Molecular Pathology of Lung Diseases 1st Edition

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Dani S. Zander, MD Helmut H. Popper, MD
Department of Pathology Institute of Pathology
Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center Laboratories for Molecular Cytogenetics
Hershey, PA Medical University of Graz
USA Graz, Austria

Jaishree Jagirdar, MD Abida K. Haque, MD

Department of Pathology Weill Medical College of Cornell University
University of Texas Health Science Center New York, NY
San Antonio, TX San Jacinto Methodist Hospital
USA Department of Pathology
Baytown, TX
USA

Philip T. Cagle, MD Roberto Barrios, MD

Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
Weill Medical College of Cornell University Weill Medical College of Cornell University
New York, NY New York, NY
The Methodist Hospital The Methodist Hospital
Houston, TX Houston, TX
USA USA

Series Editor:
Philip T. Cagle, MD
Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
Weill Medical College of Cornell University
New York, NY
The Methodist Hospital
Houston, Texas
USA

Library of Congress Control Number: 2007928822

ISBN: 978-0-387-72429-4 e-ISBN: 978-0-387-72430-0

Printed on acid-free paper.

© 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.

All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written
permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC., 233 Spring Street, New York, NY
10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connec-
tion with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by
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The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they
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While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going
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to the material contained herein.

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Series Preface

The past two decades have seen an ever-accelerating growth in knowledge about
molecular pathology of human diseases, which received a large boost with the
sequencing of the human genome in 2003. Molecular diagnostics, molecular tar-
geted therapy, and genetic therapy are now routine in many medical centers. The
molecular field now impacts every field in medicine, whether clinical research or
routine patient care. There is a great need for basic researchers to understand the
potential clinical implications of their research, whereas private practice clinicians
of all types (general internal medicine and internal medicine specialists, medical
oncologists, radiation oncologists, surgeons, pediatricians, and family practitio-
ners), clinical investigators, pathologists, and medical laboratory directors and radi-
ologists require a basic understanding of the fundamentals of molecular pathogenesis,
diagnosis, and treatment for their patients.
Traditional textbooks in molecular biology deal with basic science and are not
readily applicable to the medical setting. Most medical textbooks that include a
mention of molecular pathology in the clinical setting are limited in scope and
assume that the reader already has a working knowledge of the basic science of
molecular biology. Other texts emphasize technology and testing procedures
without integrating the clinical perspective. There is an urgent need for a text that
fills the gap between basic science books and clinical practice.
In the Molecular Pathology Library Series the basic science and the technology
is integrated with the medical perspective and clinical application. Each book in
the series is divided according to neoplastic and nonneoplastic diseases for each of
the organ systems traditionally associated with medical subspecialties.
Each book in the series is organized to provide (1) a succinct background of
the essential terminology, concepts; and technology of molecular biology; (2)
an overview of the broad application of molecular biology principles to disease;
and (3) specific application of molecular pathology to the pathogenesis, diag-
nosis, and treatment of neoplastic and nonneoplastic diseases specific to each
organ system. These broad section topics are broken down into succinct chap-
ters, averaging about 15 to 20 pages each, to cover a very specific disease
entity. The chapters are written by established authorities on the specific topic
from academic centers around the world. In one book, diverse subjects are
included that the reader would have to pursue from multiple sources in order
to have a clear understanding of the molecular pathogenesis, diagnosis, and
treatment of specific diseases. Attempting to hunt for the full information from
basic concept to specific applications for a disease from the varied sources is
time consuming and frustrating. By providing this quick and user-friendly ref-
erence, understanding and application of this rapidly growing field are made
more accessible to both expert and generalist alike.

v
vi Series Preface

As books that bridge the gap between basic science and clinical understanding
and practice, the Molecular Pathology Library Series serves the basic scientist, the
clinical researcher, and the practicing physician or other health care provider who
require more understanding of the application of basic research to patient care,
from “bench to bedside.” This series is unique and an invaluable resource to those
who need to know about molecular pathology from a clinical, disease-oriented
perspective. These books will be indispensable to physicians and health care provid-
ers in multiple disciplines as noted above, to residents and fellows in these multiple
disciplines as well as their teaching institutions, and to researchers who increasingly
must justify the clinical implications of their research.

