YEARWISE SHORT QUESTIONS

2018-2019 1ST SEM

1 marks-1

Ans. option (b)

2 marks-1

Ans. (b)

3 marks-1

Ans. (d) sp3d2

4 marks-1

Ans. (a) Identical

They are meso compound and its mirror image -
 5 marks-1

Ans. (a) oxidation at the anode

6 marks-1

Ans. (c)

7 marks-1

Ans. (b) Diffraction grating

8 marks-1

Ans. option (d)

 9 marks-1

Ans. (a)

2018-2019 2ND SEM

1.

Ans. option (c)

2.

Ans. option (a)

 3.

Ans. option (d)

K4[Fe(CN)6]

option (c)

5.
 Ans. option (d)

6.

option (c)

7.

option (d)
2019-2020 1st sem

1.

Ans. (d) Ionization energy

2.

Ans. (a) zero

3.

Ans. option (b)

4.

Ans. d4 to d7 complexes

5.

Ans. (c)

6.

Ans. (a) Functional groups

7.

Ans. (c) 1600 - 400 cm-1

8.

Ans. (d) Translational energy

9.

Ans. Option (d) all of these

10.

Ans. option (a)

11.

Ans. (a) positive

12.

Ans. option (c)

2022-23 1st sem

1.

Ans. HPLC-MS

UV-vis spectroscopy: nfrared (IR) and UV-Visible Spectroscopy: These can identify functional groups or
chromophores but are generally less specific for impurities compared to MS.

The most useful spectroscopic technique to identify impurities in a drug molecule is Mass Spectrometry
(MS), often combined with separation techniques like High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
(HPLC-MS).

2.

polarizability of molecules

3.

Ans. Gibbs Free Energy

4.

Ans. Ag+, Hg2+ , Cd2+

5.

Ans. [CoBr(NH3)5]SO4 and [Co(SO4)(NH3)5]Br

6.

Ans. Reactivity of Halides in the following order: 1o> 2o > 3o> methyl

7.

Ans. 400-1600 cm-1

8.

Ans. Vc=3b

9.

Ans. Heat engines

Heat engines: Convert thermal energy into mechanical energy and vice versa
• Refrigerators and air conditioners: Transfer heat from a low-temperature sink to a high-temperature
source
10.

Ans. 0.3 as per Slater's rule

11.

Ans. 0.699
I/I0 x 100 = 80
So I0/I =10/8
A = log(I0/I) = 1- 3log2 = 1 - 0.3010 = 0.699

12.

Ans.

2022-23 2nd sem

1.

Functional Group Isomerism

2.

Ans. a lone pair of electrons or a negative charge

A nucleophile must possess a lone pair of electrons (Neutral Molecules with Lone Pairs: NH3, H2O,
R3N (amines) ) or a negative charge (Anions: OH−, Cl−, Br−, CN) that can be donated to an electrophile
during a chemical reaction. π-Bonds: Alkenes or alkynes can act as nucleophiles in electrophilic addition
reactions.

3.

Ans. p-type

4.

Ans. blue shift or hypsochromic shift

5.

Ans.

6.

Ans. Standard Hydrogen electrode

7.

Ans. Phosphorescence and Fluorescence

8.

Ans. At high temperature and at low pressure.

Hydrogen (H2) or Helium (He) at high temperatures and low pressures behaves almost ideally because
their intermolecular forces are weak and molecular sizes are small.

9.

Ans.

10.

The melting points of sodium halides (NaX) vary based on the strength of the ionic bonds, which is
influenced by the size and charge of the halide ion (X−).

Order of Melting Points:

NaI<NaBr<NaCl<NaF

Explanation:
1. Ionic Bond Strength:
• The smaller the halide ion (X−), the stronger the ionic bond between Na+ and X−, leading to a higher
melting point.
2. Halide Ion Size:
• The size of the halide ions increases in the order: F−<Cl−<Br−<I−
 • Larger ions have weaker ionic bonds due to lower charge density.
3. Melting Point Trend:
• NaF has the highest melting point due to the strongest ionic bonds (smallest halide ion).
• NaI has the lowest melting point due to the weakest ionic bonds (largest halide ion).

Conclusion:
The increasing order of melting points is:
NaI<NaBr<NaCl<NaF.

11.

Ans.
A molecule is aromatic if it is:
1. Cyclic
2. Planar
3. Conjugated
4. Contains 4n+2 π-electrons.

