STUDY AND THINKING SKILLS

(ENGLISH PLUS)

Compilation of Reports (Group 4)

GRAMMAR REVIEW
➢ 8 PARTS OF SPEECH
Prepared By: Romil P. Alibanto

1. NOUN
A noun is a word for a person, place, thing, or idea. Nouns are often used with an article (the, a
an), but not always start with a capital letter; common nouns do not.
Ex: PERSON: Man, Woman, Teacher
PLACE: Home, Office, Town
THING: Table, Car, Banana, Money, Music, etc.
2. PRONOUN
A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun. A pronoun is usually substituted for a specific noun,
which is called its antecedent.
Example: He, She, they, yours, himself, herself, me, we, ourselves, who, whom, my, that, etc.
3. VERB
The verb is a sentence, expresses action or being. There is a main verb and sometimes one or more
helping verbs.
Ex: Run, dance, slide, jump, think, eat, walk, do, go, stand, write, draw, paint, etc.
4. ADJECTIVE
An adjective is a word to modify or describe a noun or a pronoun. It usually answers the question
of which one, what kind or how many.
Example: Charming, cruel, fantastic, gentle, huge, perfect, pretty, rough, sharp, ugly, short, long, etc.

Prepared By: Joana Rose B. Marbella

5. Adverb
➢ Adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, providing more information
about manner, time, place, frequency, or degree.
❖ Manner Adverbs- Describe how something is done.
Example: "She sings beautifully." (The adverb "beautifully" modifies the verb "sings" and
describes the manner of singing.)
❖ Time Adverbs-Describe when something happens.
Example: "We're going to the movies tomorrow." (The adverb "tomorrow" modifies the verb
"going" and describes the time of the action.)
 ❖ Place Adverbs-Describe where something happens.
Example: "The party is here." (The adverb "here" modifies the verb "is" and describes the location of
the party.)
❖ Frequency Adverbs-Describe how often something happens.
Example: "I often visit my family." (The adverb "often" modifies the verb "visit" and describes the
frequency of the action.)
6. Preposition
➢ Prepositions are words that show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a
sentence, often indicating location, direction, or time.
❖ Words of location- Describe the location of something.
Example: "The book is on the table." (The preposition "on" shows the relationship between the book
and the table.)
❖ Words of direction- Describe the direction of movement.
Example: "We're going to the park." (The preposition "to" shows the direction of movement.)
7. Conjunction
➢ Conjunctions are words that connect words, phrases, or clauses in a sentence.
❖ Coordinating Conjunctions- Connect equal elements.
Example: "I like reading books, and I also like writing." (The coordinating conjunction "and"
connects two independent clauses.)
❖ Subordinating Conjunctions- Connect a dependent clause to an independent clause.
Example: "I'm tired because I didn't sleep well." (The subordinating conjunction "because" connects
the dependent clause "I didn't sleep well" to the independent clause "I'm tired.")
8. Interjection
➢ Interjections are words that express emotion or feeling.
Example: "Wow, that's amazing!" (The interjection "wow" expresses surprise and admiration.)

COMPOSITION REVIEW
➢ SENTENCE STRUCTURES
Prepared by: Criselle Ann Hermida

• REVIEW: SENTENCE STRUCTURES

•Sentence structure refers to how a sentence is built using different combinations of independent and
dependent clauses. (The Independent Clause are the sentences that can stand alone or has complete thought
while the Dependent Clause are phrases that can’t stand alone)
•The 4 Types of Sentence Structure
Simple sentence – Contains one independent clause.

Compound sentence – Contains two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction
(e.g.,FANBOYS).

Complex sentence – Contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause (e.g., starting with
when, because, although, if).

Compound-complex sentence – Contains two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent
clause

• REVIEW: WHAT IS NARRATIVE WRITING?

→ Narrative writing is a style of writing that tells a story. (It includes characters, a setting, a plot (with a
beginning, middle, and end), and often a conflict and resolution.) The goal is to engage the reader by sharing
an experience or event, either real or fictional. Think of it like storytelling on paper.
-Example of a Narrative Paragraph

→ The rain poured steadily. I ran through the alley, and my shoes splashed loudly in the puddles. Although
I was soaked to the bone, I didn’t stop running. I knew someone was following me, and even though my
legs ached, I forced myself forward.