Philip T. Cagle, MD
Series Editor
Preface

Molecular Pathology of Lung Diseases is the first volume in the Molecular Pathol-
ogy Library Series by Springer Science+Business Media. Molecular pathology is
rapidly becoming part of everyday medical practice from targeted molecular therapy
to molecular imaging, and it is no longer limited to the basic research bench. Knowl-
edge in this field is increasingly essential to those who provide patient care, and
they are unlikely to find the perspective they need in traditional basic science text-
books. Because the goal of Molecular Pathology of Lung Diseases is to provide a
bridge between clinical pulmonary pathology and basic molecular science, selection
of chapter topics and approaches to the material were based largely on the needs
of the practicing pathologist or other health care provider. As a result, this book
has a very unique perspective compared with the more traditional molecular genet-
ics textbooks or molecular laboratory procedure manuals. This alternative perspec-
tive is also valuable to the clinical and translational researchers who must think in
terms of clinical objectives for their investigations.
Clinical pulmonary pathology is extensive and complex, including an intimidating
list of environmental, hereditary, immunologic, and idiopathic diseases, both neo-
plastic and nonneoplastic. The first two sections of Molecular Pathology of Lung
Diseases briefly familiarize the reader with general concepts, terminology, and pro-
cedures in molecular pathology. Subsequent to the introductory sections, this book
is broadly subdivided into neoplastic and nonneoplastic lung diseases. Following
discussion of general molecular pathologic principles of lung and pleural diseases
under each of these two broad categories, separate chapters detail the current
molecular pathologies of specific diseases. This design approximates the approach
to lung disease that is most familiar to pathologists, pulmonologists, thoracic sur-
geons, and other health care providers; to medical students, residents, and fellows;
and to those involved in clinical investigations or translational research.
The unique format of this book results in multiple relatively short chapters that
can serve as a ready reference to specific medical topics. No other book currently
provides the practical disease-based overview that is found in Molecular Pathology
of Lung Diseases.

Philip T. Cagle, MD

vii
Contents

Series Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv

Section 1 Basic Concepts of Molecular Pathology

Chapter 1 Genes, Gene Products, and Transcription Factors . . . . . . . . 3

Philip T. Cagle

Chapter 2 Receptors, Signaling Pathways, Cell Cycle,

and DNA Damage Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Philip T. Cagle

Chapter 3 Cell Adhesion Molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Timothy Craig Allen and Philip T. Cagle

Chapter 4 Apoptosis and Cell Death: Relevance to Lung . . . . . . . . . . 40

Pothana Saikumar and Rekha Kar

Chapter 5 Roles of Mutation and Epimutation in

the Development of Lung Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
William B. Coleman

Section 2 Techniques and Experimental Systems

in Molecular Pathology
Chapter 6 Bioinformatics and Omics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Timothy Craig Allen and Philip T. Cagle

Chapter 7 General Approach to Molecular Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Gregory L. Blakey and Daniel H. Farkas

Chapter 8 Applications of Molecular Tests in

Anatomic Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Jennifer L. Hunt and Sanja Dacic

ix
x Contents

Chapter 9 Polymerase Chain Reaction and Reverse

Transcription–Polymerase Chain Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Dwight Oliver

Chapter 10 Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization

in Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Reinhard Ullmann

Chapter 11 Loss of Heterozygosity in Lung Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

Sharon C. Presnell

Chapter 12 In Situ Hybridization: Principles and Applications

for Pulmonary Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Kevin C. Halling and Amy J. Wendel

Chapter 13 Proteomics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

Larry Fowler and Wieslaw Furmaga

Chapter 14 Animal Models of Lung Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

Roberto Barrios

Chapter 15 Tissue Culture Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

Roger A. Vertrees, Thomas Goodwin, Jeffrey M. Jordan,
and Joseph B. Zwischenberger

Section 3 Molecular Pathology of Pulmonary and Pleural

Neoplasms: General Principles
Chapter 16 Molecular Oncogenesis of Lung Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Arwen A. Stelter and Jingwu Xie

Chapter 17 Genetic Susceptibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

