COMPONENTS IN THE

ELECTRICAL SIGNAL
CONTROL SECTION
Prepared by:
BSME 3-1
Britt Ariel A. Duron
Ian Gevier De Jesus
COMPONENTS IN THE ELECTRICAL SIGNAL CONTROL SECTION

POWER SUPPLY

RELAYS

ELECTRICAL INPUT
ELEMENTS

SOLENOIDS
SENSOR
 INTRODUCTION
Electrical Control Systems are the backbone of modern
automation, enabling precise and efficient operatio na cross
various industries. Refers to the part of a system, typically in
an electro-pneumatic or electro-hydraulic control circuit,
where electrical signals are processed and used to control
the operation of pneumatic or hydraulic actuators.

Commonly used in automated systems where precise

control of pneumatic or hydraulic actuators is needed, like in
industrial machinery, robotics, and manufacturing processes.
 POWER
A power supply is an
electrical device that

SUPPLY
supplies electric power to
an electrical load

It is the heart of the system.

MODULE OF A POWER SUPPLY
 TRANSFORMER

•An electrical device designed to transfer

electrical energy from one circuit to
another at the same frequency.

•It is also referred to as a static machine

since it does not have any moving parts. It
is used to control the voltage levels
between circuits.
 RECTIFIER

•A device that converts alternating

current (AC) to direct current (DC).
Dc only flows in one direction whereas
AC regularly flows in the reverse
direction.

•The Rectifier works on the principle of

PN junction diode biasing condition.
 TYPES OF A RECTIFIER

HALF- WAVE RECTIFIER

A rectifier that converts the AC

signal to the DC signal by
passing either a positive or
negative half cycle of the AC
wave form and blocking the
other half cycle
 FULL- WAVE RECTIFIER

A rectifier that converts the

full AC input signal (postive
and negative half cycle) to
pulsating DC output. signal.
VERSATILE
 RECTIFIER EFFICIENCY

RECTIFIER EFFICIENCY RIPPLE FACTOR(R)

is used as a parameter to determine the it is a measure of the
efficiency of the rectifier to convert AC effectiveness of a filter.
into DC. It is the ratio of DC output
power to the AC input power. it is the ratio between the AC
components and the DC
components of a filtered signal.

Formula:
AC voltage Vr (rms)
(R) = =
DC voltage Vdc`
 FILTER

•It is designed to convert pulsating DC from rectifier circuits into a suitable

smooth DC.
 REGULATOR

•It is an integrated circuit (IC) that

provides a constant fixed output
voltage regardless of a load or input
voltage change.
TYPES OF VOLTAGE A. ADJUSTABLE VOLTAGE

REGULATOR REGULATOR
It enables the designer to vary the output
range

B. FIXED IC REGULATOR
It provides a constant output voltage as
rated in its data sheet

C. TRANSISTOR VOLTAGE
REGULATORS

These are regulators which uses the

combinations of transistors and Zener
diodes.
TYPES OF VOLTAGE A. ADJUSTABLE VOLTAGE

REGULATOR REGULATOR
It enables the designer to vary the output
range

B. FIXED IC REGULATOR
It provides a constant output voltage as
rated in its data sheet

C. TRANSISTOR VOLTAGE
REGULATORS

These are regulators which uses the

combinations of transistors and Zener
diodes.
TYPES OF VOLTAGE A. ADJUSTABLE VOLTAGE

REGULATOR REGULATOR
It enables the designer to vary the output
range

B. FIXED IC REGULATOR
It provides a constant output voltage as
rated in its data sheet

C. TRANSISTOR VOLTAGE
REGULATORS
These are regulators which uses the
combinations of transistors and Zener diodes.
 LOAD REGULATION

the measure of the ability of a power supply to maintain a constant output voltage despite
changes in output current or load. A good load regulation ensures that the power supply will
deliver a required and stable voltage to the circuit or system. Ideally the load regulation should
be zero meaning that the supply’s output voltage is independent of the load and remains the
same throughout.

