oe Communication System “, Ditee ./ / OveD vs transducer Rx Reciever ‘Transducer whip tt nok eta’ Aviqkgi freq . iz ey, Demo, on dormain] a ; ae thon citwe ; RM = Amplitude Medulatig, ; : 3 ; z UIAtio, : ia q i A 5 i Dla. Raves’ tan be SSB — Singtel beng : Teprelsanted by DSB — Double S42 Lang 7 i i ie ‘fh System : n_fFroq domain 7 = = cee . un go many Hgnath i Sie er $ bi Meee : oT S «bee i Z sor -Sain_s to Te pratented ap kava ; x . = Sampling, y fi , y Slb) > Yle) ‘evan tizatio 12 x (ey i : Enco 9 [transmitter] — & v ~ - a Converts Broad, dvlati Se ia Ta Sig Dernodotaien “ Tigh ate v = high signal Foch ew “the help basically sin) apn Eo aha tp ed 3S oy _earriat Tends tow signal woth one origina Sidnaiee to} frome ssi bag T ate Ue wy, EERE: a. wong eee) "ah feta aries BEM er i oa ’ poss fin oq Neavlation Sop MEN, SSB) a i Sch emnes ps8 ios = can edging = wreak | ‘ Pespite medulation - | ‘ OS rho = = . VE also ‘55 ) carrier Signal; siqnals that we | pectarmas Bamptiti Cation : ting i i 2 8 eka, oy Wousaf woehannel£ € &€ ei G => | amplitude modulation E > | firce eype Of anaiog modulation 2 Yow ffeq signal when combined W carrier signal K See a Oe E ._fibte € 4 x U we iS used Yow al ~ Kt UNot vite freq cosriar envelope 5 envelope’ . noe wiire Woes) signa Yred lak vy has both, zl “Ee ® i me . sate $r2q tien ot index 5 Teste © cartier fighal rmodvla 4 = ki ‘an ba travened aot over long R Channel: aN = 2 |in wire y there is LoS propegation (line of sight) b t Prop ——— 9) \ <——— a —tine. less _tne( '00 y Emay- Emin 1 > No distortion Emax + Emin > In wireless RE communi Cation EM Wave. > Spead in oxery direction \ ( Me HE ove usvan NUE > satetitey { itt te) aaee ON i — ) oo glo nes Sqnal has amp | valves! iginay) Digital Signal i finite 2 Cined homber) ‘Tt eas Modulator Envelop Constructive Mer ference : The two crests wo add Destructive At zero points or at troughs Crest 4] Eroughs ore equal Caneeiti> them sput Oy 1 Side the crest A krough | W be less than Crests the ofher Side B High ldvel __ [ \ Signialanha Sraacer bandwidt p ‘ . HIMo (Utiization ef Ba wT) Sika tae - s {even at i e 4 Why de we need modulation demod ne rac log Fu assianmohe eq y—Newo Reavetion Of noise | inbaterance wy Wide Lange Ho tkiplexi ng - f signal Bandwidth \mmitations of equipment | Eran tfor mat | Freq charactericties of antennas — Hino | \ Atmnpcpherre | cable properties f “ Yousaf |ouEpUE Catculations:/ Performance at Radio oe SNR: fower i Siqnal_ to noite ratio in ag feciever eo Modulation techniques Power Linearity = Time Seating time shifting frequency —_Shifbing time _differentiatio,, CHo = CHo y ae ¢ Samo ovtpue , Same input . No phase shift CohR erent { Nevo: NOHO = + Phase shift of (80° Non -cohéerent. AH (rae at Base bard} Carrier —Sigqriat Message 4% signal G amp J $ag6 frog, amp) after modulation we sbserve 3 things: Freq eamplivude © Pha ange Way In base band signal» L by 1 transmission rednsmi| of message 7 low bandwidth kting Possible in Los only" & thac 1s only ISK data Cn. wires) sitadoy YousayMo dulakion i$ enly When we have 2 Signals ; Carrier Date f{/ : Suppraged ay ae RE ant BR ——Tpovble side band | Cr Phase ——} m(t) = coms (we + o) ——F ae ¢ a4 F124 oS = m(t) = ¢os( wt + 4) > @ > (rcoswe+d) t | Tourier krant form ralt) = cos (wes 9) {cs carrier : + (ter fim) + freq : {teat 4 = = _ ™pssage req USB ASB use LSB fo Ferten— (fe- fen) koe fem = tha tm- (f+ tm] 2fm When output on inpuoe CE are ae Same the changec) Both the phate shitts Ao % 90° witt_form tho bide bands s \ i \ ‘Yousaftransmitter : Diy: anténne Deu f / 3 : Cj Rec tever - Artenna Tx —Par] For isotropic antenna — (doesnot exist Tm reanityy Pe Consider an antenna emitting x RE power Pe ; cia it intoeropic antenna ( prod oces Mout ip antenna “it Same aes as radiation in er ¥ W directions, Tevod dipove” of anything having » Ot P my ‘4 "pater density a TAMA ON More in Come BS Tot her—airectiore 2 tnereat od, Power density Will change (te will have antenna gain) density ts FEY Ge gain of wansmitter Power IS (UC oes in direction, 5. eS Ga oe : fe dliver ancenya! ‘Total Powel example, At YF roof you will See anantenra o Wire Cormecting it Eo your EV » & fe Ge ¥ Gr : ut 4ur* (i) = te |@t GY (unr ie “YousafPao ge ef i \ SS Fris Peo anR Te = Power at rectiving antenna - 2 w u transmitting ‘ou Equation! UNK equation ant ening Ge Ge = Gain ak transmitting & a sur Wavelength » i distance blw antennas levels on Basted “on reciever 2. Used for cateutating distance Noig antmitter Pt dike produced buy ani Makeinna__qdir, noise added by antenna for _troe space to the main Siqnat Une ok tigine— Factors that add norse: Hinks * Radiation * Heat From sun * Antenna itsel ConstantTay, PWevik has, reciever Eo which odds Dae: / / Noise so it_adds noite too o> voise camp OF Tsys = Ta +TR &eciever to Noire ral SNR | : Ratio of siqnat £o noise | \ s Suppose UV Wave a signal tre trantimiceed Antenna tnrough. On antenna bue the system ty + J « : iu to no i adds this noise | te the ire O ta | ; | t System becomes | . [Jt \ a i low pass Tar [Weledurdl sical we ean ure fuleere | oe ‘ar = _'0 log (signal } ae ie To tind SNR we wee o a | ” = $ P noise 2 — 2 = AS calevlated = Pr = Pegt Gr Rox 1 5 Cees kTsgt B (MTR )> Toys ie =A YousafTae.) / NCO -> Voitage Conerot Oscillator ' : | Controned —> VCO —» Frequency N t rr iI Tee Woo give DC Vy fixed V& 4et controned F | | oP pty Wo frequency domain % | \| Cirevit_in which the oscillations | frequency is convroneh by Using —Varravie _recistor [capacitor or Variable tomes ings + we | OA cirevit 3 avin | 3 a RE ; | a iss called Oseindtion | | 1. Resonant of Oscillators a Tank S 3 harmonic | Non harmonic : . periodic Telaxation "s pe1 u ab i pe beh Sinusoidal Capacitor ‘pertorms ' charging fas A, | v \ Square, ECiangu lay | Sawtooth ~~ | ‘Yousaf Noked ain FM they (veos Dat: / / to Aamo, When we move from mod : used are “amr ke (ult).dt- Whenever OScillation wee] peak: Produced \ egy = ankeqcakoe _ theyit be g care signal cos Lam Ger Ur KE Svte) ar) Porai80" Fl+ fm _ Usy a a © - 40° HE = Gua —.se\ iho Formuta tor = A cos ance t st li nas ) Coal = ww pias freq modulation = IT Urentey =f Bl | ir amplitudeSL 2 800 (BR 7_/ frequency modulation FM e| Wo signats te, message & Cartier - 2 Changes in carriage signal is due Fo message sigray variations ; | F wz ; : Manges] Message siqnat = w(t) ‘ + fad Carrier Signa = ¢(t) = Arcos (amfer + @) | FM > m(t) + cosluts do) | Waiot : “s cos(amf,t +4) A). s constant wy Contant value ; 7 iA four i m(t) s 2mKe + Cos (2nfct + O) Eransform IN v we qo w awks (mide + ¢(t) fror-—derivat | S fovrier - Se a Deeage ase o oe wwe orapiiion i we rae = ae multiply A astares 0 1 mes 2 i we divid wt { - A_A~_] st — "a1 + Geer is || 3 we sd eae : Meee | 3: tn t- Apmain Sv hae ; me $509e . & &- domain fewall paras imcd(e Ness keg _= 1S MHz q ae _ Lory {Rf 1S A ; Sin te 5 = fommvnic ation > . Syste | Component; re ofe & WRF ayer (in aM we Sy are yneg lok = ort Nad derivative p= | we take i 2 mmecgage ony 4 Signal ive. Integration oe Crone, eptrection the message Cigna | a ERE Carrier VC in the modote 2 i : igual Which s adds noise too) we waiter ene megcage or z Signal altering ity fraq wa t pandwidth= eee AML EM digital Metho. Dy, °C Baivar, Date: / A si grat . } FDM : Message signal & Carrie’ signat , u Mettipterer basically FE ! Selective data wllection i t a ttt 1a =a_|Singte HAbIpLe “tmmage ew i Nuttipte : a mq = Sonstructi ve a Destructive Sranats i Weer fer -€ ker erence H InEer Feten Cartier B 5 . vig? ree Nowe ao, we 5 Send 0.5, a 5 ast be ' a whe etfect § gee : On cortier Hear, poet | Siqnat Power cig. =. 