Philip T. Cagle and Timothy Craig Allen

Chapter 18 Prognostic Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

Anna Sienko, Timothy Craig Allen, and
Philip T. Cagle

Chapter 19 Pulmonary Angiogenesis in Neoplastic and

Nonneoplastic Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Michael P. Keane and Robert M. Strieter

Chapter 20 Lung Cancer Stem Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

Timothy Craig Allen and Philip T. Cagle

Chapter 21 Gene Therapy Approaches for Lung Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

Jack A. Roth

Chapter 22 Response to Conventional Therapy and Targeted

Molecular Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Timothy Craig Allen, Anna Sienko, and
Philip T. Cagle
Contents xi

Chapter 23 Environmental Agents in Lung and

Pleural Neoplasms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Steven R. Blumen and Brooke T. Mossman

Chapter 24 Viral Oncogenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

Cindy Noel Berthelot and Stephen K. Tyring

Section 4 Molecular Pathology of Pulmonary and Pleural

Neoplasms: Specific Histologic Types
Chapter 25 Adenocarcinoma and Its Precursor Lesions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Helmut H. Popper

Chapter 26 Molecular Pathology of Squamous Cell

Carcinoma and Its Precursors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Soon-Hee Jung, Bihong Zhao, Li Mao,
and Jae Y. Ro

Chapter 27 Molecular Pathology of Large Cell Carcinoma

and Its Precursors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Jennifer A. Eleazar and Alain C. Borczuk

Chapter 28 Small Cell Carcinoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

Elisabeth Brambilla

Chapter 29 Neuroendocrine Carcinomas and Precursors . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

Elisabeth Brambilla

Chapter 30 Pulmonary Lymphomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

Candice C. Black, Norman B. Levy,
and Gregory J. Tsongalis

Chapter 31 Posttransplantation Lymphoproliferative Disorder . . . . . . . 315

Aamir Ehsan and Jennifer L. Herrick

Chapter 32 Unusual Benign and Malignant Neoplasms of Lung:

Molecular Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Dongfeng Tan, Guoping Wang, and Sadir Alrawi

Chapter 33 Primary Versus Metastatic Cancer: Gene

Expression Profiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Jaishree Jagirdar and Philip T. Cagle

Chapter 34 Diffuse Malignant Mesothelioma: Genetic Pathways and

Mechanisms of Oncogenesis of Asbestos and Other Agents
That Cause Mesotheliomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Françoise Galateau-Sallé and Jean Michel Vignaud

Chapter 35 Molecular Pathology of Pediatric Tumors of

the Lung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
Josefine M. Heim-Hall
xii Contents

Section 5 Molecular Pathology of Pulmonary Infections

Chapter 36 Basis of Susceptibility to Lung Infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369

Frank C. Schmalstieg and Armond S. Goldman

Chapter 37 Molecular Pathology of Viral Respiratory Diseases . . . . . . 382

Geoffrey A. Land

Chapter 38 Molecular Pathology of Rickettsial Lung Infections . . . . . . 397

J. Stephen Dumler

Chapter 39 Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407

Nabin K. Shrestha and Gary W. Procop

Chapter 40 Immunopathology of Tuberculosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419

Jeffrey K. Actor, Robert L. Hunter, Jr., and
Chinnaswamy Jagannath

Chapter 41 Molecular Pathology of Fungal Lung Infection . . . . . . . . . . 429

Michael R. McGinnis, Michael B. Smith,
and Abida K. Haque

Chapter 42 Parasites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442

Juan P. Olano

Section 6 Molecular Pathology of Other Nonneoplastic

Pulmonary Diseases: General Principles
Chapter 43 Inflammation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
Armando E. Fraire

Chapter 44 Oxidants and Antioxidants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470

Hanzhong Liu and Gary A. Visner

Chapter 45 Epithelial Repair and Regeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476

Steven L. Brody and Jeffrey J. Atkinson

Chapter 46 Fibrogenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490

John S. Munger and William N. Rom

Chapter 47 Stem Cells in Nonneoplastic Lung Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . 500

Dani S. Zander

Chapter 48 Gene Therapy in Nonneoplastic Lung Disease . . . . . . . . . . 510

Timothy Craig Allen and Philip T. Cagle

Section 7 Molecular Pathology of Other Nonneoplastic

Pulmonary Diseases: Specific Entities
Chapter 49 Smoking-Related Lung Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
Manuel G. Cosio and Helmut H. Popper
Contents xiii

