CRIM 1 - INTRODUCTION

TO CRIMINOLOGY
LEC. CAI DEL CASTILLO, RCRIM– TOP 6 CLE DEC 2022
CRIMINOLOGY 20%

INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY 3% 15
THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION 3% 15
HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY 3% 15
PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT AND ETHICAL
STANDARDS 2% 10
JUVENILE DELINQUENCY AND JUVENILE
3% 15
JUSTICE
DISPUTE RESOLUTION AND CRISIS/INCIDENT
MANAGEMENT 2% 10
CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH 1 AND 2 4% 20
fundamental concepts of law, crime,
criminology, criminal justice, deviance, and
delinquency

typologies of crimes, delinquents, and

criminal offenders

classical and positivist in explaining the

etiology of crime

concepts of punishment, sentencing, and

rehabilitation; allied discipline/fields of
criminology

The Philippine Criminology Profession and

career paths versus criminologists in other
countries
CRIMINOLOGY
- refers to the scientific study of crimes, criminals,
and victims, it also deals with the prevention, and
solution of crimes; (RA 11131, p.e)
 CRIMINOLOGY
is the entire body of knowledge regarding crime as
a social phenomenon

body of knowledge regarding crimes, criminals and

the efforts of society to prevent and repress them

scientific study of the causes of crime in relation to

man and society

EDWIN SUTHERLAND
CRIMINOLOGY is a process of:

Making of laws
Breaking of laws
Society’s reaction to breaking of laws

EDWIN SUTHERLAND
  Author of the “Differential Association
Theory
 Considered as the Dean of Modern
Criminology
 Father or Pioneer of American
Criminology
 Coined the phrase “White Collar Crime”
EDWIN SUTHERLAND
CRIMINOLOGY
In its broadest sense, criminology is entire body of
knowledge regarding, crimes, criminals and the
effort of society to prevent and repress them.

In a narrower sense, criminology is the scientific

study of crimes and criminals.
ORIGIN OF THE WORD “CRIMINOLOGY”
 LT - crimen  crime / accusation
Etymologically GK - Logos  to study
REGISTERED CRIMINOLOGIST?
REGISTERED CRIMINOLOGIST
 any person who is a graduate of the
Degree of Criminology
 passed the examination for criminologists
 registered as such by the Board of
Examiners of the Professional Regulation
Commission (PRC).

(R.A. 6506)
REGISTERED CRIMINOLOGIST
a natural person who
 holds a valid certificate of registration
 holds an updated professional
identification card as criminologist issued
by the Board and the Commission pursuant
to R.A. 11131.
 Why do crime rates vary?
 Why do individuals differ as to criminality?
 Why is there variation in reactions to
crime?
 What are the possible means of
controlling criminality?
- it involves research and analysis of:
 who commits crimes
 why they commit them
 the impact of their actions
 and how to prevent them

- to determine the root causes of criminal

behavior and to develop effective and humane
means for addressing and preventing it.
SCOPE IN THE STUDY OF
CRIMINOLOGY
SCOPE IN THE STUDY OF CRIMINOLOGY

CRIMINAL DEMOGRAPHY CRIMINAL PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY

CRIMINAL EPIDEMIOLOGY CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY
CRIMINAL ECOLOGY CRIMINAL PSYCHIATRY
CRIMINAL POLITICS
SCOPE: CRIMINALISTICS

 the application of scientific methods to the

recognition, collection, identification, and
comparison of physical evidence generated by
criminal or illegal civil activity.
SCOPE: CRIMINALISTICS (DIVISIONS)

CHEMISTRY - all types of analysis through the use of

chemical reagents and electronic instruments

(alcohol analysis, toxicology, narcotic and substance

testing, firearms discharge residues, chemical
development of latent fingerprints and
SCOPE: CRIMINALISTICS (DIVISIONS)

PHYSICS – includes firearms identification, tool mark

comparison, scientific photography, finding out speed
and direction of vehicles and use of XRays.
SCOPE: CRIMINALISTICS (DIVISIONS)

BIOLOGY + includes study of blood, semen, urine, hairs, skin.

FIREARMS IDENTIFICATION + comparison and identification of

weapons alleged to have been used in commission of crime.
SCOPE: CRIMINALISTICS (DIVISIONS)

QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION + concerned with the examination

of forged, altered, or suspected papers to determine its genuineness

FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION + cornerstone of Personal Identification.

- concerned with the examination and comparison of every minute detail of

fingerprints lifter or developed from crime scenes

SCOPE: CRIMINALISTICS (DIVISIONS)

PHOTOGRAPHY + concerned with the reproduction of images through

the action of light on a sensitized material as an invaluable aid to crime
detection and
investigation.

LIE DETECTION OR POLYGRAPH + concerned with detecting deception

or verifying truth of statements through recording of a person’s

physiological responses.
SCOPE:
1. Legislative bodies and lawmakers
2. Law enforcement agencies
3. Courts and prosecution arms of government
4. Educational institution arms of government
5. Correctional institutions
6. Public charitable and social agencies
7. Public welfare agencies
OBJECT OF INTEREST IN CRIMINOLOGY
The four major object of interest in criminology
are:

 CRIMES (CRIMINAL ACTS)

 CRIMINALS (PERPETRATORS OF CRIME)
 CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR
 VICTIMOLOGY (STUDY OF VICTIMS)
NATURE OF CRIMINOLOGY
NATURE OF CRIMINOLOGY
APPLIED SCIENCE  criminology as a body of knowledge has
already established universally accepted principles and concepts
used by other fields of study. It is the use of sciences in the practice
of criminology. The process is called "instrumentation'.

SOCIAL SCIENCE  it studies crime as a social phenomenon and

as a social problem.
NATURE OF CRIMINOLOGY
DYNAMIC  concepts of criminology and its
applications adapt to the changing time. Criminology changes
as a social condition change.

NATIONALISTIC  criminology takes into consideration

the history, culture and social norms and the laws of the
country. The question as to whether an act is a crime is
dependent on the criminal law of a state.
DIVISION OF CRIMINOLOGY
DIVISION OF CRIMINOLOGY
SOCIOLOGY OF LAW
 criminal law and its administration,
 criminal laws has developed as a process of formal or
social control.
DIVISION OF CRIMINOLOGY

ETIOLOGY OF CRIMES/ CRIMINAL ETIOLOGY

 the scientific analysis of the causes of crimes and
the criminal behavior.
DIVISION OF CRIMINOLOGY
PENOLOGY
 punishment of crime and jail management.
 the study of the control of crimes and the rehabilitation
of offender
PURPOSES OF STUDYING CRIMINOLOGY
1. The primary aim is to prevent the crime problem.

2. To understand crimes and criminals which are basic to knowing the

actions to be done to prevent them.

3. To prepare for a career in law enforcement and scientific crime

detection.

4. To develop an understanding of the constitutional guarantees and due

process of law in the administration of justice.