THEORY:
A molecule is considered aromatic if it satisfies the following criteria (as per Hückel’s Rule):

1. Planarity
• The molecule must be planar (flat), meaning all its atoms should lie in the same plane.
• Planarity ensures effective overlap of p-orbitals for delocalization of π-electrons.

2. Complete Delocalization of π-Electrons

• The molecule must have a continuous, cyclic, and conjugated system of p-orbitals.
• This allows π-electrons to be delocalized over the ring, creating a stable resonance structure.

3. Obeys Hückel's Rule (4n+2 Rule)

• The molecule must have 4n+2 π-electrons, where n is a non-negative integer (n=0,1,2,…).
• Examples:
 • 6 π-electrons (n=1): Benzene
• 10 π-electrons (n=2): Naphthalene

4. Cyclic Structure
• The molecule must be cyclic (ring-shaped), so the p-orbitals form a closed loop for delocalization.

Summary:
A molecule is aromatic if it is:
5. Cyclic
6. Planar
7. Conjugated
8. Contains 4n+2 π-electrons.

Examples of Aromatic Molecules:

• Benzene (C6H6) – 6 π-electrons
• Naphthalene (C10H8) – 10 π-electrons
• Pyridine (C5H5N) – 6 π-electrons
If a molecule fails to meet any of these criteria, it may be non-aromatic or anti-aromatic (if it has 4n π-electrons).

12.

Ans. three signals (-OH, -CH, -CH 3) without spin-spin splitting.

THEORY
1. Proton (1H) NMR Spectrum
Isopropanol has the molecular structure (CH3)2CHOH, and the protons are divided into three distinct environments:

Chemical Shift Assignments:

1. Hydroxyl Proton (-OH):
• Appears as a broad singlet around 1.0–5.0 ppm.
• Its exact position and shape depend on hydrogen bonding and solvent effects.
2. Methine Proton (-CH):
• The single proton attached to the central carbon (-CHOH).
• Appears as a septet (7 peaks) due to coupling with the two equivalent methyl groups.
 • Chemical shift: Around 3.9–4.2 ppm.
3. Methyl Protons (-CH3):
• The six protons in the two equivalent methyl groups.
• Appear as a doublet (due to coupling with the methine proton).
• Chemical shift: Around 1.0–1.3 ppm.

2023-24 1st sem

1.

Ans. H2O

A molecule with infrared (IR) active vibrations is one that has a change in dipole moment during
vibration. A common example is:

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Vibrational modes of CO2:

1. Asymmetric Stretching – IR active (dipole moment changes).

2. Bending Modes (degenerate) – IR active (dipole moment changes).
3. Symmetric Stretching – IR inactive (no dipole moment change).

2.

Ans. molecular size(molar mass)

The strength of van der Waals forces depends on several factors, including:
The strength of van der Waals forces is influenced by:
1. Size and molar mass of the molecules.
2. Molecular shape and surface area.
3. Polarizability of the electron cloud.
4. Proximity of interacting molecules.
THEORY
1. Molecular Size (Molar Mass):
• Larger molecules or atoms have more electrons, leading to stronger van der Waals forces.
• Why? Larger electron clouds are more polarizable, which enhances the induced dipole-dipole interactions.
• Example: Iodine (I2) has stronger van der Waals forces than fluorine (F2) because iodine is larger.

2. Shape of the Molecule:

• Linear molecules have stronger van der Waals forces than spherical or compact molecules of similar mass.
• Why? Linear molecules have a larger surface area for interactions.
• Example: n-butane has stronger van der Waals forces than isobutane due to its elongated shape.

3. Polarizability:
• The ease with which the electron cloud can be distorted influences the strength of van der Waals forces.
• Why? Highly polarizable molecules or atoms (with loosely held electrons) have stronger interactions.
• Example: Xe (xenon) has stronger van der Waals forces than Ne (neon).

4. Distance Between Molecules:

• Van der Waals forces are short-range interactions, so their strength decreases rapidly as the distance
between molecules increases.

5. Type of van der Waals Forces:

• Dispersion Forces (London Forces): Found in all molecules, stronger in larger, more polarizable
molecules.
• Dipole-Dipole Forces: Present in polar molecules and depend on the magnitude of the dipole moment.
• Hydrogen Bonding: A special case of dipole-dipole interactions, significantly stronger than dispersion
forces.

3.

Ans. After crystallization molecules attain an ordered state and therefore, entropy decreases.
4.

Ans. square planar

5.

Ans. synperiplanar/fully eclipsed

6.

Ans.

7.

Ans. option (2)

8.

Ans. functional group

9.