SOLUTION:
 EXAMPLE NO. 1

FORMULA:
The applied input AC power to a half-
wave rectifier is 100 watts. The DC
output power obtained is 40 watts.
What is the rectification efficiency ?
SOLUTION:
DC power output 40 W
RECTIFICAATION EFFICIENCY = x 100% = x 100%
AC power output 100 W

= 0.4 or 40%
 EXAMPLE NO. 2

FORMULA:
A full-wave rectifier signal of 18V peak
is fed into a capacitor filter. What is the
voltage regulation of the filter if the
output is 17Vdc at full load?
SOLUTION:
18𝑉 − 17𝑉𝐷𝐶
% V.R = x 100%
17𝑉𝐷𝐶

= 5.8824%
 EXAMPLE NO. 3
FORMULA:

A simple capacitor filter fed by a full-

wave rectifier develops 14.5DC at 8.5%
ripple factor. What is the output ripple
voltage (rms)?

SOLUTION:

(R) 8.5 %
Vr (rms) = X Vdc = X 14.5Vdc = 1.2325 V
100% 100 %
Switches are installed in a
circuit to open or close the
flow of current to the
consuming device. ELECTRICAL INPUT
ELEMENTS
This switches is diveded
into push button or
control switch
PUSH BUTTON SWITCH

Switches that only maintain the selected

position as long as the switch is actuated
(pressed).

Example: Bell Push

 CONTROL SWITCH

are mechanically detented in the selected

position . The switch position remains
unchanged until a new switch position is
selected.

Example: Light switches in the home

NORMALLY OPEN CONTACT

In the normally open version, the circuit is open when the push-button is
in the normal position. The circuit is closed when the control stem is actuated;
current then flows to the consuming device. When the control stem is
released, the push-button is returned to its orignal position by spring pressure,
and the circuit is then interrupted.
NORMALLY OPEN CONTACT
NORMALLY CLOSED CONTACT

In the normally closed version, the circuit is closed when the push-button
is in normal position. The spring action ensures that the contact remain closed
until the push-button is pressed. When the push-button is pressed, the
switching contact is opened against the spring pressure. The flow of current
to the consuming device is interrupted.
NORMALLY CLOSED CONTACT
 CHANGEOVER CONTACT

The third variation is changeover contact. These contact combines the

function of normally closed and normally open contact in one unit. Changeover
contact are used to close one circuit and simultaneously open another. It
should be noted, however, that both circuit are momentarily interrupted during
changeover.
A sensor is used to record
information about the status
of a system and to pass this
information on to the
SENSOR
control.
In electro-hydraulic system, sensors are mainly used for the following tasks:

Measurement and monitoring of pressure

and temperature of the pressure fluid,

Recording the proximity i.e. the position or the

end position of the drive components.
 LIMIT SWITCH
A mechanical limit switch which is activated when a machine part or a
workpiece is in certain position. Activation is generally effected by a cam
activating a movable operating lever.

Limit switches are normally

equipped with changeover
contacts capable of
performing closing, opening
or changeover circuits.
PRESSURE SWITCH

Pressure switches are used as control or monitoring devices. They can be

used to open, close or change between circuits when preset pressure is
reached.

In the mechanically actuated,

pressure switch, the pressure
acts on a cylinder surface
Recently, increasing use has been made of diaphragm pressure switches,
where the contact is no longer mechanically actuated but electronically
switched. This also requires the use of pressure- or force-sensitive sensors
which exploit one of the following physical effects:

the resistance effect (diaphragm with strain gauge, change in electrical

resistance with shape change),
the piezoresistive effect (change in electrical resistance with change in
mechanical tension),
the piezoelectric effect (generation of an electrical charge through
mechanical stress),
the capacitive effect (change in capacitance with change in mechanical
stress).
PROXIMITY SWITCH

Non-contacting proximity sensors differ from mechanically actuated limit

switches by virtue of the means of actuation, without external mechanical
actuating force. A distinction is made between the following groups of
proximity sensors:

magnetically activated proximity

sensors (Reed switches)
inductive proximity sensors
capacitive proximity sensors and
optical proximity sensors
 TYPES OF PROXIMITY SWITCH