Sentence-by-Sentence Structure Analysis

1. "The rain poured steadily."

o Type: Simple sentence
o Structure: One independent clause
o Explanation: Subject = The rain, Verb = poured
2. "I ran through the alley, and my shoes splashed loudly in the puddles."
o Type: Compound sentence
o Structure: Two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (and)
o Explanation:
▪ Clause 1: I ran through the alley
▪ Clause 2: My shoes splashed loudly in the puddles
3. "Although I was soaked to the bone, I didn’t stop running."
o Type: Complex sentence
o Structure: One dependent clause + one independent clause
o Explanation:
▪ Dependent clause: Although I was soaked to the bone
▪ Independent clause: I didn’t stop running
4. "I knew someone was following me, and even though my legs ached, I forced myself forward."
o Type: Compound-complex sentence
o Structure: Two independent clauses and one dependent clause
o Explanation: Independent clause 2: (I knew someone was following me) (I forced myself
forward) Dependent 1: even though my legs ached
 Prepared By: Ashley Oserin

Descriptive Paragraph- gives details about a person, place ,thing or idea.

EXAMPLE OF DESCRIPTIVE PARAGRAPH
The forest was alive with the sounds of nature. Birds sang from the treetops, and squirrels darted
playfully among the branches. As I walked deeper into the woods, the sunlight filtered through the
leaves, creating a dappled pattern on the forest floor. I paused to listen, captivated by the symphony of
rustling leaves and distant animal calls. Although I had visited this forest many times, its beauty never
ceased to amaze me, and each visit felt like a new adventure.

Sentence-by-Sentence Structure Analysis

Simple Sentence: "The forest was alive with the sounds of nature."
Compound Sentence: "Birds sang from the treetops, and squirrels darted playfully among the
branches."
Complex Sentence: "As I walked deeper into the woods, the sunlight filtered through the leaves,
creating a dappled pattern on the forest floor."
Compound-Complex Sentence: "Although I had visited this forest many times, its beauty never
ceased to amaze me, and each visit felt like a new adventure.

Prepared by: Kyra Mae Natividad

• EXPOSITORY PARAGRAPH – A type of writing that aims to explain, describe, or inform the reader
about a specific topic. It provides information, facts, and details to help the reader understand the subject
clearly and concisely.
• EXAMPLE OF EXPOSITORY PARAGRAPH
“The city of Tokyo is a fascinating place to visit. The city’s rich history and culture are reflected in its many
museums and historical landmarks, and its vibrant atmosphere is perfect for shopping and dining. Because
Tokyo is a city of contrasts, visitors can experience both traditional and modern Japan in one place. The
city’s famous Tsukiji Fish Market is a must-visit destination for sushi lovers, and while it can be crowded,
the experience is worth it. Although Tokyo is a busy city, it is also a city of tranquility, with many parks
and gardens that offer a peaceful escape from the hustle and bustle.”

Sentence-by-Sentence Structure Analysis

1. “The city of Tokyo is a fascinating place to visit.”- Sentence structure: Simple sentence
2. “The city’s rich history and culture are reflected in its many museums and historical landmarks, and its
vibrant atmosphere is perfect for shopping and dining.”
- Independent clause: “The city’s rich history and culture are reflected in its many museums and historical
landmarks” “its vibrant atmosphere is perfect for shopping and dining”
- Sentence structure: Compound sentence
3. “Because Tokyo is a city of contrasts, visitors can experience both traditional and modern Japan in one
place.”
- Dependent clause: “Because Tokyo is a city of contrasts” (subordinating conjunction)
- Independent clause: “visitors can experience both traditional and modern Japan in one place” - Sentence
structure: Complex sentence
4. “The city’s famous Tsukiji Fish Market is a must-visit destination for sushi lovers, and while it can be
crowded, the experience is worth it.”
- Independent clause: “The city’s famous Tsukiji Fish Market is a must-visit destination for sushi lovers”
- Dependent clause: “while it can be crowded” (subordinating conjunction)
- Independent clause: “the experience is worth it”
- Sentence structure: Compound-complex sentence

Prepared By: Loren Robeso

Argumentative Paragraph
- A group of sentences that present claim or opinion and support it with reasons and evidence to
convince the reader.
EXAMPLE 1:
Vote buying is a serious problem that undermines democracy. When candidates use money to buy
votes, they are essentially bribing people to choose them, not because they believe in their policies or
leadership, but because of the financial incentive. This practice creates a system where the wealthy
have an unfair advantage, and it corrupts the very foundation of a fair and just election. We, as voters,
hold the power to choose our leaders, and that power should not be swayed by money. We must be
mindful of our voting choices and remember that our freedom to choose is precious and cannot be
bought.