Ans. Hydrogen bonding

Among all intermolecular forces, the hydrogen bond is generally considered the strongest. Here's a
ranking of common intermolecular forces from strongest to weakest:
1. Hydrogen Bonding:
• This occurs when a hydrogen atom, which is covalently bonded to a highly electronegative atom (like
oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine), interacts with a lone pair of electrons on another electronegative atom.
Hydrogen bonds are stronger than other types of dipole-dipole and van der Waals forces, though still
weaker than typical covalent or ionic bonds.
2. Dipole-Dipole Interactions:
• These occur between polar molecules, where the positive end of one molecule is attracted to the
negative end of another. Dipole-dipole interactions are weaker than hydrogen bonds but stronger than
van der Waals forces.
3. London Dispersion Forces (Van der Waals Forces):
• These are the weakest intermolecular forces and occur due to temporary fluctuations in the electron
distribution of molecules, creating temporary dipoles. All molecules experience these forces, but they
are particularly significant in nonpolar molecules.
In summary, hydrogen bonding is the strongest of the intermolecular forces.

10.

Ans. Zero

11.

Ans. Na < Mg < Al < Si as atomic number increases.

12.

Ans. CN-

Also NO2-, SCN-,

An ambidentate ligand is a type of ligand that can bind to a metal center through two different donor
atoms. These ligands have two potential sites for coordination, and they can form bonds with the metal ion
via either of these sites, depending on the conditions or the nature of the metal center.

2023-24 2ND SEM

1.

Ans. 600 - 1500 cm-1

The fingerprint region in an IR (Infrared) spectrum refers to the region of the spectrum typically
between 600 cm−1 and 1500 cm−1. This region contains many characteristic absorption bands that are
unique to individual compounds, much like a human fingerprint.

2.

Ans. L2 atm mol-2

Pa (pascals) or N/m² (newtons per square meter).

SI unit: Pa. m4 or N. m2

3.
EMF is the potential difference (voltage) generated by a source when no current is flowing through the
circuit.
• It represents the work done per unit charge to move the charge around a complete circuit.
Mathematically, EMF is expressed as:
EMF=Q/W
Where:
• W is the work done by the source,
• Q is the charge moved.
EMF is typically measured in volts (V). For example, a 1.5V battery has an EMF of 1.5 volts, meaning it can
provide 1.5 joules of energy for each coulomb of charge that passes through the battery.

EMF vs. Voltage:

• EMF refers to the potential difference generated by a source, like a battery or generator, when no current is
flowing.
• Voltage refers to the potential difference across two points in a circuit when current is flowing, and it can be
affected by resistance in the circuit.
In summary, EMF is the energy per unit charge provided by a source to move the charge through the circuit.

4.

Ans. The greater the s-character of a hybrid orbital, the higher the electronegativity of the atom.
Example- C in C=C (sp2 hybridised) is more electronagative than C in CH4 (sp 3 hybridised)
C in C≡C (sp hybridised) is more electronegative than C in C=C (sp 2 hybridised)

Electronegativity Trends:
• sp Hybridization: Atoms with sp hybridization (like carbon in acetylene, C≡C) are more
electronegative because the electrons are closer to the nucleus due to the higher s-character (50%).
• sp² Hybridization: Atoms with sp² hybridization (like carbon in ethene, C=C) are slightly less
electronegative than sp-hybridized atoms due to the reduced s-character (33%).
• sp³ Hybridization: Atoms with sp³ hybridization (like carbon in methane, CH₄) are the least
electronegative of the three, with only 25% s-character.

Summary:
The greater the s-character of a hybrid orbital, the higher the electronegativity of the atom. Therefore, atoms
with sp hybridization are more electronegative than those with sp² or sp³ hybridization due to the closer proximity of
electrons to the nucleus, which enhances their ability to attract bonding electrons.
5.

Ans. 3-methylhexane

6.

Ans.
The general form of the 1D Time Independent Schrödinger Equation is: H ψ = E ψ
[− (ℏ2/2m) d2ψ/dx2 + V(x)]ψ = E ψ

Here, ' V' is the potential energy of the system, which depends on the position 'x'

7.

Ans. p-aminophenol (or 4-aminophenol) and acetic anhydride/acetyl chloride

8.

Ans. functional group e.g. -OH, -C=O, -NH2 etc.

9.

Ans. Vc=3b

10.

Ans. Second Law of Thermodynamics

11.

Ans. Bond order of He2 from MO diagram is zero. So He2 molecule does not exist.

12.

Ans. R, S

The absolute configuration of L-threose is R at C2 and S at C3