5. To foster a higher concept of citizenry and leadership together with an

understanding of one moral and legal responsibilities to his fellowmen, his
community and the nation.
VARIOUS PROCESSES AND MEASURES ACCEPTED BY SOCIETY IN CASES OF
VIOLATION OF CRIMINAL LAW SUCH AS:

a. The detection and investigation of crimes

b. The arrest and apprehension of criminals

c. The prosecution and conviction of the criminal in a judicial proceedings

d. The imprisonment, correction and rehabilitation of criminal convicted of a crime.

e. The enforcement of laws, decrees, rules and regulation.

f. The administration of the police and other law enforcement agencies.

g. Maintenance of recreational facilities and other auxiliary services to prevent the

development of crimes and criminal behavior.
SOCIOLOGY OF LAW:

 Definition
 Types
 Characteristics
THE EARLY CODES

1. CODE OF HAMMURABI
Hammurabi (Babylon) - first codifier of laws
carved in stone
the “law of talion”, or the principle of “tit for tat”
THE EARLY CODES

2. THE HITTIES

the Hittites existed about two centuries after Hammurabi and

eventually conquered Babylon

Highlights of the laws of the Hittites:

capital punishment was used for many offenses, except for homicide
or robbery;

rape, sexual intercourse with animals, sorcery were all punishable by

death;

the law of homicide provided for the restitution to the victim’s heirs;
THE EARLY CODES

3. CODE OF DRAKON
 known as the “ultimate in severity”
 by Drakon (Athenian)

Highlights of the Code of Drakon:

death was the punishment for almost every offense;

murderers might avoid execution by going into exile; if they return to

Athens, it was not a crime to kill them;

death penalty was administered with great brutality

THE EARLY CODES

4. LAWS OF SOLON
 Solon repealed all the laws of the Code of Drakon, except the law on
homicide
 first to see that a lawgiver had to make laws that applied equally to all
citizens and also saw that the law of punishment had to maintain
proportionality to the crimes committed

Highlights of the Laws of Solon:

the thief was required to return stolen property and pay the victim a sum
equal to twice its value

for the crime of temple robbery, the penalty was death

for rape of a woman, the penalty was a fine of certain amount

THE EARLY CODES

5. ROME’S TWELVE TABLES

 Roman law began with the Twelve Tables

 foundation of all laws in Rome and written in tablets of bronze
 the Twelve Tables were drafted by the Decemvirs, a body of men
composed of patricians

Highlights of the Twelve Tables:

if a man breaks another’s limb and does not compensate the injury, he
shall be liable to retaliation;

a person who committed arson of a house or a stack of corn shall be

burned alive;

judges who accepted bribes as well as those who bribed them were
subject to execution;
LAW
- the system of rules which a particular country or
community recognizes as regulating the actions of
its members and which it may enforce by the
imposition of penalties.

- are guidelines which are required to be followed.

GENERAL TYPES OF LAWS

NATURAL LAWS are the belief that certain laws of morality

are inherent by human nature, reason, or religious belief,
and that they are ethically binding on humanity.

SCIENTIFIC LAWS are the uniformities of nature and

general principles expressing the regularity and harmony
observable in the activities and operations of the universe
GENERAL TYPES OF LAWS

CIVIL LAWS define and protect the private rights of

citizens, offers legal remedies that may be sought in a
dispute, and covers areas of law such as contracts,
property, and family law.

PROCEDURAL LAW is a body of law that sets forth the

methods, rules, and procedures for court cases.
GENERAL TYPES OF LAWS
NATIONAL LAWS are the laws by which the people are
governed by the state. It is further classified into
constitutional laws and ordinary laws.

INTERNATIONAL LAWS are the set of rules generally

regarded and accepted in relations between nations. It
serves as a framework for the practice of stable and
organized international relations.
GENERAL TYPES OF LAWS
COMMON LAWS that are based on court or tribunal
decisions, which govern future decisions on similar
cases.

CRIMINAL LAW define criminal acts and offenses,

governs the arrest, detention, charging, and prosecution
of accused offenders, and sets specific punishments.
REVISED PENAL CODE OR ACT NO. 3815

+ a book that contains the Philippine Criminal Law and different

special laws and decrees which are penal in nature.

old penal code took effect: July 14, 1887 - Dec. 31, 1931

PC revised by the Committee (AO No. 94 of the DOJ )dated Oct.

18, 1927, Anacleto Diaz as Chairman
 Alex Reyes
 Mariano de Joya

approved: Dec. 8, 1930

took effect: January 1, 1932
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF REVISED PENAL CODE

1. Articles 1 to 20 + Principles affecting liability

2. Articles 21 to 113 + Provisions on penalties

including criminal and civil liability

3. Articles 114 to 367 + Felonies defined under different

titles
 LIMITATIONS
a. Must be general in application.

b. Must not partake of the nature of an ex post facto law.

(1987 Const. Art III, Sec.22)

c. Must not partake of the nature of a bill of attainder.

(1987 Const. Art III, Sec 22)

d. Must not impose cruel and unusual punishment or

excessive fines. (1987 Const. Art III, Sec 19)
EX POST FACTO LAW - An act which when committed was
not a crime, cannot be made so by statute without violating
the constitutional inhibition as to ex post facto laws

BILL OF ATTAINDER + A legislative act which inflicts

punishment without trial. EXAMPLE: Congress passes a
law which authorizes the arrest and imprisonment of
communists without the benefit of a judicial trial.
CHARACTERISTICS OF CRIMINAL LAW

GENERALITY + provides that criminal law is binding on all

persons who live or sojourn in the Philippines.

TERRITORIALITY + states that criminal laws undertake to punish

crimes committed within the Philippine territory.

PROSPECTIVITY + states that penal law cannot make an act

punishable in a manner in which it was not punishable when
committed.
CIRCUMSTANCES AFFECTING CRIMINAL LIABILITY:

JUSTIFYING - those wherein the acts of the actor are in

accordance with law, hence, he incurs no criminal liability.

EXEMPTING - those wherein there is an absence in the agent of

the crime any of all the conditions that would make an act
voluntary and, hence, although there is no criminal liability,
there is a civil liability.
MITIGATING - those that have the effect of reducing the penalty
because there is diminution of any of the elements of dolo or culpa,
which makes the act voluntary or because of the lesser perversity
(wilfullness) of the offender.

AGGRAVATING - those which serve to increase the penalty without

exceeding the maximum provided by law because of the greater
perversity of the offender as shown by the motivating power of the
commission, the means employed or the personal circumstances of
the offender.