Sentence-by-Sentence Structure Analysis

1.“Vote buying is a serious problem that undermines democracy.”

-Simple Sentence
2.“When candidates use money to buy votes, they are essentially bribing people to choose them, not because
they believe in their policies or leadership, but because of the financial incentive.”
- Complex Sentence-Dependent clause: “When candidates use money to buy votes “(subordinate
clause introducing the sentence).
Independent clause: “They are essentially bribing people to choose them.”
Dependent clauses: “Not because they believe in their policies or leadership”
 Independent Clause: “but because of the financial incentive.”
3.“This practice creates a system where the wealthy have an unfair advantage, and it corrupts the very
foundation of a fair and just election.”
- Compound Sentence
It has two independent clauses joined by coordinating conjunction.
4.“We, as voters, hold the power to choose our leaders, and that power should not be swayed by
money.”
- Compound Sentence
It also has two independent clauses joined by “and,” making it a compound sentence.
5.“We must be mindful of our voting choices and remember that our freedom to choose is precious and
cannot be bought.”
- Complex Sentence
Since it has one independent clause and one dependent clause, it is a complex sentence.

REVISING AND EDITING WRITTEN TASKS

➢ HOW DO I REVISE? DEADWOOD EXPRESSION
Prepared By: Jean Albaytar

REVISING- is the process of reviewing and making changes to a piece of writing to improve itsclarity,
coherence, and overall quality. This can include: Content Changes,Clarity,Structure, and Grammar and
Style.The goal of revising is to create a more polished and effective final product.
Steps on revising
- Add (adding details, examples, or elaborations)
Example:
- I love to eat cake ( I love to eat cake because it is soft and fluffy)
- Remove (eliminating unnecessary words, phrases, or sections)
- going to the movies is a fantastic activity and so fun ( going to the movies is a fantasticactivity)
- Move (rearranging sentences or paragraphs for better flow and coherence)
- she served sandwiches to the children on paper plates ( she served sandwiches on paperplates to the
children)
- Substitute (replacing weak words or phrases with stronger, more precise alternatives)
- he was so happy when he won on the spelling bee ( he was elated when he won the spellingbee)
Example: The dog ran quickly to the park because it was excited.
1. Add
- Revised: The enthusiastic dog ran quickly to the park, wagging its tail in excitement.
2. Remove
- Revised: The excited dog dashed to the park, wagging its tail.
3. Move
- Revised: Wagging its tail, the excited dog dashed to the park.
4. Substitute
- Final Revision: The exuberant dog dashed to the park, tail wagging with joy.
Final Sentence
"The exuberant dog dashed to the park, tail wagging with joy."

EDITING-involves making changes to written, visual, or audiovisual material to prepare it for

publicationor display.
Steps to Edit a Revised Writing Task
1. Read the Entire Text
- Get an overview of the content to understand the main ideas and structure.
2. Check for Clarity and Coherence
- Ensure that ideas flow logically and that each paragraph transitions smoothly to the next.
3. Review Grammar and Punctuation
- Look for grammatical errors, punctuation mistakes, and sentence structure issues.
4. Verify Adherence to Guidelines
- Ensure that the writing meets all assignment requirements, such as word count, formatting,and specific
prompts.
5. Enhance Word Choice and Style
- Replace vague or repetitive words with more precise language and vary sentence structure
for better engagement.
6. Seek Feedback
- If possible, have someone else review the revised task for additional insights.
7. Final Read-Through
- Do a last read to catch any lingering errors or awkward phrasing before submission.
Prepared By: Jeric San Juan

TIPS ON REVISING A shortcut in the task of revising is to ask a classmate to read your draft and to
comment on it. Your teacher may ask you to pair off with a classmate and read each other’s work to
improve them.

