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06. Standards & Calibration

Measurement standards are defined as accurate representations of units of measurement, based on universal constants rather than arbitrary materials. There are four categories of standards: International, Primary, Secondary, and Working Standards, each serving specific calibration and verification purposes. The document also outlines the basic and derived units in international standards, as well as calibration methods including static, direct, and indirect calibration.

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4 views

06. Standards & Calibration

Measurement standards are defined as accurate representations of units of measurement, based on universal constants rather than arbitrary materials. There are four categories of standards: International, Primary, Secondary, and Working Standards, each serving specific calibration and verification purposes. The document also outlines the basic and derived units in international standards, as well as calibration methods including static, direct, and indirect calibration.

Uploaded by

psaineeraj2003
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Measurement Standards

• A standard of measurement is defined as physical


representation of a unit of measurement.
• It is a known accurate measure of physical quantity.
• A unit of measurement is generally chosen with
reference to an arbitrary material standard or to a
natural phenomenon / physical / atomic constant.
• Earlier all standards were arbitrary material
standards.
• Now all fundamental measurements are based on
universal constants such as Speed of Light, Plank’s

Standards & Calibration


Constant etc.
• Standards are used to determine the values of other
physical quantities by the comparison method.
• All standards are preserved at the International
Bureau of Weight and Measures (BIMP), Paris.
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Categories of Standards
• International Standard
• Primary Standard
• Secondary Standard
• Working Standard

Standards & Calibration


2
Measurement Standards
• International Standard
 Defined by International Agreement
 Represent the closest possible accuracy attainable by
the current science and technology

• Primary Standard
 Maintained at the National Standards Laboratory
(different for every country). NPL for India.
 Function: the calibration and verification of
secondary standards

Standards & Calibration


 Fundamental and derived quantities are
calibrated independently by absolute
measurement.

3
Measurement Standards
• Secondary standards
 Maintained by Industrial Measurement Laboratory.
 Used to check and calibrate lab instrument for
accuracy and performance.
 Checking / calibration of instruments / working
standards.
 Periodically calibrated form primary Standards.
• Working Standards
 The standards used by workers and technicians.

Standards & Calibration


 Commercially available high accuracy devices.
 For calibration of general laboratory instruments.
 Calibrated against primary or secondary standards.

4
Basic Units in International
Standards
Quantity Unit Symbol
Length Meter m
Mass Kilogram kg
Time Second s
Electric Current Ampere A

Standards & Calibration


Temperature Kelvin K
Amount of Substance Mole mol
Luminous Intensity Candela cd

5
Derived Units in
International Standards
• Frequency, Force, Pressure, Stress, Energy, Power,
Electric Charge, Electric Potential Difference,
Electric Capacitance, Electric Resistance, Magnetic
Flux, Magnetic Flux Density, Inductance are some of
the derived Properties
• Area, Acceleration, Angular Acceleration, Angular
Velocity, Density, Dynamic Viscosity, Heat Flux,

Standards & Calibration


Moment of Force, Specific Heat Capacity, Linear
Velocity, Volume – derived quantities used in
Mechanical Engineering.

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Standards & Calibration
7
International Standards
• They are devices designed and constructed to the
specifications of an international forum i.e.,
“highest possible accuracy”.
• Maintained by the International Bureau of
Weights and Measures at Se’vre’s , France.
Mass (kilogram) – kg
• Mass of 1 cubic decimeter of water at 4° c.
• Material representation as International prototype
kilogram is preserved. The mass of a platinum–

Standards & Calibration


iridium cylinder kept in the International Bureau of
Weights and Measures, Se’ver’s, Paris
• From May 2019, it will be based on Plank’s Constant

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Length (Meter) – m
• Till 1960 - Distance between graduations on Platinum
Iridium bar. 1/10,000,000 distance between Equator and
North Pole passing through Paris.
• After 1960 - 1650763.73 wavelengths of Kr 86 (36+50)
Orange–red light.
• After 1983 - The length of path travelled by light in an
interval of 1/299,792,458 seconds in vacuum.
Time (Second) - s
• It is 1/86400 of a mean solar day.
Frequency of cesium transition between two hyperfine states

Standards & Calibration


•
unperturbed by external fields. 9192631770 Hertz
• Cesium Clock ---1 µs/day. 9.192631770 x 109 cycles of
radiation from vaporized caesium-133 (an accuracy of 1 in
1012 or 1 second in 36 000 years)

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Temperature (Kelvin) - K
• The temperature difference between absolute zero and
the triple point of water is defined as 273.16 Kelvin
Current (Ampere) – A
• One ampere is the current flowing through two
infinitely long parallel conductors of negligible cross-
section placed 1 metre apart in a vacuum and
producing a force of 2 x 10-7 Newton per metre length
of conductor.

Standards & Calibration


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Luminous Intensity (Candela) – cd
• It is the luminous intensity, in a given direction from a
source emitting monochromatic radiation at a frequency of
540 terahertz (540 x 1012Hz) and with a radiant density in
that direction of 1.4641 mW/steradian (1/683 W/steradian).
(1 steradian is the solid angle which, having its vertex at
the centre of a sphere, cuts off an area of the sphere
surface equal to that of a square with sides of length equal
to the sphere radius)

Matter (Mole) – mol


• It is the amount of substance of a system which contains

Standards & Calibration


as many elementary entities as there are atoms in a 0.012
kg of carbon-12
• Elementary entities can be atoms, ions etc, but to be
defined

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From 20th May 2019
• The
kilogram will be defined by the Planck
Constant (h).
• The ampere will be defined by the elementary
electrical charge (e).
• The
kelvin will be defined by the Boltzmann
Constant (k).

Standards & Calibration


• The
mole will be defined by the Avogadro
Constant (NA).

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Static Calibration
• It refers to a situation, in which all inputs (d,i,m)
except one (which is under study), are kept at some
constant values.
• Then, the input under study is varied over some
range of constant values, which causes output to vary
over some range of constant values.
• This input-output relationship is a static calibration,
valid under the stated constant conditions of all other
inputs.

Standards & Calibration


• Method describes the ideal situation. All other inputs
are measured independently. Instruments to measure
other inputs need not be very accurate.

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• During calibration, input should be accurate.
• Accuracy of input should be at 10 times better than
instrument being calibrated.
• For calibration, standard input is given or input, which is
compared with standard is given.
• Primary Calibration
 Calibration against primary standards
 Secondary standards / working standards are calibrated
against primary standards
• Secondary Calibration
 Calibration against secondary standards
 Working standards are calibrated against secondary standards

Standards & Calibration


• Routine Calibration
 Calibration against working standards
 Calibration of shop / laboratory instrument
 Periodic
Traceability
•
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Direct Calibration
• Calibration with known input sources.
 Flowmeter – volume and time, independently but
simultaneously with primary standards.

• Calibrationwith devices, having accuracy


equivalent to primary standards, gives
similar accuracy for calibrated instrument.
 Calibrated device can act as secondary standard.

Standards & Calibration


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Indirect Calibration
• Calibrating the equivalent device, in place of the
device which is calibrated.
• Equivalence ensures similar performance.
 Turbine flowmeter which are geometrically similar
are dynamically equivalent, if they have equal
Reynold’s number.
𝐷1𝜌1𝑉1 𝐷2𝜌2𝑉2
=
𝜇1 𝜇2

Standards & Calibration


• It is possible to predict performance of one device by
studying the performance of equivalent device.

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