ALTERNATIVE - those, which are either aggravating or mitigating

according to the nature and effects of the crime and other conditions
attending its commission.
CRIME:

 Definition
 “WHEN AND WHY?”
 Approaches
 Types
 Classification
 Crime Statistics
CRIME
- conduct that is prohibited and has a specific
punishment (as incarceration or fine) prescribed by
public law

- an act committed or omitted in violation of public

law forbidding or commanding it
LEGAL  An act or omission in violation of a criminal law

SOCIAL  An anti-social act; an act that is injurious,

detrimental or harmful to the norms of society; they are the
unacceptable acts

PSYCHOLOGICAL  crime is an act, which is considered

undesirable due to behavioral maladjustment of the
offender; acts that are caused by maladaptive or abnormal
behaviors.
WHEN DOES CRIME EXIST?
LEGAL VIEWPOINT

crime exists the moment a person has been

proven guilty by the court

SCIENTIFIC POINT OF VIEW

crime exists the moment it is reported

WHY DOES CRIME EXIST?
WHY DO WE NEED TO STUDY CRIMINOLOGY?

CRIME IS PERVASIVE

since crime, as an associate of society,

affects almost all people regardless of
personal circumstances.
WHY DO WE NEED TO STUDY CRIMINOLOGY?

CRIME IS EXPENSIVE

since the government and private sectors spend an

enormous amount of money for crime detection,
prosecution, correction and prevention.
WHY DO WE NEED TO STUDY CRIMINOLOGY?

CRIME IS DESTRUCTIVE

since many lives have been lost because of violent

crimes and property stolen or destroyed on
account of crimes against property
WHY DO WE NEED TO STUDY CRIMINOLOGY?

CRIME IS PROGRESSIVE

since crime increases in volume on account

of the increasing population
WHY DO WE NEED TO STUDY CRIMINOLOGY?

CRIME IS REFLECTIVE

since crime rate or incidence in a locality is

reflective of the social defenses employed by
the people.
APPROACHES IN CAUSES OF CRIME:

SINGLE OR UNITARY APPROACH - criminal behavior is caused only

by one factor or variable

MULTIPLE FACTOR THEORY APPROACH - criminal conduct is not a

product of a single cause or factor but a combination of several
factors

ECLECTIC THEORY APPROACH - criminal behavior at one instance

may be caused by one or more factors, while in other
instances, it is caused by another set of factors.
CRIME TYPOLOGY
VIOLENT CRIME violence were used

ECONOMIC CRIME bring financial gain

PUBLIC ORDER CRIMES illegal as they conflict with social policy,

accepted moral rules, and public opinion.
Known as VICTMLESS CRIME
CLASSIFICATIONS OF CRIME
1. LEGAL CLASSIFICATIONS

2. CRIMINOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS
LEGAL CLASSIFICATIONS
acc. to the law violated:

 FELONIES + RPC
 OFFENSES + SL / statutes
 MISDEMEANORS + ordinances
ELEMENTS OF FELONY

1. There must be an act or omission.

2. The act of omission must be voluntary.
3. It must punishable by law.
LEGAL CLASSIFICATIONS
acc. to the manner of commission:

 DOLO OR DECEIT + when the act was done with

deliberate intent.

FORMULA: FII
M’NAGHTEN RULE
LEGAL CLASSIFICATIONS
acc. to the manner of commission:

 CULPA OR FAULT + when the act resulted

from:

FI+ IMPRUDENCE, NEGLIGENCE, LACK OF

FORESIGHT OR LACK OF SKILL
IMPRUDENCE
deficiency in action; failure to take the necessary precaution to
prevent the danger due to carelessness

NEGLIGENCE
deficiency in perception; failure to foresee the danger

LACK OF FORESIGHT
when the crime resulted due to the person’s inability to predict
the obvious possible outcome of his actions

LACK OF SKILL
when the crime resulted because the person does not have the
necessary skill to perform the action safely
LEGAL CLASSIFICATIONS
acc. to the stages of commission:

 ATTEMPTED CRIME + when the offender

commenced the commission of the felony directly
by overt acts and does not perform all the acts of
execution, which could produce the felony by reason
of some causes or accident OTHER THAN his own
spontaneous desistance.
LEGAL CLASSIFICATIONS
acc. to the stages of commission:

 FRUSTRATED CRIME + when the offender has

performed all the acts of execution, which will
produce the felony as a consequence, but which,
nevertheless, do not produce the felony by reason
of causes INDEPENDENT OF THE WILL of the
perpetrator.
LEGAL CLASSIFICATIONS

acc. to the stages of commission:

 CONSUMMATED CRIME + when the

elements necessary for its execution and
accomplishment are all present.
FORMAL CRIMES

MATERIAL FELONIES

CRIMES WHICH HAVE NO FRUSTRATED STAGE

LEGAL CLASSIFICATIONS

acc. to the plurality:

 SIMPLE CRIME
 COMPLEX CRIME (compound crime &
complex crime proper)
 SPECIAL COMPLEX CRIME
SPECIAL COMPLEX CRIMES

1) Rape with Homicide

2) Kidnapping with Homicide
3) Kidnapping with Rape
4) Robbery with Homicide
5) Robbery with Serious Physical Injury
6) Robbery with Rape
7) Arson with Homicide
LEGAL CLASSIFICATIONS

acc. to the gravity:

 GRAVE + capital/afflictive punishment

 LESS GRAVE - correctional (max period)
 LIGHT - arrest to menor or fine not
exceeding 200 pesos are imposed or both
LEGAL CLASSIFICATIONS

acc. to the nature of the act:

 MALA IN SE

 MALA PROHIBITA
LEGAL CLASSIFICATIONS

As to the basis of criminal act:

 Crimes against persons

 Crimes against property
 Crimes against chastity
 Crimes against public order
CRIMINOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS
acc. to the result:

 ACQUISITIVE CRIME

 EXTINCTIVE CRIME
CRIMINOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS
acc. to the time or period of commission:

 SEASONAL CRIME + those committed only during a

certain period of the year.

 SITUATIONAL CRIME + those committed only when

given the situation is favorable to its commission
CRIMINOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS
acc. to the length of time of commission:

 INSTANT CRIME + those committed in the shortest

possible time

 EPISODIC CRIME + those committed by a series of

acts in a lengthy space of time
CRIMINOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS
acc. to the place or location of the commission:

 Static crime + those committed only in one place

 Continuing crime + those that can be committed

in several places
CRIMINOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS
acc. to the use of mental faculty:

 RATIONAL CRIME + those committed with intent and

offenders are in full possession of their sanity

 IRRATIONAL CRIME + those committed by persons

who do not know the nature and quality of their act by
reason of disease of the mind
CRIMINOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS
acc. to the social status of the offender:

 WHITE COLLAR CRIME + those committed by persons

of respectability and upper socio-economic class in
the course of their occupation

 BLUE COLLAR CRIME + those committed by ordinary

professional criminals to maintain their livelihood
OTHER TYPES OF CRIMES

CYBERCRIME - the commission of criminal acts using the instruments

of modern technology such as computers or the internet

THRILL-SEEKING HATE CRIME - hate mongers who join forces to have

fun by bashing minorities or destroying property; inflicting pain on
others gives a sadistic thrill.