Checklist for Revising The checklist below, based on completeness, coherence and clarity, will point you
to most areas of your draft that have to be revised.

Completeness

• Does the introduction indicate the specific topic and make a commitment?

• Does the introduction interest the reader in the subject?

• Does the writing meet the introduction’s commitment?

• Does the writing answer the research questions?

• Does the writing answer the working hypothesis?

• Are generalizations and abstractions illustrated with concrete and specific detail?

• Do all the paragraphs relate to the topic and comment on that topic?

• Is the purpose met?

Coherence:

• Does the title reflect the topic and engage the reader?

• Do paragraphs have a topic sentence?

• Are all sentences in the paragraph about that paragraph’s topic?

• When the focus shifts from one aspect of the subject to another, does a new paragraph begin?

• When the focus shifts, does the writer use transitional words (e.g., likewise, similarly, however ,
although, nevertheless, either, on the other hand, moreover, in addition, because, consequently, next?

• Does the writer link paragraphs through transitional devices (i.e. repeating key words and/or phrases,
following organizational patterns like process, cause effect, comparison, contrast)?

• Ace the syllogisms both valid and true? If the writing uses inductive logic, is there enough evidence to
support the conclusion?

• Does the writing reach conclusions based on sufficient examples or experiences?

• Does the writing avoid false arguments

• Does the writing avoid causal reasoning errors?

• Does the writing avoid analogy or definition errors?

• Does the writing avoid substituting prejudice and emotions for reason and argument?

Clarity:

• Do sentences have concrete subjects?

• Do I use “T” rather than “one” when I am the subject?

• Where possible, do action verbs replace forms of “to be”?

• Does writing use active rather than passive verbs?

• Does the writing avoid excessive use of expletives (e.g. It is and these are…?

• Does the writing avoid overusing words such as quite and very

• Does the writing avoid clichés (words frequently heard or seen in print)?

• Does the writing avoid specialized language inappropriate to the audience or subject

• Are sentences overloaded with prepositional phrases As mentioned previously, editing aims to ensure
correctness. Therefore, it demands a more meticulous form of going over the draft. Many experts suggest
reading the draft with the use of a pencil to point at each individual word to really comb through for errors
in correctness. The following guidelines for editing suggest what areas of the draft need a closer scrutiny.
• Minimal use of passive voice

• Use of specific details

• Consistency of verb tense

• Minimal use of forms of “to be”

• Varied sentence structure, length

• Diction or word choice: clear, effective, and concise

• Grammar: pronoun-antecedent agreement, subjects verb agreement, sentence fragments/run-ons

• Spelling

• Punctuation: comma splices, quotations, title

Prepared By: Kim Andrey Sera Jose

PROOFREADING SYMBOLS

wf Wrong font.

X Blurred or broken letter. Clean or replace.

ital Reset in italic type the matter indicated.

bf Reset in bold face type, word or words indicated.

≡ Replace with a capital the letter indicated.

lc Set in lower case type.
sc Use small capitals instead of the type now used.

Take out letter, letters, or words indicated.

# Insert space where indicated.
^ Insert letter as indicated.
. Insert period where indicated.
^, Insert comma where indicated.
… Let it stand, Disregard all marks above the dots.
‘ Insert apostrophe where indicated.
/-/ Insert hypen where indicated.
?/ Insert question mark where indicated.
Insert em dash, implying break in continuity.
Insert en dash,implying the word “to”.

“” Enclose in quotation marks as indicated.

Spell out Spell out all words marked with a circle.
Out see copy Used when words left out are to be set from copy and inserted.

Draw the word together.

Transpose letters or words as indicated.

?
Query to author, Encircle in red.

Start a new paragraph as indicated.

 no Should not be a separate paragraph. Run in.
= Out of alignment. Straighten.
Indent 1 em.
Indent 2 ems.
Indent 3 ems.
eq # Equalize spacing.
I Push down space which showing up

Prepared By: Cecil Nevarez

Shift in Subject

• Which means unexpectedly changing the main subject of a sentence.

