Advanced Concrete

Technology Lab
Structural Engineering Department
 Advanced Concrete Technology Lab

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Determination of Normal Consistency, soundness and Setting Time of Cement.

2. Determination of Specific Gravity and Compressive Strength Test.
3. Sieve analysis of coarse and fine aggregates
4. Determination of Specific Gravity, water absorption and moisture content test of
Aggregates
5. Determination of Impact strength, Crushing value and Abrasion value of coarse
aggregates
6. Design of concrete mixes as per IS 10262: 2009
7. To determine the workability of fresh concrete by slump test.
8. To determine the compacting factor of fresh concrete.
9. Vee-Bee consistency test
10. To determine the compressive strength of concrete specimens.
11. To determine the split tensile strength of cylindrical concrete specimens.
12. To determine the flexural strength (modulus of rupture) of concrete.
13. To determine the filling ability of SCC by using Slump Cone and V Funnel
14. To determine the passing ability of SCC by using L Box and U Box
15. To determine the Segregation resistance by using V Funnel

_________________________

Value Added Experiments

__________________________

1. To determine the effect of fibers on properties of concrete i.e. workability and strength
2. To determine the effect of mineral admixture on properties of concrete i.e. workability
and strength
3. To determine the effect of chemical admixture on properties of concrete i.e. workability
and strength

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1 Course The course will create the understanding between theoretical

Objective concept of concrete and its properties. This course will also enhance
their skills for preparing various type of concrete as per Design
requirements.

2 Course CO1: Examine the properties of concrete materials and apply quality
Outcomes control measures.
CO2: To Design concrete mix proportion as per the requirements.
CO3: Correlate the theoretical knowledge with practical condition.
CO4: Understand the concept of fibres and admixtures in concrete.
And will learn their effect on properties of concrete.
CO5: Apply research study to Design self compacting concrete
CO6: Assess existing structures using NDT and design concrete as per the
site requirements.
3 Course Testing the various types of material and concrete, properties like
Description specific gravity, gradation, setting, impact, workability, and
strength. Self compacting concrete
4 Outline syllabus CO
Mapping
Unit 1 Practical related to Cement and aggregates
Exp 1- Determination of Normal Consistency, CO1
soundness and Setting Time of Cement.
Exp 2-. Determination of Specific Gravity and
Compressive Strength of cement
Exp 3- Sieve analysis of coarse and fine aggregates
Exp 4- Determination of Specific Gravity, water
absorption and moisture content test of Aggregates
Exp 5- Determination of Impact strength, Crushing
value and Abrasion value of coarse aggregates
Unit 2 Practical related to Design Mix and Fresh
concrete
Exp 6- Design of concrete mixes as per IS 10262: CO2
2009
Exp 7- To determine the workability of fresh concrete
by slump test.
Exp 8- To determine the compacting factor of fresh
concrete.
Exp 9- Vee-Bee consistency test
Unit 3 Practical related to Hardened concrete
Exp 10- To determine the compressive strength of CO3
concrete specimens.
Exp 11- To determine the split tensile strength of
cylindrical concrete specimens.

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Exp 12- To determine the flexural strength (modulus

of rupture) of concrete.
Unit 4 Practical related to Fibres, Mineral and chemical
admixture
Exp 13- To determine the effect of fibres on CO4
properties of concrete i.e. workability and strength
Exp 14- To determine the effect of mineral admixture
on properties of concrete i.e. workability and strength
Exp 15- To determine the effect of chemical
admixture on properties of concrete i.e. workability
and strength
Unit 5 Practical related to Self Compacting Concrete
Exp 16- To determine the filling ability of SCC by
using Slump Cone and V Funnel
Exp 17- To determine the passing ability of SCC by
CO5
using L Box and U Box
Exp 18- To determine the Segregation resistance by
using V Funnel

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NORMAL CONSISTENCY OF CEMENT

AIM: To determine the quantity of water required to produce a cement paste of standard
consistency.

APPARATUS:
 Vicat’s apparatus conforming to IS: 5513-1998
 Weighing Balance
 Gauging Trowel
 Stop Watch.