INCHOATE CRIME - incomplete or contemplated crimes such as

criminal solicitation or criminal attempts.
RAPE AS VIOLENT CRIME
Lt: “Rapere” or to take by force

often perceived primarily as a sexually-motivated act (RPC),

however upon the enactment of RA 8353, otherwise known as the
Anti Rape Law of 1997 amending the Revised Penal Code, rape is
identified primarily a VIOLENT ACT in which sexual relations are
merely a means of expressing violence, aggression and domination.
STATUTORY RAPE

sexual relations between an underage minor females

and an adult male.
R.A. 11648
increased the age of consent from below 12 to below 16 years old
approved on March 4, 2022
amended Act No. 3815, R.A. 8353, and R.A. 7610

Sec. 1 Article 266-A (1)(d) - When the offended party is under sixteen (16)
years of age or is demented, even though none of the circumstances
mentioned above be present: Provided, That there shall be no criminal
liability on the part of a person having carnal knowledge of another
person under sixteen (16) years of age when the age difference between
the parties is not more than three (3) years, and the sexual act in
question is proven to be consensual, non-abusive, and non-exploitative:
Provided, further, That if the victim is under thirteen (13) years of age,
this exception shall not apply.
CLASSIFICATION OF MEN WHO RAPE

ANGER RAPE + sexual attack becomes a means of expressing

anger or rage and involves more physical assault upon the
victim.

POWER RAPE + assailant primarily wishes to express his

domination over the victim.

SADISTIC RAPE + perpetrator combines the sexuality and

aggression aims in psychic desires to often torture or
otherwise abuse the victim.
CLASSIFICATION OF MEN WHO RAPE

ACQUAINTANCE RAPE - forcible sex in which offender and the victim

are acquainted with one another.

AGGRAVATED RAPE - rape involving multiple offenders, weapons and

victim injuries.

DATE RAPE - forcible sex during the courting relationship.

SERIAL RAPE - multiple rapes committed by one person over time.

MURDER AS A VIOLENT CRIME

+ is the unlawful killing of human being with malice and with the “act of
violence”.

Mass Murder + it is the killing of four or more victims at one

location with one event.

Spree Murder + the killing of in two or more locations with almost

no time break between murders.

Serial Murder + an act involving killing of several victims in three or

more separate incidents over a week, a month or
year.
 TYPES OF SERIAL KILLERS
(JACK LIVEN & JAMES ALLAN FOX)
THRILL KILLERS sexual sadism or dominance.

MISSION KILLERS to reform the world or have a mission that derives

them to kill

EXPEDIENCE KILLERS for profit or want to protect themselves from a

perceived threat

VISIONARY person or entity is commanding him to kill.

MISSION-ORIENTED to get “rid” society of a certain group.

HEDONISTIC F or his own personal pleasure.

POWER/CONTROL fantasizes about having power and seeks to dominate

and control his victims.
 TYPES OF MASS MURDERERS
(JACK LIVEN & JAMES ALLAN FOX)
REVENGE KILLERS seek to get even with individuals or society at
large

LOVE KILLERS by warped sense of devotion. They are often

despondent people who commit suicide and take others, such as a
wife and children with them

PROFIT KILLERS to cover-up a crime, eliminate witnesses, and carry

out a criminal conspiracy.

TERRORIST KILLERS trying to send message. Gang killings tell rivals

to watch out; cult killers may actually leave message behind to warn
society about impending doom.
CRIME STATISTICS
Measure the level of amount of crime

result of two rather different processes:

 scientific research, such as criminological studies,

victimization surveys;
 official figures, such as published by the police,
prosecution, courts, and prisons.
CRIME STATISTICS

2 classifications:

INDEX CRIMES - regularity, significant, frequency

of occurrence includes murder, rape, robbery,
aggravated assault, burglary, larceny, motor vehicle
theft, and arson.

NON INDEX CRIMES + not index crimes usually crimes

against moral and order
STATISTICAL FORMULA
 CRIME SOLUTION EFFICIENCY
 CRIME RATE
 AVE MONTHLY CRIME RATE
 VARIANCE (% CHANGE)
CRIME SOLUTION EFFICIENCY

 percentage of solved cases out of total number of

reported crime incidents
 law enforcements investigative capability of efficiency
CRIME RATE

 Number of incidents in a given period of time

for every 100k inhabitants of an area/place
AVE MONTHLY CRIME RATE

 Number of incidents occurred every month for every

100k inhabitants of an area/place
VARIANCE (% CHANGE)

 Analyzing crime trends

 Measures percentage of change over time
ADVANTAGES OF THE EXISTENCE OF CRIME

1. It promotes solidarity of the people

2. It prevents morality from going to the extreme

3. 3. It is a notification of maladjustment / defect

CRIMES IN MODERN WORLD

The crimes in the modern world represent the latest and

the most dangerous manifestations of the something +
for + nothing- complex problems of society.

This includes Organized Crimes, White + Collar Crimes,

Conventional Crimes, and the Victimless Crimes.
ORGANIZED CRIMES

criminal activities that are planned and controlled by powerful

groups and carried out on a large scale.

It is sometimes referred to as the MOB, MAFIA, SYNDICATE or the

COSA NOSTRA, which are known as “the enemy with in”

 COSA NOSTRA (literally means “one thing”) or mafia is use to

signify organized crime.

 OMERTA + the mafia’s code of secrecy, and informal, unwritten

code of organized crime, which demand silence and loyalty,
among other thing, of family members
HOW DOES THE ORGANIZED CRIME GROUP WORK?

1. AN ENFORCER + one who make arrangements for the activity

2. A CORRUPTER + one who bribes, buys, intimidates, threatens,

negotiates, and “sweet talks” into a relationship with the police,
public officials or any else who might help the members
security and maintain immunity from arrest, prosecution and
punishment.

3. A CORRUPTEE + a public official, usually not a members of the

organization family, who can wield influence on behalf of the
organization’s interest.
CRIMINAL:

 Definition
 Classification
CRIMINAL
LEGAL SENSE
any person who has been found to have committed a wrongful
act in the course of the standard judicial processes

CRIMINOLOGICAL SENSE
any person who has committed an anti-social even without
conviction
CLASSIFICATIONS OF CRIMINAL
acc. to etiology:

 ACUTE CRIMINALS + those who violate criminal law

because of the impulse of the moment, fit of passion
or anger or spell of extreme jealousy

 CHRONIC CRIMINALS + those who act with

deliberate thinking
CLASSIFICATIONS OF CRIMINAL

acc. to etiology:

 NEUROTIC CRIMINALS +actions arise from intra-

psychic conflict

 NORMAL CRIMINAL -whose psychic organization

resembles that of normal individuals except that he
himself with criminal prototype.

 CRIMINALITY + caused by an organic pathological

(compulsive) process
CLASSIFICATIONS OF CRIMINAL
acc. to behavioral system:

 ORDINARY CRIMINALS +engage only on conventional crimes

which require limited skill.

 ORGANIZED CRIMINALS + those that have high degree of

organization to enable them to
commit crimes without being
detected - large scale business.