REED SWITCHES

Reed switches are magnetically actuated proximity switches. They consist of

two contact reeds housed in a glass tube filled with inert gas. When the switch
enters a magnetic field (e.g. the magnet on a cylinder piston), the reeds are
closed and output an electrical signal.
Reed switches are characterized by the following
properties:
long service life,
maintenance-free,
switching time < 0.2 ms,
limited response sensitivity,
unsuitable for areas with strong magnetic fields
 TYPES OF PROXIMITY SWITCH

INDUCTIVE PROXIMITY SENSORS

An inductive proximity sensor consist of an oscillating circuit (1), a triggering

stage (2) and an amplifier (3). When a voltage is applied to the terminals, the
oscillating circuit generates a high frequency electro-magnetic field which is
emitted from the end face of the proximity sensor.
Inductive Proximity Sensors are characterized by the following properties:

all materials with good electric conductive are recognized by inductive

proximity sensors.
Their function is confined to neither magnetisable materials or metals; they also
recognize graphite. for example,
objects can be detected either moving or stationary.
objects with large surface areas are recognized more readily than objects
which are small compared to the sensor area (e.g. metals).
they are chiefly used as digital sensors.
 TYPES OF PROXIMITY SWITCH

CAPACITIVE PROXIMITY SENSORS

An capacitive proximity sensor measures the change in capacitance in the

electrical field of a capacitor caused by the approach of an object. The
proximity sensor consist of an ohmic resistor, a capacitor ( RC oscillating
circuit) and an electronic circuit.
An electrostatic field is built up in the space between active electrode and earth
electrode. If an object is then introduced into this stray field, the capacitance of
the capacitor increases, thus detecting not only highly conductive materials but
also all insulators which possess a high dielectric constant. For example, materials
such as plastics. glass. ceramic, liquids and woods.
 TYPES OF PROXIMITY SWITCH

THROUGH-BEAM SENSORS

The through-beam sensor consist of spatially seperated transmitter and

receiver units. The components are mounted in such a way that the
transmitter is aimed directly at the receiver. If the light beam is interrupted,
the contacts open or close.
 TYPES OF PROXIMITY SWITCH

RETRO-REFLECTIVE SENSORS

In retro-reflective sensor, the transmitter and the receiver are mounted side
by side in a common housing. For correct function of these sensors, a
reflector must be mounted in such a way that the light beam emitted by the
transmitter is more or less totally reflected onto the receiver, interruption of
the light beam causes the sensor to switch.
 TYPES OF PROXIMITY SWITCH

DIFFUSE SENSORS

The transmitter and receiver of the diffuse of the sensor are mounted in
similar way to that of the retro-reflective sensor. If the transmitter is aimed at
a reflecting object, the reflected light is absorbed by the receiverand a
switching signal is generated. The greater the reflection properties of the
object in question, the more reliably the object can be detected .
 RELAY
&
SOLENOIDS
RELAY
A relay is an Electromagnetically actuated
switches. They consists housing with
electromagnetand movable contacts.
Electromagnetic field is created when a voltage is
applied to the coil of electromagnet. This results
in attraction of movable armature to the coil
core. The armature actuates the contact
assymble. This contact assymble can be open or
close a specific number of contacts by
mechanical means.
 1. LATCHING RELAY
2. INDUCTION TYPE
RELAY
TYPES OF 3. MERCURY-WETTED