REFERENCE CODE:
 IS: 4031 (Pat 4) – 1988 methods of physical test for hydraulic cement
 IS : 5513-1996 for specification for Vicat’s apparatus.

THEORY:

The standard consistency of a cement paste is defined as that consistency which will permit
the Vicat plunger to penetrate to a point 5 to 7 mm from the bottom of the Vicat mould.
For finding out initial setting time, final setting time, soundness of cement and compressive
strength of cement, it is necessary to fix the quantity of water to be mixed in cement in
each case.

PROCEDURE:

1. Prepare a paste of weighed quantity of cement (300 grams) with a weighed quantity of
potable or distilled water, starting with 26% water of 300g of cement.

2. Take care that the time of gauging is not less than 3 minutes, not more than 5 minutes
and the gauging shall be completed before setting occurs.

3. The gauging time shall be counted from the time of adding the water to the dry cement
until commencing to fill the mould.

4. Fill the vicat mould with this paste, the mould resting upon a non porous plate.

5. After completely filling the mould, trim off the surface of the paste, making it in level with
the top of the mould. The mould may slightly be shaken to expel the air.

6. Place the test block with the mould, together with the non-porous resting plate, under the
rod bearing the plunger (10mm diameter), lower the plunger gently to touch the surface of
the test block and quickly release, allowing it to penetrate into the paste.

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7. Repeat the procedure with fresh paste varying the water percentage until the plunger
penetrates to a depth 5 to 7 mm from the bottom of the Vicat mould.

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:

Weight of Percentage by water of Amount of

Trail Penetration
cement dry Cement water added
No. (mm)
(gms) (%) (ml)

Fig: Vicat Apparatus

RESULT: Normal consistency for the given sample of cement is…………………..%

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SOUNDNESS OF CEMENT
AIM: To determine the soundness of the given sample of cement by Le-chatlier’s Method.

APPARATUS:
 Le-chatlier’s apparatus conforming to IS : 5514-1969
 Weighing Balance
 Water bath
 Measuring cylinder

REFERENCE CODE:
 IS : 4031 ( Part 3 ) – 1988 methods of physical test of hydraulic cement
 Part-3 determination of soundness

THEORY:
Once of the most important properties of cement is its soundness. Unsoundness in cement
is caused by expansion of some of the constituents like free lime produced in the
manufacturing process of cement. Another possible case of unsoundness is the presence of
too high a magnesia content in the cement and presence of excess of lime than that could
be combined with acidic oxide at kiln. It is also likely that too high a proportion of
magnesium content or calcium sulphate content may cause unsoundness in cement.
Soundness of cement may be determined by two methods, namely Le-Chatelier method
and autoclave method.

PROCEDURE:
1. Prepare a cement paste formed by gauging cement with 0.78 times water rag to give a
paste of standard consistency (IS: 4031 (Part 4)-1988). The gauging time should not be
less than 3 minutes nor greater than 5 min.
2. On the inner surface of mould. Place the mould on glass sheet & fill it with cement paste
taking care to keep the edges of the mould gently together cover the mould with another
piece of glass sheet & place a small weight on this Covering glass sheet & immediately
sulnnerage the whole assembly in water at a temp of 27 oc & keep it for 24 hrs.
3. Take out the assembly from water after 24 hrs measure the distance flow the indicator
points to the nearest 0.5 mm.
4. Submerge the mould again in water in 25 to 30 minutes.
5. Remove the mould from the water. Allow it to cool & measure the distance the
indicator points & record it. The difference b/w two measurements represent the same
expansion of cement.

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6. The sample should be tested & average of the results should be reported. This must not
exceed 10 mm for ordinary, rapid hardening and low heat Portland cements. If in case the
expansion is more than 10 mm as tested above, the cement is said to be unsound.

OBSERVATION:

Samples:
Distance between pointers before boiling (D1) in
mm
Distance between pointers after boiling (D2) in mm
Expansion of the cement = E1 = (D2- D1) in mm

Result:

Average expansion of the cement is obtained is ___________ mm.

Conclusions:

Average expansion of the cement as per Le- Chatelier test is less than/ more than 10 mm.
Therefore the given sample of cement is found to be sound/ unsound as per IS code.