 PROFESSIONAL CRIMINALS + those that are highly skilled and

able to obtain considerable amount of
money without being detected.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF CRIMINAL

acc. to criminal activities:

 PROFESSIONAL CRIMINALS + those who earn their living

through criminal activities.

 ACCIDENTAL CRIMINALS + those who commit criminal acts

as a result of unanticipated
circumstances.

 SITUATIONAL CRIMINALS + those who are actually not

criminals but are constantly in
trouble with legal authorities.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF CRIMINAL

Criminal Classified on the basis of mental attitudes:

ACTIVE aggressive -those who commit crime in an

impulsive manner usually due to
the aggressive behavior of the
offender

PASSIVE inadequate -those who commit crimes because

they are pushed to it by
inducement, by rewards of promise
without considering its
consequence.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF CRIMINAL

 HABITUAL DELIQUENT
 RECIDIVISM
 QUASI + RECIDIVISM
 REITERACION
A CRIMINAL is a person who has violated the penal law and has
been found guilty of crime charges upon observing of the
standard judicial procedure while DELINQUENT is a person who
merely committed an act not in conformity with norms of society.

EXAMPLES OF DELINQUENCY:
1. waywardness of children
2. Street corner gang
3. Children out of parental control
4. school dropouts without justifiable reasons
VICTIMS AND VICTIMOLOGY

 DEFINITION
 WHO
VICTIMOLOGY
LT + victima means fear

branch of criminology that deals purely on the

underlying factor of victimization and the
contributory role of victims in the commission of
crime.
VICTIMS

 harmed by the perpetrator

 who suffers direct or threatened
physical, emotional or financial harm
SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT:

 DEMONOLOGICAL
 CLASSICAL
 NEO-CLASSICAL
 POSITIVIST
DEMONOLOGICAL
THEORY
People commit crime because they
are possessed with demons.
CLASSICAL THEORY

 individuals choose to commit crimes after weighing

consequence for their actions

 fear of punishment is used to deter people from committing

crime

 no distinction between adult, minor, and/or mentally-

handicapped

 CESARE BECCARIA & JEREMY BENTHAM

NEO–CLASSICAL THEORY

 Modified the doctrine free will

 Free will is affected with other factors
 Termed as mitigating / exempting circumstance
POSITIVIST THEORY

 The man is subdued occasionally by a strange and morbid

phenomenon, which constrains him to do wrong, in spite of
or contrary to his volition.

 that crime is essentially a social and natural phenomenon

THEORIES IN CRIMINOLOGY

 Biological
 Psychological
 Sociological
 Economical
CRIMINAL JUSTICE
SYSTEM
CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

MACHINERY of the State or government, which

enforces the rules of conduct necessary to
protect life and property and maintain peace and
order

totality of activities of the law enforcement,

prosecution, courts, correction and community.
CRIMINAL

is the PRINCIPAL CHARACTER in the processes

conducted by the 5 pillars
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CRIMINAL LAW IN THE
ADMINISTRATION OF THE CJS IN THE PHILIPPINES

 the presumption of innocence

 burden of proof
GOALS OF THE CJS
 protect the members of the society
 maintenance of peace and order
 prevention of crime and suppression of criminal conduct
 judicial determination of guilt or innocence of those
apprehended.
 proper disposition of those who have been legally found
guilty.
 correction by socially approved means
PHILOSOPHICAL APPROACHES

1. ADVERSARIAL APPROACH / DUE PROCESS MODEL

innocent until proven guilty

Prosecutor has the burden of proof
Emphasis  proper procedure
PHILOSOPHICAL APPROACHES

2. INQUISITORIAL APPROACH / CRIME CONTROL MODEL

guilty until proven innocent

Accused has the burden of proof
Emphasis  conviction
PERSONS BEING PROCESSED IN THE CJS

 POI
 RESPONDENT
 ACCUSED
 PDL
 EX-CLIENT
PEOPLE INVOLVED IN THE SYSTEM

1. ACCUSED = The most pampered party in a criminal

case.

2.VICTIM/COMPLAINANT = The forgotten party in a

criminal case.

3.PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES = The actual offended

party
FIVE STAGES OF CJS
1. ARREST
2. CHARGING
3. ADJUDICATION
4. SENTENCING
5. CORRECTIONS
FIVE PILLARS OF CJS
FIVE PILLARS OF CJS

LAW ENFORCEMENT

 frontline, initiator, prime mover

 first contact to violator
 ILP
FIVE PILLARS OF CJS

PROSECUTION

 evaluates evidence and formally

charges the suspect before the court
 file or dismiss the case
FIVE PILLARS OF CJS

COURT
Conducts arraignment and trial; finding
whether the accused is guilty or not ;
determination of punishment
FIVE PILLARS OF CJS

CORRECTIONS

 responsible for the administration of

correctional program to the person being
penalized and preparing them for the
reintegration in the community
FIVE PILLARS OF CJS

COMMUNITY

 unit of society where individuals who are

deemed reformed and rehabilitated after
undergoing correction, are being
introduced to the society again
 JUVENILE
DELIQUENCY
JUVENILE
below the age of majority, that is, below 18 years
old, or above who is unable to fully take care of
himself from abuse, neglect, cruelty, exploitation or
discrimination because of physical or mental
disability or conditions
DELINQUENCY

Acts that do not conform to the accepted rules,

and norms of the society

Any misconduct or misbehaviour

JUVENILE DELINQUENCY

Anti-social acts or behavior of children which

deviate from the normal pattern of rules and
regulations, custom and culture which society
does not accept.
JUVENILE DELINQUENT

Youthful offenders and have been adjudicated by

the court of proper jurisdiction.
STATUS OFFENSES

These are certain acts or omissions which may not

be punishable socially or legally if committed by
adults but become anti-social or illegal because the
offender is a minor.
STATUS OFFENSES

a) truancy or frequent unreasonable absenteeism

from school;
b) use of profane language;
c) running away from home;
d) smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages;
STATUS OFFENSES

e) disobedience to parents, guardians or school officials

f) mendicancy or begging in the streets;
g) association with delinquent gangs; or
h) curfew violations
PARENS PATRIAE (“Father of the Country”)

It is the authority of the state to act on behalf of the

children; views minor who violates laws as victims
of improper care, custody, and treatment at home.
GUARDIAN AD LITEM (“For the Proceeding”)

Refers to adults who look after the welfare of a

child and represent their legal interests.
FAMILY IMMUNITY DOCTRINE
preventing unemancipated children from suing
their parents

FAMILY PURPOSE DOCTRINE

holding parents liable for injuries caused by a
child's negligent driving or other actions
TYPES OF DELINQUENT YOUTH
1) SOCIAL - who resents authority of anyone who tries to
control his behavior.

2) NEUROTIC - has internalized conflicts

3) ASOCIAL - cold, brutal, feel no remorse.