RELAY 4.
RELAY
REED RELAY
5. SOLID-STATE RELAY
 LATCHING
RELAY
A latching relay is a two-position
electrically-actuated switch. It maintains
either contact position indefinitely
without power applied to the coil. It is
controlled by two momentary-acting
switches or sensors, one that 'sets' the
relay, and the other 'resets' the relay.
Latching relay
INDUCTION TYPE
RELAY
• An induction-type relay is a split-
phase induction motor with
contacts. Actuating force is.
developed in a movable element,
that may be a disc or other form of
rotor of non-magnetic. current-
conducting material, by the
interaction of electromagnetic fluxes
with eddy.
INDUCTION TYPE RELAY
•INDUCTION DISK RELAY
* The induction disc relay operates
on the principle of electromagnetic
induction similar to an induction
motor. The torque produced in these
relays is by the interaction of
alternating flux with one of the
magnets and eddy currents induced
in the rotor (disc) with the other
alternating flux.
TWO TYPES OF DISC RELAY
 INDUCTION TYPE RELAY
•INDUCTION CUP RELAY
•The stationary iron core acts as a
stator which consists of two, four,
or more poles. Nowadays it is
constructed for 4 or more poles.
The hollow cylindrical cup acts as
a rotor similar to a disc in the other
two relays. It is free to rotate in the
air gap between electromagnets
and stationary iron core.
MERCURY-WETTED
RELAY
•A mercury relay is a relay that
uses mercury as the switching
element. They are used as high-
current switches or contactors,
where contact erosion from
constant cycling would be a
problem for conventional relay
contacts.
 REED RELAY
•Reed relays contain a reed
switch, a coil for creating a
magnetic field, an optional diode
for handling back EMF from the
coil, a package and a method of
connecting the reed switch and
the coil to the outside of the
package. The reed switch is a
simple device and relatively low
cost to manufacture.
 SOLID-STATE RELAY
• A solid state relay (SSR) is an
electronic switching device that
switches on or off when an external
voltage (AC or DC) is applied across
its control terminals. They serve the
same function as an
electromechanical relay, but solid-
state electronics contain no moving
parts and have a longer operational
lifetime.
SOLENIODS
 What is soleniods?

A solenoid is a type of electromagnet formed by a helical coil of wire

whose length is substantially greater than its diameter, which generates a
controlled magnetic field. The coil can produce a uniform magnetic field in
a volume of space when an electric current is passed through it.
TYPES OF SOLENOIDS
1. AC LAMINATED SOLENOID
2. DC - C FRAMED SOLENOID
3. DC - D FRAMED SOLENOID
4. LINEAR SOLENOID
5. ROTARY SOLENOID
 TYPES OF SOLENOIDS
1. AC LAMINATED SOLENOID

The AC-laminated solenoid is

known for the amount of force that
can occur in its first stroke. The AC-
laminated solenoid features a metal
core and a coil of wire. The core of
the solenoid is made with a
laminated metal to reduce the stray
current.
 TYPES OF SOLENOIDS
2.DC - C FRAMED SOLENOID

The DC C-Frame solenoid has

one frame in C-shape covered
around the coil. The DC C-
frame solenoid is said to be
DC configuration and can be
used in equipment designed
for AC power.
 TYPES OF SOLENOIDS
3. DC - D FRAMED SOLENOID

DC-D frame solenoid is a two-piece

frame covering the coil. It has a
controlled stroke operation and can
be used with AC power too.
 TYPES OF SOLENOIDS
4. LINEAR SOLENOID

Linear solenoid features a coil of wire

wrapped around movable metalcore. It
aids in applying pulling or pushing force
to a mechanical device. The linear
solenoid is used in starting devices. This
mechanism aids in completing a circuit
and letting current flow through.
 TYPES OF SOLENOIDS
5. ROTARY SOLENOID

The rotary solenoid is used in the

automatic control process. This
solenoid also features a coil and a
core, but it has a different
operation.
References:
https://www.codrey.com/electrical/types-of-relays-and-their applications/#google_vignette
https://www.meanwelldirect.co.uk/glossary/what-is-load-regulation/
https://youtu.be/CjiaPfmk2rE?si=1YsTxrpHchoma-L0
https://youtu.be/NzHa_naZdXg?si=6EhqoTjzHcjDd1K-
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https://www.scribd.com/document/354253062/Half-Wave-and-Full-Wave-Rectifier
https://byjus.com/physics/solenoids
https://www.doubtnut.com/qna/647332378
https://www.studypool.com/documents/5280857/power-supply-problem-solving
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