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DETERMINATION OF SETTING TIMES OF CEMENT

AIM: To determine the initial and final setting time of a given sample of cement.
Reference: IS 4031 (Part-5):1988, IS 4031 (Part-4):1988

Apparatus: Vicat apparatus conforming to IS: 5513-1998; weighing balance; Gauging

trowel; measuring cylinder; stop watch.

THEORY: Initial set is a stage where the cement paste stiffens to such an extent that
the Vicat needle is not permitted to move down through the paste within 5 ± 0.5 mm
measured from the bottom of the mould. In other words, the cement paste starts losing its
plasticity. The time elapsed between the moments that the water is added to the cement to
the initial set is regarded as initial setting time. Any crack that may appear after initial set
may not re-unite. Final setting time is the time when the paste becomes so hard that the
annular attachment to the needle under standard weight only makes an impression on the
hardened cement paste.

In order that the concrete may be mixed, transported and placed in position
conveniently, it is necessary that the initial set of cement is not too quick. But after, it has
been laid; the hardening should be rapid so that the structure can be made use of as early
as possible. For an ordinary Portland cement, the initial setting time should not be less
than 30 minutes while the final setting time should not be more than 600 minutes.

Procedure:
1. Preparation of Test Block: - Prepare a neat 300 gms cement paste by gauging the
cement with 0.85 times the water required to give a paste of standard consistency.
Potable or distilled water shall be used in preparing the paste.
2. Start a stop-watch at the instant when water is added to the cement. Fill the Vicat mould
with a cement paste gauged as above and the mould resting on a nonporous plate. Fill
the mould completely and smooth off the surface of the paste making it level with the
top of the mould.
3. Immediately after moulding, place the test block in the moist closet or moist room and
allow it to remain there except when determinations of time of setting are being made.
4. Determination of Initial Setting Time: - Place the test block confined in the mould and
resting on the non-porous plate, under the rod bearing the needle lower the needle
gently until it comes in contact with the surface of the test block and quickly release,
allowing it to penetrate into the test block
5. Repeat this procedure until the needle, when brought in contact with the test block and
released as described above, fails to pierce the block beyond 5.0 ± 0.5 mm measured
from the bottom of the mould shall be the initial setting time.
Determination of Final Setting Time: -

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1. Replace the needle of the Vicat apparatus by the needle with an annular attachment.
2. The cement shall be considered as finally set when, upon applying the needle gently to
the surface of the test block, the needle makes an impression there on, while the
attachment fails to do so.
3. The period elapsing between the time when water is added to the cement and the time
at which the needle makes an impression on the surface of test block while the
attachment fails to do so shall be the final setting time.
OBSERVATION:

Sl. Setting Time Penetration

No. (min) (mm)

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RESULT:

1. The initial setting time of the cement sample is found to be..............minutes

2. The final setting time of the cement sample is found to be …........... minutes

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SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CEMENT

AIM: To determine the specific gravity of given sample of cement.

APPARATUS:

 Weighing balance

 specific gravity bottle (50ml capacity)

 kerosene

 funnel

INTRODUCTION:

Specific gravity is defined as the ratio between weight of a given volume of material and
weight of an equal volume of water. To determine the specific gravity of cement, kerosene
is used which does not react with cement.

PROCEDURE:

1. Clean and dry the specific gravity bottle and weigh it with the stopper (W1).
2. Fill the specific gravity bottle with cement sample at least half of the bottle and weigh
with stopper (W2).
3. Fill the specific gravity bottle containing the cement, with kerosene (free of water)
placing the stopper and weigh it (W3) ,While doing this do not allow any air bubbles
to remain in the specific gravity bottle.
4. After weighing the bottle, the bottle shall be cleaned and dried again.
5. Then fill it with fresh kerosene and weigh it with stopper (W4).
6. Remove the kerosene from the bottle and fill it with full of water and weigh it with
stopper (W5).

OBSERVATIONS:

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Description of item Trial 1 Trial 2

Weight of empty bottle(W1 g)

Weight of bottle + Cement ( W2 g)

Weight of bottle + Cement + Kerosene( W3 g)

Weight of bottle + Full Kerosene( W4 g)

Weight of bottle + Full Water( W5 g)

(W2 - W1)* (W4 - W1)

Specific gravity of Cement =- ----------------------------------------

((W4 - W1)-(W3-W2))*(W5 - W1)

RESULTS: Specific gravity of given Cement =---------------------------------------

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COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST OF HYDRULIC CEMENT

AIM: To determine the compressive strength of standard cement mortar cubes

THEORY: The compressive strength of cement mortars is determined in order to verify

whether the cement conforms to IS specifications and whether it will be able to develop the
required compressive strength of concrete. The average compressive strength of at least three
mortar cubes (area of the face 50 cm2 ) composed of one part of cement and three parts of
standard stand should satisfy IS code specifications.

REFERENCE: IS: 4031 ( Pat 6 ) – 1988.

APPARATUS:

 Vibration Machine

 Poking Rod

 Cube Mould size conforming to IS : 10080-1982

 Weighing Balance

 Trowel

 Stop Watch

 Graduated Glass Cylinders

INTRODUCTION:

The compressive strength of cement mortars is determined in order to verify whether the
cement conforms to IS specifications and whether it will be able to develop the required
compressive strength of concrete. The average compressive strength of at least three mortar
cubes (area of the face 50 cm2 ) composed of one part of cement and three parts of standard
stand should satisfy IS code specifications.

PROCEDURE:

1. Preparation of test specimens:- Clean appliances shall be used for mixing and the
temperature of water and that of the test room at the time when the above operations
are being performed shall be 27 ± 2°C.distilled water shall be used in preparing the
cubes.
2. The material for each cube shall be mixed separately and the quantity of cement,
standard sand and water shall be as follows: Cement 200 g and Standard Sand 600 g

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Water (P/4+0.3) percent of combined mass of cement and sand, where P is the
percentage of water required to produce a paste of standard consistency.
3. Place on a nonporous plate, a mixture of cement and standard sand. Mix it dry with a
trowel for one Minute and then with water until the mixture is of uniform colour. The
quantity of water to be used shall be as specified in step 2. The time of mixing shall in
any event be not less than 3 min and should the time taken to obtain a uniform colour
exceed 4 min, the mixture shall be rejected and the operation repeated with a fresh
quantity of cement, sand and water.
4. Moulding Specimens: - In assembling the moulds ready for use, treat the interior faces
of the mould with a thin coating of mould oil.
5. Place the assembled mould on the table of the vibration machine and hold it firmly in
position by means of a suitable clamp. Attach a hopper of suitable size and shape
securely at the top of the mould to facilitate filling and this hopper shall not be removed
until the completion of the vibration period.
6. Immediately after mixing the mortar in accordance with step 1 & 2, place the mortar in
the cube mould and prod with the rod. Place the mortar in the hopper of the cube mould
and prod again as specified for the first layer and then compact the mortar by vibration.
7. The period of vibration shall be two minutes at the specified speed of 12 000 ± 400
vibration per minute.
8. At the end of vibration, remove the mould together with the base plate from the
machine and finish the top surface of the cube in the mould by smoothing the surface
with the blade of a trowel.
9. Curing Specimens:- keep the filled moulds in moist closet or moist room for 24 ± 1
hour after completion of vibration. At the end of that period, remove them from the
moulds and immediately submerge in clean fresh water and keep there until taken out
just prior to breaking.
10. The water in which the cubes are submerged shall be renewed every 7 days and shall
be maintained at a temperature of 27 ± 2°C. After they have been taken out and until
they are broken, the cubes shall not be allowed to become dry.
11. Test three cubes for compressive strength for each period of curing mentioned under
the relevant Specifications (i.e. 3 days, 7 days, 28 days)
12. The cubes shall be tested on their sides without any packing between the cube and the
steel plattens of the testing machine. One of the plattens shall be carried on a base and
shall be self-adjusting, and the load shall be steadily and uniformly applied, starting
from zero at a rate of 35 N/mm2/min.