Chapter 50 Heritable α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541

Richard N. Sifers

Chapter 51 Asthma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549

David B. Corry and Farrah Kheradmand

Chapter 52 Cystic Fibrosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577

Annick Clement, Harriet Corvol,
and Brigitte Fauroux

Chapter 53 Pulmonary Organogenesis and

Developmental Abnormalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584
Timothy Craig Allen and Philip T. Cagle

Chapter 54 Genetic Abnormalities of

Surfactant Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590
Lawrence M. Nogee and Susan E. Wert

Chapter 55 Usual Interstitial Pneumonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607

Marco Chilosi, Bruno Murer, and
Venerino Poletti

Chapter 56 Sarcoidosis: Are There Sarcoidosis Genes? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616

Helmut H. Popper

Chapter 57 Histiocytic Diseases of the Lung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627

Carol Farver and Tracey L. Bonfield

Chapter 58 Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634

Wim Timens

Chapter 59 Immunopathology of
Pulmonary Vasculitides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644
Steven N. Emancipator, Philip T. Cagle,
and Abida K. Haque

Chapter 60 Asbestosis and Silicosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658

Philip T. Cagle and Timothy Craig Allen

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663
Contributors

Jeffrey K. Actor, PhD

Associate Professor, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Univer-
sity of Texas–Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, USA

Timothy Craig Allen, MD, JD

Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX,
USA

Sadir Alrawi, MD, FRCS

Assistant Professor, Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Jacksonville, FL,
USA

Jeffrey J. Atkinson, MD
Assistant Professor, Department of Internal Medicine/Pulmonary and Critical Care,
Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA

Roberto Barrios, MD
Professor, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Medical
College of Cornell University, New York, NY; Methodist Hospital, Houston,
TX, USA

Cindy Noel Berthelot, MD

Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Houston Health Science
Center, Houston, TX, USA

Candice C. Black, DO
Assistant Professor, Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Dart-
mouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA

Gregory L. Blakey, MD
Assistant Professor, Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health
Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA

Steven R. Blumen, MS
Graduate Student, Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Burlington,
VT, USA

Tracey L. Bonfield, PhD

Department of Pediatric Pulmonary, Case Western Reserve University School of
Medicine, Cleveland, OH

xv
xvi Contributors

Alain C. Borczuk, MD
Associate Professor, Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical
Center, New York, NY, USA

Elisabeth Brambilla, MD
Department of Pathology, CHU de Grenoble Albert Michallon, Lung Cancer
Research Group, INSERM U578, Grenoble, France

Steven L. Brody, MD
Associate Professor, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Depart-
ment of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis,
MO, USA

Philip T. Cagle, MD
Professor, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Medical College of
Cornell University, New York, NY; Director Pulmonary Pathology, The Methodist
Hospital, Houston, TX, USA

Marco Chilosi, MD
Professor, Department of Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy

Annick Clement, MD, PhD

Pediatric Pulmonology Department, Hopital d’enfants Armand Trousseau, Paris,
France

William B. Coleman, BS, PhD

Associate Professor, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Univer-
sity of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

David B. Corry, MD
Associate Professor, Department of Medicine and Immunology, Baylor College of
Medicine, Houston, TX, USA

Harriet Corvol, MD, PhD

Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Hopital d’enfants Armand Trousseau, Paris,
France

Manuel G. Cosio, MD
Professor, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Royal Victoria Hospital,
Montreal, QB, Canada

Sanja Dacic, MD, PhD

Assistant Professor, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical
Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

J. Stephen Dumler, MD
Professor, Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Johns
Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

Aamir Ehsan, MD
Associate Professor, Department of Pathology, Director of Molecular Diagnostics
and Flow Cytometry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
and Audie L. Murphy VA Medical Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
Contributors xvii

Jennifer A. Eleazar, MD
Assistant Professor, Department of Clinical Pathology, Columbia University
Medical Center, New York, NY, USA

Steven N. Emancipator, MD
Professor, Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Louis
Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleve-
land, OH, USA

Daniel H. Farkas, PhD, HCLD

Executive Director, Center for Molecular Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, USA

Carol Farver, MD
Director, Pulmonary Pathology, Department of Anatomic Pathology, Cleveland
Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA

Brigitte Fauroux, MD, PhD

Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Hopital d’enfants Armand Trousseau, Paris,
France

Larry Fowler, MD
Professor, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center at
San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA

Armando E. Fraire, MD
Professor, Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School,
Worchester, MA, USA

Wieslaw Furmaga, MD
Assistant Professor, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science
Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA

Françoise Galateau-Sallé, MD
Professor, Department of Pathology, INSERM ERI 3, CHU Caen, Caen, Calvados,
France

Armond S. Goldman, MD
Emeritus Professor, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch,
Galveston, TX, USA

Thomas Goodwin, PhD

Department of Biomedical Research and Operations Branch, NASA/Johnson
Space Center, Houston, TX, USA

Kevin C. Halling, MD, PhD

Co-Director of Molecular Cytology and Imaging Laboratory, Department of Labo-
ratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA

Abida K. Haque, MD
Professor, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell
University, New York, NY; Chair and Director of Medical Laboratories,
Department of Pathology, San Jacinto Methodist Hospital, Baytown, TX, USA

Josefine M. Heim-Hall, MD
Associate Professor, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science
Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
xviii Contributors

Jennifer L. Herrick, MD
Hematopathology Fellow, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health
Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA

Jennifer L. Hunt, MD, MEd

Head Section, Surgical Pathology, Director, Head and Neck/Endocrine Pathology,
Director, AP Molecular Diagnostics Unit, Department of Anatomic Pathology,
Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA

Robert L. Hunter, Jr., MD, PhD

Professor and Chairman, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Uni-
versity of Texas–Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, USA

Chinnaswamy Jagannath, PhD

Associate Professor, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Univer-
sity of Texas–Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, USA

Jaishree Jagirdar, MD
Professor, Department of Pathology, Director of Anatomic Pathology,
University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
USA

Jeffrey M. Jordan, BS
Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX,
USA

Soon-Hee Jung, MD, PhD

Professor, Department of Pathology, Yonsei University/Wonju Christian Hospital,
Wonju, Kangwon-Do, Korea

Rekha Kar, MS
Graduate Student, Department of Pathology and Biochemistry, University of Texas
Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA

Michael P. Keane, MD
Associate Professor, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David
Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Farrah Kheradmand, MD
Associate Professor, Department of Medicine and Immunology, Baylor College of
Medicine, Houston, TX, USA

Geoffrey A. Land, BS, MS, PhD

Professor, Department of Clinical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Director
of Histocompatibility, Transplant Immunology, and Microbiology, Methodist
Hospital/Weill-Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX, USA

Norman B. Levy, MD
Associate Professor, Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical
Center, Lebanon, NH, USA

Hanzhong Liu, MD, PhD

Scientist, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadel-
phia, PA, USA
Contributors xix

Li Mao, MD
Professor, Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, Univer-
sity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA

Michael R. McGinnis, PhD

Professor, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch,
Galveston, TX, USA

Brooke T. Mossman, PhD

Professor, Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT,
USA

John S. Munger, MD
Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine and Cell Biology, New York Univer-
sity School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA

Bruno Murer, MD
Department of Anatomic Pathology, Regional Hospital, Mestre-Venice, Italy

Lawrence M. Nogee, MD
Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School
of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

Juan P. Olano, MD
Associate Professor, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch,
Galveston, TX, USA

Dwight Oliver, MD
Assistant Professor, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University
of Texas–Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, USA

Venerino Poletti, MD, FCCP

Professor, Department of Diseases of the Thorax, Ospedale GB Morgagni, Forli,
Italy

Helmut H. Popper, MD
Institute of Pathology, Laboratories for Molecular Cytogenetics, Environmental
and Respiratory Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

Sharon C. Presnell, PhD

Director, Cell and Tissue Technologies, Becton Dickinson, Research Triangle Park,
NC, USA

Gary W. Procop, MD
Section Head, Clinical Microbiology, Department of Clinical Pathology, Cleveland
Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA

Jae Y. Ro, MD, PhD

Professor, Department of Pathology, Cornell University/Methodist Hospital and
University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA

William N. Rom, MD, MPH

Sol and Judith Bergstein Professor, Department of Medicine and Environmental
Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA