Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology (AJAST)

Volume 8, Issue 3, Pages 182-195, July-September 2024

Wireless Smart Lighting System: A Cost-Effective Approach to Energy Saving

with Centralized Control for Large-Scale Campus Infrastructure
Mohankumar A.1*, Gowtham R.2, Elango K.3 & Ajay S.4
1-4
UG Scholar, IFET College of Engineering, Villupuram, Tamilnadu, India.
Corresponding Author Email: [email protected]*

DOI: https://doi.org/10.38177/ajast.2024.8318

Copyright © 2024 Mohankumar A. et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Article Received: 12 July 2024 Article Accepted: 19 September 2024 Article Published: 27 September 2024

ABSTRACT

In order to improve lighting management throughout a campus infrastructure, operational flexibility, and energy efficiency, this study suggests a
wireless smart lighting system with centralized control. The system combines wireless sensors, LED illumination, and a central control unit to
manage lighting according to occupancy, the time of day, and environmental factors. Significant energy savings are possible since the system may be
remotely monitored and optimized through the use of a wireless communication protocol. Phases of the implementation included installing sensors
and LEDs, setting up a centralized control system, and evaluating the campus lighting infrastructure. The outcomes demonstrate a significant
reduction in energy use, easier upkeep, and better illumination around the campus. Energy-efficient and environmentally friendly lighting solutions
are in high demand, particularly in huge infrastructures like college campuses. Conventional lighting systems frequently need human operation and
are inefficient, which increases operational complexity and wasteful energy use. A wireless smart lighting system with centralized control that is
specifically designed for campus infrastructures is suggested in this research. Using wireless sensors, LED lights, and a centralized control unit, the
system dynamically modifies illumination according to occupancy, ambient light levels, and time of day in real time.
Keywords: Smart lighting; Energy efficiency; Wireless control; Centralized control; Automation; IoT; Wi-Fi communication; Energy management;
Cost-effective lighting; Occupancy-based control; Daylight sensing; Sustainable technology.

░ 1. Introduction

As the demand for sustainable infrastructure and energy efficiency grows, smart lighting systems have become a
vital tool for cutting down on energy use in broad areas like campuses. Conventional lighting systems lack
automation, are wasteful, and are challenging to maintain [1]. Dynamically adjusting lighting based on occupancy,
daylighting, and user preferences is possible with a wireless smart lighting system that combines sensors, LED
lights, and centralized management [2]. The smart lighting system presented in this paper was created especially for
a campus setting with the goal of reducing energy consumption and enhancing lighting control [3]. Smart lighting
systems have been a major technical achievement in the quest for operational automation and energy savings in
recent years [4]. Conventional lighting systems frequently have inefficiencies that result in significant energy
waste, especially in large-scale infrastructures like corporate or university campuses [5]. The absence of real-time
reactivity of these systems to variations in ambient conditions, such as occupancy, daylight, or room usage,
frequently leads to lights being left on inadvertently or at improper brightness levels. One possible approach to
overcoming these obstacles is the use of smart lighting systems.

Smart lighting provides dynamic, responsive lighting that adapts to real-world settings by utilizing advancements in
wireless communication, sensors, and energy-efficient technology like LEDs [6]. These systems can lessen the
amount of energy used, increase user comfort, and cut down on the amount of physical effort needed to maintain big
lighting networks [7],[8]. The Wireless Smart Lighting System with Centralized Control presented in this study was
created especially for campus infrastructures. The objective is to create an automated lighting control system that
responds to user and environmental inputs, therefore lowering energy consumption and raising overall lighting

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quality [9]. Wireless sensors, LED illumination, and a centralized control hub are all used in this system to enable
remote management and monitoring. A scalable and flexible solution that is readily integrated with other campus
infrastructure systems is made possible for the light control by the use of a wireless communication protocol [10].

░ 2. Literature Survey

2.1. Existing Smart Lighting Systems

Automation and energy savings have been the main topics of extensive study and implementation for smart lighting
systems in a variety of contexts. While timers and motion detectors are common components of traditional lighting
control systems, more recent methods also integrate real-time sensor data [11],[12]. These systems, which turn
lights on and off based on occupancy, aid in optimizing energy use. Research indicates that energy consumption in
residential and commercial buildings may be lowered by as much as 30% with smart lighting [13]. However, the
centralized control and scalability of many current systems are constrained. Additionally, they frequently need
expensive upfront installations. These drawbacks draw attention to the necessity of more effective and scalable
solutions, especially for expansive infrastructures like campuses [14].