OBSETRVATION:

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Dimensions
Weight of Cross- Average
Age Of the specimen
Trail Cement Sectional Crushing Compressive
of (mm)
No Cube area Load (N) strength
Cube L B H
(gms) (mm2) (MPa)
mm mm mm

RESULT: The average compressive strength of the given cement

1) 3 days ………………………. N/mm2

2) 7 days……………………….. N/mm2
3) 28 days……………………… N/mm2

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SIEVE ANALYSIS OF FINE AND COARSE AGGREGATES

Aim: To determine the sieve analysis on fine and Coarse aggregates

Apparatus:
• One set of B.S sieve of sizes 25mm, 12.5mm, 10mm and 4.75mm.
• One set of sieve sizes 12.5mm, 10mm, 4.75mm and 2.36mm.
• A Balance readable and accurate to 0.1% of the weight of test sample.

Theory:

Aggregate grading affects the strength of concrete mainly indirectly, through its important effect
on the w/c ratio required for a given workability. A badly graded aggregate requires a higher w/c
ratio and hence results in a weaker concrete. Well graded aggregates increase the strength and
durability.

Procedure:
1. For the fine and coarse aggregate, use a sample of approximately 1000gm.
2. Dry and clean all sieves and ensure that the samples are air dry.
3. Sieve the two samples in turn by shaking manually or mechanically.

Results:
Complete a table as shown below for each material and hence plot grading curves on the chart
provided.
TABLE 1: For Fine Aggregate
Sieve size (mm) Weight retained(g) % retained % passing Summationb
(cumulative)

TABLE 2: For Coarse Aggregate

Sieve size (mm) Weight retained(g) % retained % passing Summation
(cumulative)

Precaution:
1. Do not force the material through the sieves by hand pressure.
2. Lumps of fine material should be broken.
3. Only light brushing of the underside of the sieves should be done.

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DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF FINE AGGREGATE

AIM: To determine specific gravity of a given sample of fine aggregate.

APPARATUS:

 Pycnometer bottle

 Taping rod

 Funnel

PROCEDURE:

1. Take the empty pycnometer (w1) gms.

2. Take a sample of fine aggregate for which specific gravity is to be find out and transfer
that to the pycnometer and weight.

3. Pour distilled water into pycnometer.

4. Eliminate the entrapped air by rotating the pycnometer.

5. Wipe out the outer surface of pycnometer and weight it.

6. Transfer the aggregate of the pycnometer into a try care being taken to ensure that all
the aggregate is transferred.

7. Refill the pycnometer with distilled water upto the mark and it should be completely
dry from outside and take the weight w4.

CALUCULATIONS:

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DESCRIPTION SAMPLE
WEIGHT OF SAMPLE TAKEN, gms
WEIGHT OF SATURATED & SURFACE DRY AGGREGATE (C), gms
WEIGHT OF PYCNOMETER + SAMPLE + WATER (A), gms
WEIGHT OF PYCNOMETER + WATER (B), gms
WEIGHT OF OVEN DRY SAMPLE (D), gms
𝐷𝐷
SPECIFIC GRAVITY = � � 𝑋𝑋 100
𝐶𝐶−(𝐴𝐴−𝐵𝐵)
𝐷𝐷
APPARENT SPECIFIC GRAVITY = � � 𝑋𝑋 100
𝐷𝐷−(𝐴𝐴−𝐵𝐵)
𝐶𝐶−𝐷𝐷
WATER ABSORPTION PERCENTAGE DRY WEIGHT (%) = � � 𝑋𝑋 100
𝐷𝐷
AVERAGE SPECIFIC GRAVITY
VALUES
APPARENT SPECIFIC GRAVITY
WATER ABSORPTION (%)

RESULT: The Specific Gravity of a given sample of fine aggregate is = __________

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SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COARSE

IS 2386 PART III-1963
AIM: To determine the specific gravity of given coarse aggregates.

APPARATUS: 10 Kg capacity balance with weights, cylindrical containers of 1 liter and 5 liter capacities,
measuring jar of 1000ml capacity.

INTRODUCTION:
The specific gravity of an aggregate is generally required for calculations in connection with cement
concrete design work for determination of moisture content and for the calculations of volume yield of
concrete. The specific gravity also gives information on the quality and properties of aggregate. The specific
gravity of an aggregate is considered to be a measure of strength of quality of the material. Stones having
low specific gravity are generally weaker than those with higher specific gravity values.
The bulk density of an aggregate is used for judging its quality by comparison with normal density for that
type of aggregate. It is required for converting proportions by weight into proportions by volume and is
used in calculating the percentage of voices in the aggregate.
1. Specific gravity is the weight of aggregate relative to the weight of equal volume of water.