4) ACCIDENTAL - sociable and law-abiding but happens to be at the

wrong time and place and becomes involved in
delinquent acts
CATEGORIES OF CHILDREN
DEPENDENT
ABANDONED
NEGLECTED
MENTALLY RETARDED
PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED
EMOTIONALLY DISTURBED
MENTALLY ILL
DISABLED
STATUS OF CHILDREN
LEGITIMATE
ILLEGITIMATE
LEGITIMATED
ADOPTED
PENOLOGY
PENOLOGY

LT: POENA - PUNISHMENT / PAIN AND SUFFERING

 study of punishment for crime or of criminal offender
 study of control and prevention of crime through punishment of
criminal offenders
 knows as PENAL SCIENCE - deals with prison management and
treatment of offenders
primary - protection of society

latest - rehabilitation

reformation

reintegration

restorative
ANCIENT FORMS OF
PUNISHMENT
 CAPITAL / DEATH PUNISHMENT

 THE INFLICTION OF DEATH AS A

PUNISHMENT FOR BREAKING
CRIMINAL LAW

 EXECUTION OF AN OFFENDER
SENTENCED TO DEATH AFTER
CONVICTION BY A COURT OF LAW
 CORPORAL PUNISHMENT / PHYSICAL TORTURE

PUNISHMENT IN WHICH PHYSICAL

FORCE IS USED AND INTENDED TO
CAUSE SOME DEGREE OF
PAIN OR DISCOMFORT.
 SOCIAL DEGRADATION

THE ACT OF PUTTING

OFFENDER INTO SHAME
OR HUMILIATION
 BANISHMENT / EXILE

SENDING OR PUTTING AWAY

OF AN OFFENDER WHICH
WAS CARRIED OUTH EITHER
BY PROHIBITION AGAINST
COMING INTO A SPECIFIED
TERRITORY SUCH AS AN
ISLAND TO WHERE THE
OFFENDER HAS BEEN
REMOVED
JUSTIFICATION OF
PUNISHMENT
  personal vengeance
 punishment should be provided by the state
 RETRIBUTION whose sanction is violated to afford the society or
the individual the opportunity of imposing upon
the offender suitable punishment as might be
enforced

 EXPIATION /  group vengeance

 appease the offended public or group
ATONEMENT

punishment gives lesson to the offender by showing

 DETERRENCE others what would happen to them if they violate
the law.
 public will be protected if the offender has
 INCAPACITATION been held in conditions where he cannot
harm others

 REFORMATION AND establishment of usefulness

responsibility of the offender
and

REHABILITATION
JURIDICAL CONDITIONS
OF PENALTY
 PRODUCTIVE SUFFERING  without affecting the human integrity

 COMMENSURATE WITH THE OFFENSE  different crimes  different punishment

 PERSONAL  guilty one must be punished, no proxy

 LEGAL  consequence must be in accordance with the law

 EQUAL uniformity of application of penalty

 CERTAIN  no one must be excused in its effects

 CORRECTIONAL  change the offender attitude

TYPES OF JAILS
 LOCK-UP + IS A SECURITY FACILITY FOR THE TEMPORARY
DETENTION OF PERSONS HELD FOR INVESTIGATION OR
AWAITING PRELIMINARY HEARING.

 ORDINARY JAIL - HOUSES BOTH OFFENDERS AWAITING

COURT ACTION AND THOSE SERVING SHORT SENTENCE
USUALLY UP TO THREE (3) YEARS.

 WORK HOUSES + JAIL FARM OR CAMP-HOUSES MINIMUM

CUSTODY OFFENDERS SERVING SHORT SENTENCES WITH
CONSTRUCTIVE WORK PROGRAMS.
MANDATES AND PDL
REHABILITATION AND REFORMATION PROGRAM
EDUCATION BEHAVIOR
HEALTH LIVELIHOOD
SPIRITUAL MORAL
TC
DURATION AND EFFECTS OF PENALTIES

1. RECLUSION PERPETUA - 20 years to 40 yrs

2. RECLUSION TEMPORAL - 12 years and 1 day to 20 years
3. PRISION MAYOR AND P/T DISQUALIFICATION
- 6 years and 1 day to 12 years
4. PRISION CORRECCIONAL, SUSPENSION, AND DESTIERRO
- 6 months and 1 day to 6 years
5. ARRESTO MAYOR - 1 month and 1 day to 6 months
6. ARRESTO MENOR - 1 day to 30 days
PROBATION

PD 968 (RA 10707)

 adult probation law of 1976

 created PA headed by Probation Admin.
PAROLE
ACT 4103

 indeterminate sentence law

 Parole law
 Board of ISLaw
EXECUTIVE CLEMENCY

Article VII, Section 19 of the 1987 Constitution.

PARC
Private act of the president
 RA 11131

The Philippine
Criminology
Profession Act
of 2018”
AN ACT REGULATING THE PRACTICE OF CRIMINOLOGY
PROFESSION IN THE PHILIPPINES, AND APPROPRIATING FUNDS

THEREFOR, REPEALING FOR THE PURPOSE REPUBLIC ACT

NO. 6506, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS “AN ACT CREATING THE

BOARD OF EXAMINERS FOR CRIMINOLOGISTS IN THE
PHILIPPINES”
A total 192 lawmakers voted to approve
House Bill (HB) 7191 or the “Philippine
Criminology Profession Act”

authored by Reps. Gary Alejano and

Maximo Rodriguez, Jr.
SECTION 3. OBJECTIVES. — This Act shall govern:

a) The examination, registration and licensure for criminologists;

(b) The supervision, control and regulation of the practice of
criminology;
(c) The participation in the standardization of the criminology
education program;
(d) The development of the professional competence of
criminologists through Continuing Professional Development (CPD);
and
e) The integration of all criminology professional groups and
membership of all registered criminologists to the accredited
professional organization.
SECTION 4. DEFINITION OF TERMS.
(a) AIPO refers to the one and only recognized and accredited integrated
national organization of criminologists, as endorsed by the
Professional Regulatory Board subject to the approval of the
Professional Regulation Commission (PRC). For purposes of
implementing RA No. 11131, AIPO shall be referred to as the
ACCREDITED INTEGRATED PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATION (AIPO)
for the criminology profession;

(b) BOARD refers to the Professional Regulatory Board of Criminology

created hereunder;

(c) CERTIFICATE OF REGISTRATION refers to the document issued by the

Commission, through the Board, signifying that the person named
therein is entitled to practice the criminology profession with all the
privileges appurtenant thereto;
(d) CHED refers to the Commission on Higher Education (CHED)
created under RA No. 7722, otherwise known as "Higher Education
Act of 1994";

(e) CODE OF ETHICS refers to the set of moral and ethical principles
that all registered Criminologists must abide by as they practice the
profession.