2.2. Occupancy and Daylight Sensing In Lighting Systems

The two main technologies in energy-efficient lighting systems are occupancy and daylight detection. While LDR
(light dependent resistor) sensors analyze ambient light to modify brightness levels, PIR (passive infrared) sensors
detect movement to regulate lights. Numerous studies show how well these sensors work to cut down on
superfluous illumination, particularly in places with heavy circulation, such offices and hallways [15]. These
systems are able to adjust lighting according to the availability of natural light and the presence of people by
utilizing real-time data. However, external elements like temperature and illumination can have an impact on how
accurate sensor-based systems are. Improvements in sensor technology are resolving these problems and improving
their dependability for extensive use [16].

2.3. Wireless Communication in Lighting Systems

Smart lighting systems have undergone a revolution because to wireless communication technologies like Wi-Fi
and Zigbee, which allow for centralized management without the need for substantial wiring. Studies reveal that
wireless solutions, especially in big infrastructures, offer more flexibility in terms of installation and maintenance
[16]. Because of its low power consumption and capacity to accommodate a high number of devices in a mesh
network, Zigbee in particular has gained popularity. Research contrasting wireless and wired lighting systems
emphasize how scalable and affordable wireless options are. On the other hand, issues like network congestion and
signal interference must be properly handled. It is anticipated that future advancements in wireless protocols will
improve the dependability and efficiency of smart lighting systems [17].

2.4. Energy Savings through Smart Lighting

Smart lighting systems have been shown to significantly reduce energy usage in a variety of settings, including
residential buildings and huge campuses, according to several studies. Smart systems may significantly minimize
energy waste by employing automated scheduling, daylight harvesting, and occupancy sensors. Smart lighting may

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save power costs by up to 50% at educational institutions, where lighting is a key energy consumer [18]. Studies
also emphasize the sustainability of LED-based smart systems and the environmental advantages of lower carbon
footprints. However, routine maintenance and accurate system calibration are necessary for these systems to have a
long-term impact. For contemporary infrastructure to achieve sustainability goals, smart lighting is therefore
essential [19]-[25].

░ 3. Proposed Work

3.1. Architecture Design

3.1.1. Local Control Unit

The operational unit in charge of controlling the lights on each floor or block of the campus is known as the Local
Control Unit. It has an LDR (light dependent resistor) sensor to track ambient light levels, PIR (passive infrared)
sensors for occupancy detection, and a microprocessor. It also has a relay module to regulate whether the lights are
on or off. Based on real-time sensor data, the local control unit may make quick modifications because it functions
independently. To save energy, it can, for instance, turn off the lights in a vacant room or change the brightness of
the lighting based on the amount of sunshine. The local control unit is built with a wireless connection module
(Wi-Fi or Zigbee) that allows it to send information in order to ensure flexibility. In addition, the unit's
components—such as sensors and relays—are protected and readily duplicated over numerous floors or buildings
in a campus environment by an enclosure. Additionally, local control units are capable of self-diagnostics, which
allows them to identify problems with their sensors and notify the master unit for immediate maintenance.

Figure 1. Local/Floor Light Control

3.1.2. Master Control Unit

The Master Control Unit serves as the primary nervous system of the campus's smart lighting system, centralizing
data processing and control for several local units. It gathers data in real-time from the nearby control units,

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examines occupancy patterns, daylighting, energy consumption, and makes deft judgments on lighting control. The
master unit has a power supply, a wireless communication module for easy communication with local units, and a
more potent microprocessor. The unit's capacity to retain past lighting consumption data is a significant feature that
facilitates performance monitoring and gradual energy management. Dynamic scheduling is another function of the
master control unit that involves modifying lighting according to predetermined timetables, including dimming
lights during off-peak hours or turning off lights in. Facility managers can also take advantage of the centralized
manual control provided by the master unit by using an optional user interface to override automatic settings or take
action during exceptional occurrences. The master control unit's power supply and communication modules are
built with redundancy for dependability, guaranteeing uninterrupted operation even in the case of a component
failure. It is also interoperable with other building management systems (e.g., HVAC or security), allowing
possibilities for future integration into a larger smart campus architecture.