PROCEDURE: Coarse aggregate

1. Find the weight of the empty container W1.
2. Take coarse aggregate in the container up to approximately half of the container and find out the weight
W2.
3. Fill the container with water upto the level of the coarse aggregates so that all void space inside the
aggregate is filled with water. Find its weight W3.
4. Fill the container with water after emptying it from mix of coarse aggregate and water.
5. Water should be upto the mark, upto which coarse aggregate is filled. Find its weight W4
6. Repeat the same process for another trail by taking the aggregate upto the full of the container and by
filling the water up to same point.

OBSERVATIONS:
1) Weight of empty container W1
2) Weight of container with material W2
3) Weight of container + material + water W3
4) Weight of container + water W4
i) Void ratio = Vol. of Voids / Vol of Solids
W3 - W1 / ((W4 - W1)-(W3-W2))
ii) Porosity = Vol. of Voids / Total Vol. of aggregate *100
W3 - W2 / (W4 - W1) * 100
iii) Specific gravity = W2 - W1 / ((W4 - W1) - (W3 - W2))
iv) Bulk density = W2 - W1 / (W4 - W1)

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Water absorption

AIM: To Determine water absorption of coarse aggregates

Reference: IS2386 (Part III)-1963

Apparatus:

1. A balance of capacity about 3kg, to weigh accurate 0.5g, and of such a type and shape as
to permit weighing of the sample container when suspended in water.
2. A thermostatically controlled oven to maintain temperature at 100-110° C.
3. A wire basket of not more than 6.3 mm mesh or a perforated container of convenient size
with thin wire hangers for suspending it from the balance.
4. A container for filling water and suspending the basket
5. An air tight container of capacity similar to that of the basket
6. A shallow tray and two absorbent clothes, each not less than 75x45cm.

Procedure:

1. About 2 kg of aggregate sample is washed thoroughly to remove fines, drained and placed in wire
basket and immersed in distilled water at a temperature between 22- 32º C and a cover of at least
5cm of water above the top of basket.
2. Immediately after immersion the entrapped air is removed from the sample by lifting the basket
containing it 25 mm above the base of the tank and allowing it to drop at the rate of about one drop

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per second. The basket and aggregate should remain completely immersed in water for a period of
24 hour afterwards.
3. The basket and the sample are weighed while suspended in water at a temperature of 22° – 32°C.
The weight while suspended in water is noted = W1g.
4. The basket and aggregates are removed from water and allowed to drain for a few minutes, after
which the aggregates are transferred to the dry absorbent clothes. The empty basket is then returned
to the tank of water jolted 25 times and weighed in water= W2 g.
5. The aggregates placed on the absorbent clothes are surface dried till no further moisture could be
removed by this cloth. Then the aggregates are transferred to the second dry cloth spread in single
layer and allowed to dry for at least 10 minutes until the aggregates are completely surface dry.
The surface dried aggregate is then weighed = W3 g
6. The aggregate is placed in a shallow tray and kept in an oven maintained at a temperature of 110°
C for 24 hrs. It is then removed from the oven, cooled in an air tight container and weighted=W4 g.

Observation:

Weight of saturated aggregate suspended in water with basket = W1g

Weight of basket suspended in water = W2 g
Weight of saturated surface dry aggregate in air = W3g
Weight of oven dry aggregate = W4 g
Weight of saturated aggregate in water = W1 – W2 g
Weight of water equal to the volume of the aggregate = W3–( W1–W2)g

Calculation:

Water Absorption = ((W3 – W4) / W4) X 100

Result:

Water absorption of coarse aggregate is ______________.

Recommended Value:

Water absorption shall not be more than 0.6 per unit by weight.

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Determination of Impact strength, Crushing value and Abrasion

value of coarse aggregates
AIM: To determine the aggregate impact value of given aggregates

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 Impact testing machine

 cylinder, tamping rod

 IS Sieve

 Weighing balance.