(f) CODE OF GOOD GOVERNANCE FOR THE PRACTICE OF

CRIMINOLOGY refers to the formal outlines of the mission, vision,
and ideals of Filipino criminologists. It also governs the
criminologists' conduct towards the state, the public, the profession
and fellow professionals.
(g) COMMISSION refers to Professional Regulation Commission
created under Republic Act No. 8981, otherwise known as the
"PRC Modernization Act of 2000";

(h) CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT (CPD) refers to

the attainment of advanced knowledge, skills and ethical values
in a post-licensure specialization or in an inter-or
multidisciplinary field of study, for assimilation into professional
practice, self-directed research and/or lifelong learning.
(j) FOREIGN RECIPROCITY refers to Sections 14 (a) and 29 of this IRR
which provide that only nationals of foreign countries in which the
requirements for the licensure examination and/or registration and
practice of criminology are substantially the same as those required
and contemplated by the Philippine laws and regulations, and which
laws and regulations, allow Philippine citizens to practice
criminology within the territory of such foreign countries on the
same basis and grant the same privileges as those enjoyed by their
citizens, subjects or nationals shall be allowed to take the Philippine
Criminologists licensure examination and be given CORs and PICs
pursuant to R. A. No. 11131;
(k) LAW ENFORCEMENT refers to the component of internal or homeland
security of the Philippines charged with the mandate to enforce, investigate,
and participate as important agents in the prosecution of violations of
criminal local laws, including international laws duly adopted as part of the
law of the land under the Constitution.

(I) NATIONAL SECURITY refers to the dynamics and interplay of the

political, economic, socio-cultural, techno-scientific, environmental, and
military to attain and maintain a condition where the sovereignty of the
nation, the territorial integrity of the state, the government and its
instrumentalities, and the welfare of the people are secured, advanced,
nurtured, and protected.

(m) PROFESSION refers to the art and science in the practice of criminology
discipline;
(n) PROFESSIONAL IDENTIFICATION CARD refers to the document bearing the
registration number, dates of issuance and expiry, duly signed by the Commission
Chairperson;

(o) PROFESSIONAL OR COMPONENT SUBJECTS ON CRIMINOLOGY refer to the component

subjects per area as provided under Section 15 of this IRR and subject to the conditions as
may be provided therefor or by the Board.

(p) PUBLIC SAFETY refers to the protection of the homeland which includes law
enforcement and policing, criminal justice system, protection and safeguard of lives and
properties, customs and immigration, maritime sea and border protection, health,
environment and ecosystem, public safety and civil defense.

(q) QUASI-POLICE FUNCTIONS refers to activities of law enforcement agencies and its
agents which does not directly involve enforcement or investigation of violations of
criminal laws. This is also referred to as order maintenance or community services.
(s) REPORT OF RATING refers to the document stating the rating
obtained by the examinee in the licensure examination;

(t) TABLES OF SPECIFICATION (TOS) refers to the list of outcomes-

based competencies which the licensure examination measures
and assesses; and

(u) TEMPORARY/SPECIAL PERMIT refers to privilege granted to

registered Criminologists from other countries and for Filipinos in
allied discipline as mentioned in Section 30 of this IRR to be able to
practice in the Philippines;
PRACTICE THROUGH TEMPORARY SPECIAL PERMIT
Issued: Board Approved: Commission
(a) Registered criminologists from foreign countries/states whose
services are rendered either for free or for a fee:

1. If they are internationally known criminologists or experts in

any branch, specialty or allied field of criminology; and

2. If their services are urgently and importantly required for

lack or inadequacy of available local specialists or experts
(b) Registered criminologists from foreign countries/states
whose services shall be free and limited to indigent clients or
for research purposes; and

(c) Registered criminologists from foreign countries/states

employed as exchange professors

(d) Filipino professionals in allied disciplines who intend to

teach in PHEI offering criminology program and in review
centers for criminology licensure examination
THE PERMIT SHALL, AMONG OTHER THINGS, CONTAIN THE
FOLLOWING LIMITATIONS AND CONDITIONS:

(1) its validity must be for a period coterminous with the contract or
engagement but not exceeding one (1) year subject to renewal;

(2) the branch or specialty of criminology; and

(3) specific place of practice such as national security, public safety,

law enforcement agencies, center, school, college or university
offering the program or review of criminology. The Board, subject to
the approval of the Commission, shall promulgate rules and
regulations on the implementation of this particular section.
CRIMINOLOGY refers to the scientific study of crimes, criminals, and
victims, it also deals with the prevention, and solution of crimes;

REGISTERED CRIMINOLOGIST refers to a natural person who holds a

valid certificate of registration and an updated professional
identification card as criminologist issued by the Board and the
Commission pursuant to this Act.
SECTION 5. Scope of Practice.* The practice of criminology shall
include, but shall not be limited to, acts or activities performed:

In line with the practice of profession or occupation as a law

enforcement administrator, executive, adviser, consultant,
officer, investigator, agent or employee in any private or
government agencies performing law enforcement and quasi-
police functions …….
SECTION 5. Scope of Practice.* The practice of criminology shall
include, but shall not be limited to, acts or activities performed:

In line with the practice of teaching profession such as those

performed by a professor, instructor or teacher in any university,
college or school duly recognized by the government of any of the
following professional and component subjects of the criminology
program ……..
SECTION 5. Scope of Practice.* The practice of criminology shall
include, but shall not be limited to, acts or activities performed:

As a technician, examiner/criminalist, or specialist in

dactyloscopy, questioned document, deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA), lie detection, firearms identification, forensic
photography, forensic chemistry and other scientific crime
detection and investigation;
SECTION 5. Scope of Practice.* The practice of criminology shall
include, but shall not be limited to, acts or activities performed:

As a correctional administrator, executive, supervisor, or officer

in any rehabilitation, correctional, and penal institution or facility,
and in any community-based corrections, and rehabilitation
agencies and/or programs;
SECTION 5. Scope of Practice.* The practice of criminology shall include,
but shall not be limited to, acts or activities performed:

As a counsellor, consultant, adviser or researcher in any government or

private agency on any aspect of criminological research or project
involving the causes of crime, children in conflict with the law, treatment
of offenders, police operations, law enforcement administration,
scientific criminal investigation or public safety and national security
administration; and
SECTION 5. Scope of Practice.* The practice of criminology
shall include, but shall not be limited to, acts or activities
performed:

As a private investigator, administrator, consultant or agent, or

detective in any private security and investigation agency
organized under the laws of the Philippines.
SECTION 14. QUALIFICATION OF AN APPLICANT FOR THE LICENSURE
EXAMINATION. :

Must be a citizen of the Republic of the Philippines or a foreign citizen

whose country/state has reciprocity with the Philippines in the practice of
criminology;

Must be of good moral (school & barangay), unless the examinee is a

foreign national a certification from any professional criminologist of good
standing will do;
Must hold a bachelor's degree in criminology duly accredited by the CHED

Must not have been convicted of an offense involving moral turpitude by a

court of competent jurisdiction; and

Those who FAILED FIVE (5) TIMES whether consecutive or cumulative in the
criminologist licensure examination, must present a certification issued by a
reputable institution duly recognized by the CHED that such applicant has
satisfactorily completed a REFRESHER COURSE in criminology
Subject to Section 29 on Foreign Reciprocity, foreign nationals
applying to take the Criminologist Licensure Examination shall
submit the following documentary requirements:

(a) Duly authenticated college diploma and transcript of records

issued by foreign HEI.