Figure 2. Master Controller/Block Controller

3.1.3. Superior Control Unit

The Superior management Unit is a strong but optional upgrade that gives campus managers an easy-to-use
interface for remote monitoring and management of the complete lighting system. This device gathers and analyzes
long-term data on energy usage, occupancy patterns, and system performance. It may be a sophisticated
microcontroller or a computer system. The better control unit's capacity to carry out predictive maintenance and
sophisticated analytics is one of its primary features. Administrators are able to take preventative action by using
previous data to forecast trends in energy use, improve lighting schedules, and discover problems in the local or
master units before they become serious. Additionally, the device has user settings that may be customized,
enabling alternative illumination presets for different campus events, seasons, or energy-saving initiatives. Better
decision-making for energy management is made possible by the superior control unit's integration with cloud
services for remote monitoring and data logging. This allows facility managers to access historical and real-time
data from any location. To create a cohesive smart campus environment, the superior unit may also be expanded to

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interface with other IoT systems on campus, such HVAC, fire alarm, and security camera systems. It provides an
automatic reporting tool to produce insights for administrative needs, as well as a dashboard interface for real-time
observation of campus lighting status.

Figure 3. Superior Controller Unit

3.1.4. Circuit Operation

The Wireless Smart Lighting System's Superior Control Unit is essential to monitoring and controlling the whole
campus lighting system. The microprocessor at the centre of the system interprets real-time data received from the
local control units, which comprise occupancy (PIR) and light intensity (LDR) sensors. It is powered by a regulated
power source. The Wi-Fi or Zigbee module is used to wirelessly transfer this data, guaranteeing smooth connection
between the local and superior control units. The microcontroller uses this information to create control commands,
such as varying brightness or turning on or off lights, based on occupancy and sunshine levels.

Additionally, the system has a user interface that lets facility managers utilize a dashboard or mobile application to
manually monitor and operate the lighting system. Users may change schedules for special occasions or
energy-saving initiatives, or they can overrule automatic settings, thanks to this interface that shows real-time
statistics. The better control unit may be integrated with cloud platforms in more complex settings, enabling
long-term data storage, predictive analytics, and remote monitoring to further optimize energy use. The local units
get the orders from the microcontroller when it has processed the data and generated them, and they modify the
illumination appropriately. In order to ensure that the entire system runs smoothly and effectively, feedback is
thereafter given to the higher control unit to verify that the instruction was successfully executed. The system is
perfect for large-scale applications like a university campus because of its centralized operation, which allows for
flexible control and helps the system maintain maximum energy efficiency. In addition to controlling the existing
lighting system, the Superior Control Unit provides cutting-edge capabilities for future scalability and operational
effectiveness. Dynamic scheduling is one such feature, in which lighting schedules automatically adjust according
on past occupancy trends. To maximize energy savings, high-traffic areas can keep their lights on during peak
hours, and less-frequented sections can turn their lights down or off entirely during off-peak hours. Furthermore, the

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system is capable of predictive maintenance, in which sensors and local control units are monitored for performance
issues.

Figure 4. System Workflow/Work Process

3.1.5. Component Description

(a) ESP32

Due to its integrated **Wi-Fi** and **Bluetooth** capabilities, the **ESP32** is a powerful and versatile
microcontroller that has gained popularity for Internet of Things (IoT) projects. It has a dual-core **Xtensa LX6
processor** that can operate at speeds of up to 240 MHz, making it capable of handling complex tasks and
computations. Wi-Fi (802.11 b/g/n) functionality allows for seamless connectivity with local networks, while
Bluetooth 4.2 and **Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)** support opens up possibilities for wireless communication
with a wide range of devices. The ESP32 has multiple GPIO pins, ADC/DAC support, timers, PWMs, and built-in
peripherals like I2C, SPI, and UART. Its low-power consumption makes it ideal for a wide range of applications,
including wearable electronics, smart home automation, and industrial IoT systems.

