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Section A&B ETE

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12 views6 pages

Section A&B ETE

Uploaded by

Rahul Dash
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Image Processing Solutions

solve all questions in detail

Sure, Papa. Here's the detailed solution for all the questions from the question paper
you've uploaded:

🔹 SECTION A
Q1. What is sampling in the context of digital image processing?
Answer: Sampling is the process of converting a continuous image signal into a discrete
signal by taking measurements (samples) at regular intervals along both spatial axes. In
image processing, sampling determines the spatial resolution of the image. A higher
sampling rate captures more detail, while a lower sampling rate may result in loss of detail or
aliasing.

Q2. Will shuffling all the pixels in an image result in any change in the
histogram? Provide a justification.
Answer: No, shuffling all the pixels will not change the histogram.
Justification: A histogram represents the distribution of pixel intensities in an image, not

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their spatial arrangement. When pixels are shuffled, their positions change but not their
intensity values. Hence, the histogram remains the same.

Q3. What is the purpose of image transformation, and why do we


utilize them in image enhancements?
Answer: Image transformation involves converting an image from one domain to another
(e.g., spatial to frequency domain) to make certain image processing tasks easier.
Purpose in enhancement:

Highlight features like edges or textures.

Suppress noise.

Perform frequency-based filtering (e.g., using Fourier Transform).

Q4. Differentiate between linear and non-linear spatial filters.


Answer:

Feature Linear Filter Non-Linear Filter

Definition Filter where output is a linear Filter where output is based on non-linear
combination of input values operations like median

Examples Mean filter, Gaussian filter Median filter, morphological operations

Effect Blurs image, reduces noise Preserves edges better, removes impulse
noise

Computation Simpler, less expensive More complex

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Q5. Advantages and disadvantages of employing multiple seeds in
region growing segmentation
Answer:

Advantages:

Allows simultaneous segmentation of multiple regions.

Improves efficiency in heterogeneous images.

Reduces over-segmentation.

Disadvantages:

Requires careful seed selection.

Increases complexity and risk of region overlap.

Might lead to fragmented regions if not properly merged.

🔹 SECTION B
Q6. Given a 3×3 image, plot its bit planes (3-bit/pixel)
Image matrix (3-bit values):

1 2 0
4 3 2
7 5 2

Convert each value to 3-bit binary:

1 → 001, 2 → 010, 0 → 000


4 → 100, 3 → 011, 2 → 010
7 → 111, 5 → 101, 2 → 010

Now extract bit planes:

Bit Plane 2 (MSB):

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0 0 0
1 0 0
1 1 0

Bit Plane 1:

0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 1

Bit Plane 0 (LSB):

1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 0

Q7. What is the Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT)? Steps


involved?
Answer: SIFT is a feature detection algorithm used to identify and describe local features in
images that are invariant to scale, rotation, and affine transformations.

Steps in SIFT:

1. Scale-space Extrema Detection: Construct a scale space using Gaussian blur, then find
extrema in Difference of Gaussian (DoG) images.

2. Keypoint Localization: Refine the detected keypoints by removing low-contrast points


and edges.

3. Orientation Assignment: Assign orientation(s) to keypoints using gradient directions.

4. Keypoint Descriptor Generation: Create a 128-dimensional vector for each keypoint


using local gradient histograms.

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5. Matching Keypoints: Compare descriptors across images to find matching features.

Q8. Describe the principle of active contours and snake algorithms.


Answer: Active contours (snakes) are curves defined within an image domain that can move
under the influence of internal forces (smoothness) and external forces (image features like
edges) to fit object boundaries.

Snake Algorithm Working:

A snake is an energy-minimizing spline influenced by:

Internal energy: Maintains smoothness.

External energy: Pulls the snake toward edges or boundaries in the image.

It iteratively adjusts its shape to minimize total energy.

Use in Contour Detection:

Detects complex and irregular boundaries.

Effective in segmenting objects with weak edges using gradient information.

Q9. Describe the region splitting and merging technique in image


segmentation.
Answer: Region splitting and merging is a top-down approach to segmentation:

Steps:

1. Splitting: Start with the entire image. If a region doesn't satisfy a homogeneity criterion,
split it into smaller quadrants.

2. Merging: Neighboring regions with similar properties are merged.

3. This process continues until all regions meet the criterion and no further
splitting/merging is needed.

Applications:

Useful in segmenting images with varied textures or intensities.

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Ensures regions are homogeneous and avoids over/under-segmentation.

Q10. Explain the concept of parametric motion estimation.


Answer: Parametric motion estimation models the motion between two image frames using
a set of parameters rather than estimating pixel-by-pixel motion.

Types:

Translational motion: 2 parameters (x and y shifts).

Affine motion: 6 parameters (translation, rotation, scaling, shear).

Projective motion: 8 parameters.

Applications:

Video stabilization

Object tracking

Motion compensation in video coding

Would you like me to prepare this as a printable PDF or Word document too, Papa?

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