Example:
Inconsistent: The cat sat on the mat, and you should pet it. (Shift from “cat” to “you”)
Revised: The cat sat on the mat, and someone should pet it. (Consistent third person) or
Revised: Pet the cat; it is sitting on the mat. (Consistent second person if speaking directly to someone)
Shift in Voice

• It’s about whether the subject of a sentence does the action (active voice) or has the action done to
it (passive voice).
• Active Voice: The subject performs the action.
• Passive Voice: The subject receives the action.
Example:
Inconsistent: The cake was baked by John, and he ate it immediately. (Passive then active)
Revised: John baked the cake and ate it immediately. (Both active)
Shift in Tense of Verbs

• It means changing verb tenses (past, present, future) unnecessarily within a single sentence.
• The rule is: Stick to one tense unless you have a good reason to change.
Example:
Inconsistent: Yesterday, I went to the store, and I will buy milk. (Past then future)
Revised: Yesterday, I went to the store and bought milk. (Both past) or
Revised: Today, I am going to the store and will buy milk. (Both future/present)
Shift in Person

• It refers to the grammatical person used in a sentence:

➢ First Person: I, me, we, us, my, mine, our, ours (the speaker)
➢ Second Person: You, your, yours (the person being spoken to)
➢ Third Person: He, him, she, her, it, they, them, his, hers, its, their, theirs (the person or thing being
spoken about)
Example:
Inconsistent: When you go to the park, I like to play frisbee. (Second person then first person)
Revised: When one goes to the park, one likes to play frisbee. (Consistent third person) or
Revised: When you go to the park, you like to play frisbee. (Consistent second person)
Shift in Number

• It focuses on making sure singular words agree with singular pronouns, and plural words agree
with plural pronouns.
Examples:
Inconsistent: The dog chased its ball, and they brought it back. (Singular subject “dog” then plural pronoun
“they”)
Revised: The dog chased its ball and brought it back. (Consistent singular)or
Revised: The dogs chased their balls and brought them back. (Consistent plural)

Prepared By: Shimei Ella Mauhay

DEADWOOD EXPRESSIONS You can compare writing with deadwood expressions with having too
much clutter on your table. You need the space on the table so the wisest thing to do is to throw away all
the things that you do not have any use for. Sentences with deadwood expressions are much better off
without these expressions at all. Deadwood expressions contribute nothing to the meaning of the sentence.
Worse, they just make the sentence unnecessarily longer and confusing.
Deadwood expressions also appear in certain sentences as pompous extenders in an attempt to sound more
authoritative. They usually serve as introductory phrases. But actually, they are meaningless

Why Eliminate Deadwood?

• Clarity: Deadwood obscures the main message of your writing. By removing it, you make your writing
clearer and easier to understand.
• Conciseness: Deadwood makes your writing longer and more tedious to read. Removing it makes your
writing more concise and impactful.
• Professionalism: Deadwood can make your writing sound amateurish. Removing it shows that you are
a clear and polished writer. How to Identify and Eliminate Deadwood:
• Read your writing aloud: This will help you identify awkward phrasing or unnecessary words.
• Ask yourself: "Does this word or phrase add anything to the meaning?" If the answer is no, then it's
deadwood.
By eliminating deadwood, you can make your writing clearer, more concise, and more impactful

❖ GROUP 4 DISCUSSANTS

GRAMMAR REVIEW
➢ PARTS OF SPEECH
1.Romil Alibanto
2.Joana Rose Marbella
COMPOSITION REVIEW
➢ SENTENCE STRUCTURES
1.Criselle Ann Hermida (Narrative Paragraph)
2.Ashley Oserin (Descriptive Paragraph)
3.Kyra Natividad (Expository Paragraph
4.Loren Robeso (Argumentative Paragraph)
REVISING AND EDITING WRITTEN TASKS
➢ HOW DO I REVISE? DEADWOOD EXPRESSION
1.Jean Albaytar (Revising And Editing)
2. KimAndrey Sera Jose (Proofreading)
3. Jeric San Juan (Tips On Revising)
4.Cecil Nevarez (Shifts In Subject, Voice, Tense ofVerbs, Person, and Number)
5.Shimei Ella Mauhay (Deadwood)