(b) LED Lights

Because of their extended longevity and energy economy, LED lights are employed as the primary lighting fixtures.
Better lighting control and lower power consumption compared to conventional incandescent bulbs are crucial for
energy-saving projects. Relay modules may be used to link these lights to the microcontroller so that the on/off
operation can be automated in response to schedules or sensor inputs. For more precise control, dimmable LEDs
can be utilized, enabling the system to modify the brightness in response to outside lighting. LEDs are safer and
more environmentally friendly for large-scale applications like campus infrastructure because of their low heat
emission.

(c) Relay Modules

Relay modules function as electronic switches that regulate the high-voltage LED lights by means of the
low-voltage signals from the microcontroller. Generally, a single lighting fixture is controlled by a single relay,

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which permits it to turn on or off in response to inputs from sensors or pre-established schedules. Relays act as
isolation between the high-voltage (AC) and low-voltage (DC) circuits, guaranteeing safety and avoiding
microcontroller damage. Relays are available in various channels (single, dual, or quad) based on the desired
number of lights to control. They are indispensable for integrating the microcontroller with the lighting system.

(d) Motion Sensors

Human presence in the surroundings is detected using motion sensors that employ passive infrared (PIR)
technology. The sensor notifies the microcontroller to turn on the lights when motion is detected. By guaranteeing
that lights are only switched on when someone is present, this lowers energy waste and improves system efficiency.
PIR sensors function by identifying the infrared radiation that warm objects—like human bodies—emit.
Commonly, they are utilized in smart lighting systems for spaces like stairwells, toilets, and hallways where lights
only need to turn on when someone is close by.

(e) Ambient Light Sensors

The quantity of natural light present in the surroundings is measured using ambient light sensors such as
photoresistors (LDRs). When there is enough natural light during the day, the system may use this data to
automatically alter the brightness of the LED lights, saving electricity. In order for the sensor to function, light
intensity must be measured. If it is, the resistance will change accordingly, alerting the microcontroller to dim or
turn off the lights. This part is essential to building an energy-efficient lighting system that is responsive and
adaptable.

(f) Real-Time Clock (RTC) Module

An optional yet helpful part of any smart lighting system for time-based automation is the RTC module. Even when
the microcontroller is inactive, it maintains time and enables the system to perform functions like timing the on and
off of lights. A little backup battery is included into popular RTC modules like the DS3231 and DS1307 to
guarantee that the time is correct even in the event of a power failure. This is particularly helpful for lighting
schedules in locations where lighting requirements vary during the day, such as workplaces, public spaces, and
classrooms.

(g) SD Card Module or Cloud Service

The system can retain data on energy usage, system activity, and operational events thanks to an SD card module
used for data logging. Afterwards, this data may be examined for maintenance or to enhance system performance.
Alternatively, system managers may monitor and operate the lighting system from any place by using a cloud-based
service for remote access and real-time data storage. Large-scale systems benefit greatly from cloud services as they
provide long-term data storage without the physical constraints of an SD card.

(h) Wi-Fi/Communication Module

To enable wireless connection, you will need an external Wi-Fi module like the ESP-01 if you are not using a
microcontroller like the ESP8266 or ESP32 that has built-in Wi-Fi. The microcontroller may send and receive data
from the master unit or a cloud service thanks to these modules, which link to the local Wi-Fi network. The

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communication module in a smart lighting system makes sure that the master unit and the local control units may
communicate wirelessly, doing away with the necessity for substantial wiring throughout sizable campus
infrastructures.

░ 4. Result and Discussion

4.1. Result

Numerous noteworthy outcomes were produced by the Wireless Smart Lighting System with Centralized Control
project. The system's smooth wireless connection between a centralized master unit and local control units on each
level was made possible by the use of ESP32 microcontrollers, which allowed for effective real-time monitoring
and control of lights throughout a multi-story infrastructure. Because it didn't require a lot of wiring, the wireless
design was more scalable and simpler to install in expansive spaces like campuses. The use of motion
sensors—which made sure lights only turned on when a person was detected—and ambient light sensors—which
changed brightness in response to ambient light levels—resulted in significant energy savings. By minimizing
wasteful energy use in spaces like hallways and classrooms, these sensors maximized the use of power.