(b) Certificate of Equivalency from the CHED (if he/she graduated

from a foreign university/school)

(c) Certification of good standing from any professional

criminologist;
A fine of not less than 100k nor more than 500k, or imprisonment for not less than 2y
1d or more than 6 y, or both, at the discretion of the court shall be imposed upon any
person who shall commit any of the following acts:

Practicing criminology as stated in Section 5 of RA 11131 WITHOUT valid COR and a

valid PIC or a valid temporary/special permit;

Attempting to use the seal, COR and PIC of a registered criminologist or

temporary/special permit issued to a foreign criminologist;

Abetting the illegal practice of criminology by an unregistered or unauthorized

person;

Securing through false information or fraudulent means certificate of registration

and professional identification card or temporary/special permit;

Impersonating a registered criminologist or a holder of a temporary/special permit;

and Violating any provision of RA No. 11131 or this IRR.
 PROFESSIONAL REGULATORY
BOARD OF CRIMINOLOGY

a collegial body under the administrative supervision and control

of the Commission, to be composed of:

 Chairperson
 four (4) members

From a 3 recommendees each position

appointed by the President of the Philippines
 PROFESSIONAL REGULATORY
BOARD OF CRIMINOLOGY

The Chairperson and members of the Board

 term for 3 years

 maybe reappointed for another 3 years (2 terms only)

That the first Board under this Act shall hold these terms of office:
 the Chairperson for three (3) years
 the first two (2) members for two (2) years,
 and the second two (2) members for one (1) year:
SECTION 7. QUALIFICATION OF THE CHAIRPERSON AND
MEMBERS OF THE BOARD.

(a) Must be a natural-born Filipino citizen and a resident of the

Philippines;

(b) Must be of good moral character, good reputation and of sound

mind and body;

(c) Not convicted by a court of competent jurisdiction of any

offense involving moral turpitude;
(d) Must be a graduate of Bachelor of Science in Criminology, and a
holder of a Post Graduate Degree in Criminology from any
reputable school recognized by the CHED or a criminologist-lawyer
in good standing before the Supreme Court and the Integrated Bar
of the Philippines (IBP);

(e) Must be a registered criminologist with a valid certificate of

registration and a valid professional identification card, having at
least ten (10) years of practice in the profession prior to the
appointment including no less than two (2) years teaching
experience of criminology or law subjects in full-time or part-time
capacity in any college of criminology, college of law or law
enforcement training institutions recognized by relevant
government agency;
(f) Must be a member in good standing of the AIPO but not an
officer or trustee thereof; and

(g) Must not be a member of the faculty of any school, college

or university where a regular class or review course in
criminology is offered, nor a member of the staff of
reviewers in a review school or center for criminologists,
and must not have any direct or indirect pecuniary interest in
any such institution.
SECTION 10. POWERS, FUNCTIONS, DUTIES AND
RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE BOARD.

The Board shall exercise executive, administrative, rule-

making and quasi-judicial powers in carrying out the
provisions of this Act. It shall be vested with the following
specific powers, functions, duties and responsibilities:
(a) To administer, supervise, and monitor the conduct of the licensure
examination, registration, membership in the APO and the practice
of criminology in accordance with the provisions of this Act;

(b) To receive complaints and decide the matter as to the

malpractices and unethical conduct in the practice of the criminology
profession;

(c) To promulgate and issue rules and regulations implementing the

provisions of this Act;

(d) To promulgate and adopt Code of Ethics and Code of Good

Governance for the practice of criminology;
(e) To adopt an official seal of the Board;

(f) To prescribe and promulgate guidelines on the conduct of a CPD

program for criminologists in consultation with the APO;

(g) To promulgate, adopt or amend the syllabi and tables of

specifications of the subjects for the licensure examination/s in
consultation with the APO, the academe, and the CHED Technical Panel
for Criminology

(i) To administer oaths in the performance of its functions

(h) To issue, suspend, revoke or reinstate the certificate of registration

of the registered criminologist or cancel temporary/special permit
granted to foreign criminologist;
(j) conduct ocular inspection of establishments where
criminology is practiced, and recommend sanction as it may
deem proper to the appropriate government agency concerned;

(k) To monitor all colleges and universities offering criminology

program and recommend sanctions to the CHED

(l) To hear and investigate cases to issue summons, subpoena

ad testificandum and subpoena duces tecum to alleged
violators and/or witnesses to compel their attendance in such
hearings or investigations
(m) To delegate to the Commission the hearing or investigation
of cases against the alleged violators

(n) To recommend to the Commission the endorsement of

cases involving criminal violations of this Act, its IRR, and other
laws to the Prosecution Office or appropriate government
agency, for investigation and appropriate action
(o) To disqualify applicants for the licensure examination who
has been previously convicted of a crime with finality involving
moral turpitude. That the decision of the Board shall, unless
appealed to the Commission, become final and executory after
fifteen (15) days from receipt of notice of judgment or decision

(p) To conduct, through the Legal or Hearing Officers, summary

proceedings against the examinees who commit violations of
this Act, its IRR, any of the Codes aforementioned to render
summary judgment thereon which shall, unless appealed to the
Commission, become final and executory after fifteen (15) days
from receipt of notice of judgment or decision
(q) To prepare an annual report of accomplishments on
programs, projects and activities of the Board for
submission to the Commission after the close of each
calendar year
SECTION 11. GROUNDS FOR REMOVAL OR SUSPENSION OF
BOARD CHAIRPERSON/MEMBER

The President of the Philippines, upon the recommendation of

the Commission, after due process and administrative
investigation conducted by the Commission, may remove or
suspend the Chairperson or member of the Board on any of
the following grounds:
(a) Gross neglect, incompetence or dishonesty in the
discharge of one's duty;

(b) Commission of any of the causes/grounds and the

prohibited acts provided in this Act

(c) Manipulation or rigging of the results , disclosure of secret

and confidential information on the examination questions

(d) Conviction with final judgment of any crime involving

moral turpitude.
 PASSING FAILED DEFERRED
GWA  75% GWA  75% GWA  75%
No grade below 60% 3 subject below 75% With 60% rating on any
No grade below 75% on 3 subject
subjects GWA is below 75%
even all subjects are above Retake within 2years 
60% need 80% rating

If failed to retake  retake

all subjects again
PLARIDEL EDUCATION INSTITUTION

 now as the Philippine College of Criminology

 the first education institution to teach Scientific Crime Detection
and Police Science in the Philippines (also SEA region)
 founded by Justice Felix Angelo Bautista
 arguably the Father of Criminology in the Philippines since he
established the first school of Criminology in the country.