7 Tit means = : itters to Fook place if =xt) Ge) Kale) \f we hove to fitter in an x0) Low pass bw 45 and 5 tf we » have to fitter wpe) and 3 Ce) a, Le) high pass bw 45 and 5 Low pass ba 105 and ewe nave to filtec y(t) and wl) ate) high ass blw oS ana a 1E€ we wank My & ussafer than Analog Time division fre quences aivision pracse division Zz Sychronization) tanec place Cewular System WFD i >— 4 HH ———] a BTS. Voice to Hove toner, Souree) ay basicaly DIQiEAT— Foy ok Tange of transmission ADC q Sourte Which vtIli ze eponds lon _ these . °| Energy toss 2 | Power toss ei snr a { 5 7 + | Bandwideht Step size a aie a & oe Ade Dew / / Scep-size Rh CEPT EACY Analog Siqnat Wralog, : : satel z eo Digital aay] — [pransdveer]— ade.| — [dac |— | oveput ee throshot Step site - Veep = V may - Vin « abn 2h} A | T seep size 4, logces'T 4 Bandwidth less Utilize: eurpul| Stop size ¥ (pureianateg! signal), BY Adc sy o Sampting nearest Fare ToNe INT Far 7 @ Quantization —> Stop. cize —e—tncoder—— analcg i Z ae J i 1 wel _ mpi eet — La pct - [computor] Nuygoi be 1 L 4 aigital Theorems i — < = 3 ar {omeL ¥ I I pe sre ce os Bonntien tae . vec Sampling Quantization getona) Should z z - be Ewiee the Pease fample 4 is Qvantized \ Sy wanna — ° * “ fi econ sate ‘pooln 0001 at emis Js encoding for example’ Bw, => 28 + ti ; a - Se vi ie dake} 2 O.W ie Hees. cree (Cl eae = then Sameting ¥ Mating f Hefeeeeses va. oy face snould ewe iWip ment bie = @ °* foo |; legs Sampling: rate = 7 a double ENT eee mi Ai “Sanh, on cova rg 3 ateaca ae When U bAKe Campling antiaging a rate \esc than geop set eteurt—— ‘aconamended—oip<— i Siz x : Ny quist i ; se x quantiralousaf ewor Error gut to ro undinCommunication : ber electrical Siq 18 aliays In As "we 7 Can See a Sine wave Lane F Diy ; es < = i ; tf done in which form? : hnatog “ analo: ern. at the ovtput ar Gad Wren. we thooge a metnod Ehen we transfer | Digital data’ ahedd wy following ty pec 2 Signa lel i Digit Hoduiation Las yr Peal Anqviar Phate thift occurs => AC bes " . A 7 ee vey Only 2 BIT daw Wee, binary “phate shite Key : une re Orig’ Seonseination dingram: 2 Wi_shigeing ig Ayo Known - oO & Ito ay verter ———_—_ ~~ siagcarn O° with bo ! | and io" : } er a vere Speed nas 7, Capactey Nt af o ORK BES ae ; + nee Quadrature. Phase Shige key ace? : eee _ 2 biky NL bES eg Sy wtts % Araw 1. diagram a i . First Hen p ; SAT oe : ; HO. Oe E Aiagrar 3 atten g We can . & . Qvadrauure MO ; oO pares pure pn” 1Sars min x ZQese eet ee RB vies “data” le 4 6 bees data al t Daea rare * CDM: : A Specific toaa iS Sent At reciever firce the User Ehen fends o vorieey — of code combinations YY any ef wepe code marches ther it iS senks ©O ene channel 7 fe , 0 f.—— DAC sion Digital to Anale conver sil ResowWtion telly vt how clove iw the oriqiWal™ —— = Now —+—wit ba —in— bite ie yp ai s 4 3 bit at - corr ioe 6 ws Binary —=—arentg agra tee Fou a nt (Sama as iS FH) (Some rs ¢ Phy wave Praw ia o= Oe aes yes Na Rare | —ere ence ie is ar CN iw Phase ane When . =— NO wave ato — Hore Waves ab} o Wave ae | uy Vi ye oer | T T niree N2Esq——— : = EDM 7 [____ walt’ple __eP— ayo. | ae tor rod ula tig py ey Power 2 rocker Power | > Tp = tee P 7 — Alternative: Ap Appareny Pp YER coc = ki th ig noe in a Cirevie) ; “ a x fp 2) op Ts VN: Ez > Tsy i 2: z =a— PRO Ke} * Xe somee A feet a + tease am Pp aoe € = = * | SNR = Siqnat aul ns | SNR AI = ore — ‘ = 7 : SNR 210 asGea 7 7 Ty SNR 5 In terms of Power : Sn@_ = fs x WwW AB SNR » to toq Ps Pn * In berms of Voltage pe ® Suey = Ve/ we ne a \n __ 4B = __Smigy 2 to tog ( Vs 5 ss) = 20 \eq( Ne tS) VN MG given in 4g Sp ttF- Date: / / 4 eS ter —] veal 4 o <= 7a pst ——Fe Mikes e om BPSK i oe id Esp We, "ton _ 1 bo sso _ band 1 - ANG N@stiqte Resist i £ + 2B, bg wee