Power Consumption Based on Floors

7

0
FLOOR 1 FLOOR 2 FLOOR 3 FLOOR 4

PW CONS 1 PW CONS 2 PW CONS 3

Figure 5. Power Consumption Based on Floors

To further improve energy efficiency and save operating expenses, the system also included a Real-Time Clock
(RTC) module that enables planned control of lighting, such as automatically shutting off lights during
non-working hours (evenings or weekends). Administrators gained important insights into usage patterns with the
addition of data recording through the Blynk app, which allowed for remote access to monitor energy consumption
and system performance. With its centralized wireless control, scheduled automation, and remote monitoring, the
system's overall design demonstrated not only energy efficiency but also user convenience. This makes it a wise
choice for large-scale infrastructures trying to cut expenses on energy while still maintaining efficient lighting
management. The tabulated representation of the results for the Wireless Smart Lighting System with Centralized
Control project is given in Table 1.

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Table 1. Result with description

Result Area Description Outcome

Wireless communication between local

Real-time monitoring and control of lighting
Centralized Control units and a master unit using ESP32
across multiple floors.
microcontrollers.

Reduced energy consumption in corridors,

Energy Efficiency Motion sensors activated lights only
classrooms, and other areas with low
(Motion Sensors) when human presence was detected.
occupancy.

Energy Efficiency Ambient light sensors adjusted lighting Further optimized electricity usage by dimming
(Ambient Sensors) based on natural light levels. or turning off lights during daylight hours.

Real-Time Clock (RTC) module used

Automated Automated lighting control, turning off lights
for scheduling lights during
Scheduling after work hours, leading to energy savings.
non-operational.

Data logging through the Blynk app for

Data Logging and Provided real-time insights into lighting usage,
remote monitoring of energy usage and
Monitoring enabling system optimization and maintenance.
system performance.

Wireless system architecture reduced the

Scalability and Simplified installation and made the system
need for extensive wiring across the
Flexibility scalable for large infrastructures like campuses.
campus.

Energy savings due to motion detection, Lowered operational costs by reducing

Cost Reduction ambient light adjustment, and scheduled unnecessary lighting during low-occupancy
automation. periods and optimizing electricity usage.

Increased user convenience and system

Ability to control and monitor the system
Remote Access manageability through remote access, offering
remotely via Wi-Fi and the Blynk app.
full control without physical presence.

Data logging provided a detailed record of Helped in identifying energy usage trends,
Maintenance
energy consumption and lighting predicting maintenance needs, and optimizing
Insights
behavior. lighting settings for further savings.

Energy-efficient lighting system

Environmental Reduced carbon footprint and promoted
contributed to lower electricity
Impact sustainable energy practices on campus.
consumption.

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Energy efficiency, cost savings, and operational benefits were all noteworthy outcomes of the Wireless Smart
Lighting System with Centralized Control. The use of motion and ambient light sensors, which adjusted lighting
based on occupancy and the availability of natural light, was largely responsible for the system's 40% daily energy
usage decrease. When no motion was detected, lighting in places like corridors was turned down by 60%, which
drastically decreased the amount of light that was used needlessly. By integrating a Real-Time Clock (RTC)
module, lights could be scheduled automatically, which resulted in an 87.5% reduction in operating hours during
non-working hours, such as weekends and nights. Additionally, by eliminating the need for substantial wiring
across numerous levels, the transition to wireless communication resulted in a 46.6% savings in installation costs.
By removing human inspections, remote monitoring via the Blynk app provided a 100% improvement in system
supervision and issue identification. All things considered, the system effectively displayed considerable energy
savings, decreased carbon emissions, and improved convenience and manageability.

4.2. Discussion

A number of significant facets of the system's architecture and execution are emphasized in the description of the
Wireless Smart Lighting System with Centralized Control. Particularly in big infrastructures like campuses, the
usage of ESP32 microcontrollers for wireless communication between local control units and the master unit
proven to be a dependable and economical option, doing away with the need for significant wiring. Since lights
were only turned on when motion was detected and brightness was changed in response to the availability of natural
light, the combination of motion and ambient light sensors was essential for maximizing energy consumption. This
improved energy efficiency and helped create a more sustainable lighting management strategy.

Power Cost
80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
Month 1 Month 2 Month 3 Month 4

Cost

Figure 6. Power Cost

The Real-Time Clock (RTC) module's integration allowed for planned lighting management, guaranteeing that
lights were automatically switched off during non-working hours, which further increased energy efficiency.

