3 distilled
water in a beaker.
ii. Then i transferred the above solution to a measuring flask of 100cm3 and added
water in flask to make it up to mask.
iii. Then i took the oxalic acid in a burette and noted the initial reading.
iv. Then i pipette out 10cm3 of given NaOH in a conical flask added a drop of Phenolphthalein
and titrated it by the solution of oxalic acid present in burette.
v. I allowed the oxalic acid solution dropwise in conical flask until the colour changes
from pink to colorless.
vi. I repeated the same experiment thrice and got the mean volume of oxalic acid used.
Chemical Equation: (COOH)2 + NaOH → (COON)2 + 2H2O
Observations
No. of
Initial Reading Final Reading Volume of acid used.
Obervations
1 0.0 cm3 10.0 cm3 10.0 cm3
2 10.0 cm3 20.0 cm3 10.0 cm3
3 20.0 cm3 30.0 cm3 10.0 cm3
Mean volume used = 10+10+10/3 = 10.0 cm3
Calculations: acid base
M1 V1 / N1 = M2 V2 / N2
Where M1 = M2 V2 / N2 = N1 / V1
M1 = 0.1 x 10 / 2 x 1 / 10
M1 = 0.05 M.
Result: Molarity of oxalic acid solution is 0.05M.

Experiment # 05
Demonstrate that some natural substances are weak acids.
Material Required: -
Apparatus: Six test tubes, test tube stand, PH paper strip and PH chart.
Chemicals: Hydrochloric acid, leucon, orange and apple juices, vinegar.
Procedure:
i. I filled 4th of the test tubes with the juices Provided. Added equal volume
of distilled water to dilute the juice.
ii. Then I took the given dilute HCL in a separate test tube and diluted it further by adding
distilled water.
iii. I took PH paper strip, dipped one end of strip in HCl solution, matched the strip
with PH chart.
iv. I noted the PH and repeated the same procedure with all the juices provided and
recorded the observations.

Dilute
Orange
Sample Lemon Juice Apple Juice Vinegar Hydrochloric
Juice
acid
PH 04 03 05 04 01
Result: The above observations show that some natural substances like lemon juice,
orange juice, apple juice and acetic acid (Vinegar) are weak acids.

Experiment # 06
Classify Substances as Acidic, Basic, or Neutral.
Material Required: -
 Apparatus: Six beakers (100cm3) red and blue litmus papers, test
tubes test tube stand,
safety goggles.
Chemicals: Litmus papers (blue & red), 0.1M solutions of various acids (HCl, HNO3, H2SO4,
CH3 COOH, by dioxides of Na, K, Ca & Mg, Methanol, ethanol, NaCl (Provided as unknown
substances labelled as A,B,C,D,E,F etc.
Procedure:
i. I filled half the test tubes with above compound one by one, Tested the
liquid in each test tube separately with a strip of litmus paper first blue & then red.
ii. I observed the colour change in the litmus paper and repeated the same procedure
with all and recorded the observations as follows.
Sr. Actions on Inference
Substance Actions on Red litmus
No. litmusBlue (result)
1 A No effect Turns red Acidic
2 B No effect Turns red Acidic
3 C No effect Turns red Acidic
4 D Turns blue No effect Basic
5 E Turns blue No effect Basic
6 F No effect No effect Neutral
7 G No effect No effect Neutral
Result: The substances A, B, C turn blue litmus red are acidic in nature, the substances D, E
are basic in neutral as they turn red litmus blue while F.G are neutral as they have no effect on
both red & blue litmus papers.

Experiment # 07
Identify ketones using 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine test.
Material Required: -
Apparatus: Test-tube, test-tube holder, burner, water bath, dropper, match box, safety
goggles.
Chemicals: Fructose solution, distilled water, 2,4-DNPH, ethanol, conc.H2SO4.
Procedure: i. I suspended 0.25g of 2,4-DNPH in 5cm3 ethanol and add 8 to 10 drops of
conc. Sulphuric acid carefully.
ii. In a test tube, i took 2cm3 of 95% ethanol and added a few crystals of fructose and
shake it well.
iii. Then i added 3cm3 of 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine reagent in the above mixture.
After a few minutes orange red crystalline ppt. were formed.
Observations: On mixing fructose solution with 2,4-DNPH reagent, Orange red crystalline
ppt. appeared.
Result: Orange red crystalline ppt. formed show that given organic compound contains
ketone as functional group.

Experiment # 08
Identify carboxylic acid using sodium carbonate test.
Material Required: -
Apparatus: Test tubes, test tube holder, spatula, burner, match box, delivery tube, corks.
Chemicals: Acetic acid solution, solid Na2CO3 lime water, dist. water.
Chemical Equation: - 2CH3 COOH + Na2CO3 → 2CH3COONa + H2O + CO2
Procedure:
i. I took about 5 cm3 of dilute acetic acid in a test tube.
ii. Then added few crystals of solid Na2CO3 in the above test tube.
iii. I passed the gas which was evolved in the above reaction through line water and recorded
the observations.
Observations: On adding solid Na2CO3 to acetic acid solution, CO2 gas evolved with
effervescence which turned the lime water milky.
Result: Formation of CO2 shows that given organic Compound is carboxylic acid.

Experiment # 09
Identify phenol using ferric chloride test.
Material Required: -
Apparatus: Test tubes, test tube holder, test tube rack, dropper.
Chemicals: Phenol solution, freshly prepared FeCl3 solution, distilled water.
Procedure:
i. I took three test tubes and labelled them A, B, C. Then i kept them in a test tube rack.
ii. Then i took some phenol solution in test tube A, freshly prepared (1%) ferric
chloride solution in test tube B and distilled water in test tube C.
iii. I diluted the phenol solution with distilled water and then added few drops of
freshly prepared FecL3 solution in it. I noted the observations.
Observations: On adding FeCl3 solution in dilute phenol solution purple colour appeared.
Result: As the solution of given compound produced the purple colour with ferric chloride
solution. So, the given compound is phenol.

Experiment # 10
Demonstrate that sugar decomposes into elements or other compounds.
Material Required: -
Apparatus: Test tubes, Bunsen burner, match box, test tube holder, cobalt chloride paper,
safety goggles.
Chemicals: Sugar
Procedure:
i. I filled about one third of the dry test tube with sugar.
ii. Then i fixed this test tube in a test tube holder and started heating it gently with a Bunsen
burner.
iii. I brought dry cobalt chloride paper near the mouth of test tube and observed the
change in colour.

Chemical Equation: C12H2 2O11 + Heat → 12C + 11 H2O

Observations: On continuous heating black mass was left in test tube water evolved out
of test tube which turned Cocl2 paper pink.
Result: On heating sugar decomposes into elements "Carbon" and a compound "Water".