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Insights into energy consumption trends were obtained through the use of data logging and remote monitoring via
the Blynk app, allowing for better decision-making with regard to system optimization and maintenance. One
difficulty, though, was maintaining dependable wireless connectivity over long distances or through walls. This
may be overcome by arranging access points well or by utilizing mesh networks.

The tabulation for the results with specific quantitative values and metrics for the Wireless Smart Lighting
System with Centralized Control is shown in Table 2.

Table 2. Before and After the Implementation of the System

Before After Improvement

Result Area Description
Implementation Implementation (%)

Energy Average daily energy usage

1500 kWh/day 900 kWh/day 40% Reduction
Consumption for lighting across the campus.

Percentage of time lights was

Occupancy-Based
on in low-traffic areas like 100% 40% 60% Reduction
Activation
corridors.

Lighting adjustment based on Lights

Ambient Light Up to 80%
natural light availability No adjustment dimmed/turned off
Usage Savings
(daylight hours). 80% of the time

Number of hours lights was on 8 hours (per day

Operational 1 hour (scheduled 87.5%
during non-working periods during non-working
Hours Control via RTC module) Reduction
(evenings/weekends). periods)

Cost of wiring for lighting $8,000 (reduced

Installation Costs $15,000 (extensive 46.6% Cost
control across 3 blocks with wireless
(Wiring) wiring) Reduction
(multi-floor setup). system)

Full remote control

Lighting Control Ability to adjust lighting 100%
Manual adjustments through the Blynk
Flexibility settings remotely and instantly. Improvement
app

Energy Cost Estimated reduction in energy

$180/day $108/day 40% Savings
Savings costs.

Estimated CO2 emissions due

Carbon Emissions to energy consumption for 0.85 tons/day 0.51 tons/day 40% Reduction
lighting.

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░ 5. Conclusion

The Wireless Smart Lighting System with Centralized Control project delivered a range of significant outcomes.
Using ESP32 microcontrollers, the system enabled seamless wireless communication between local control units
on each floor and a centralized master unit, allowing for efficient real-time monitoring and control of lighting across
a multi-floor infrastructure. Additionally, the wireless architecture eliminated the need for extensive wiring, making
it scalable and easier to implement in large environments like campuses. In conclusion, the project successfully
demonstrated how a combination of smart sensors, wireless communication, and automation can lead to significant
energy savings and operational improvements. Significant energy savings were achieved through the integration of
motion sensors, which ensured lights were only activated when human presence was detected, and ambient light
sensors, which adjusted the brightness based on natural light levels.

By minimizing wasteful energy use in spaces like hallways and classrooms, these sensors maximized the use of
power. To further improve energy efficiency and save operating expenses, the system also included a Real-Time
Clock (RTC) module that enables planned control of lighting, such as automatically shutting off lights during
non-working hours (evenings or weekends). Administrators gained important insights into usage patterns with the
addition of data recording through the Blynk app, which allowed for remote access to monitor energy consumption
and system performance. The technology is well-positioned for future developments in smart infrastructure because
to its versatility. With its centralized wireless control, scheduled automation, and remote monitoring, the system's
overall design demonstrated not only energy efficiency but also user convenience. This makes it a wise choice for
large-scale infrastructures trying to cut expenses on energy while still maintaining efficient lighting management.
The system’s capacity to adapt to diverse infrastructure sizes, together with its automation and energy-saving
features, indicated its potential for wide-scale adoption. Because of its modular architecture, which allows for future
improvements, it is a long-term and sustainable option for controlling modern lighting. The system's modular
architecture also makes it simple to integrate it with other smart technologies, such building management systems
or more sophisticated energy monitoring. The technology is well-positioned for future developments in smart
infrastructure because to its versatility. All things considered, the project showed how cutting-edge technology can
convert conventional lighting systems into clever solutions that put user ease, sustainability, and energy efficiency
first, making it a useful complement to contemporary building management techniques. Administrators gained
important insights into usage patterns with the addition of data recording through the Blynk app.

Declarations

Source of Funding

This study did not receive any grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not–for–profit sectors.

Competing Interests Statement

The authors declare no competing financial, professional, or personal interests.

Consent for publication

The authors declare that they consented to the publication of this study.

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