REFERENCE CODE:

 IS : 2386 ( Part IV) – 1963 methods of test for aggregate for concrete

 IS:383:1970- specification for coarse and fine aggregate from natural sourse for
concrete

 IS:9377:1979-specification for apparatus for aggregate impact value test

THEORY:

The aggregate impact value gives a relative measure of the resistance of an aggregate to
sudden shock or impact, which in some aggregates differs from its resistance to a slow
compressive load.

PROCEDURE:

1. The test sample consists of aggregates passing 12.5mm sieve and retained on
10mmsieve and dried in an oven for 4 hours at a temperature of 100oC to 110oC

2. The aggregates are filled up to about 1/3 full in the cylindrical measure and tamped
25 times with rounded end of the tamping rod

3. The rest of the cylindrical measure is filled by two layers and each layer being
tamped 25 times.

4. The overflow of aggregates in cylindrically measure is cut off by tamping rod using it
has a straight edge.

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5. Then the entire aggregate sample in a measuring cylinder is weighed nearing to

0.01gm

6. The aggregates from the cylindrical measure are carefully transferred into the cup

7. This is firmly fixed in position on the base plate of machine. Then it is tamped 25
times.

8. The hammer is raised until its lower face is 38cm above the upper surface of aggregate
in the cup and allowed to fall freely on the aggregates. The test sample is subjected to
a total of 15 such blows each being delivered at an interval of not less than one second.
The crushed aggregate is than removed from the cup and the whole of it is sieved on
2.366mm sieve until no significant amount passes. The fraction passing the sieve is
weighed accurate to 0.1gm. Repeat the above steps with other fresh sample.
9. Let the original weight of the oven dry sample be W1gm and the weight of fraction
passing 2.36mm IS sieve be W2gm. Then aggregate impact value is expressed as the
% of fines formed in terms of the total weight of the sample.

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:

RESULT= Aggregate Impact Value………………………….

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AGGREGATE CRUSHING VALUE TEST

AIM: To determine the crushing value of the road aggregates

APPARATUS:

The apparatus of the aggregate crushing value test as per IS: 2386 (Part IV) – 1963
consists of:

 A 15cm diameter open ended steel cylinder with plunger and base plate, of the
general form.

 A straight metal tamping rod of circular cross-section 16mm diameter and 45 to

60 cm long, rounded at one end.

 A balance of capacity 3k

 IS Sieves.

 A compression testing machine capable of applying load up to 40tonnes.

 Cylindrical measure having internal dia. of 11.5cm & height 18 cm for measuring
the sample.
REFERENCE CODE:

 IS : 2386 ( Part IV) – 1963 method of test for aggregates for concrete

 IS:383:1970 specification for coarse and fine aggregate from natural source for
concrete

 IS: 9376:1979 Specification for apparatus for measuring aggregate crushing

value
THEORY:

The aggregate crushing value gives a relative measure of the resistance of an aggregate to
crushing under a gradually applied compressive load. Crushing value is a measure of the
strength of the aggregate. The aggregates should therefore have minimum crushing value.

PROCEDURE:

The test sample: It consists of aggregates sized 12.5 mm - 10.0 mm (minimum3kg). The
aggregates should be dried by heating at 1000-1100 C for a period of 4 hours and cooled.

1. Sieve the material through 12.5 mm and 10.0 mm IS sieve. The aggregates passing through
12.5 mm sieve and retained on 10.0 mm sieve comprises the test material.

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2. The cylinder of the test shall be put in position on the base-plate and the test sample
added in thirds, each third being subjected to 25 strokes with the tamping rod.

3. The surface of the aggregate shall be carefully leveled.

4. The plunger is inserted so that it rests horizontally on this surface, care being taken to
ensure that the plunger does not jam in the cylinder

5. The apparatus, with the test sample and plunger in position, shall then be placed
between the plates of the testing machine.

6. The load is applied at a uniform rate as possible so that the total load is reached in 10
minutes. The total load shall be 40 tones.

7. The load shall be released and the whole of the material is removed from the cylinder
and sieved on 2.36mm IS Sieve.

8. The fraction passing the sieve shall be weighed and recorded

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:

RESULT: Aggregate Crushing Value=………………………………

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AGGREGATE ABRASION VALUE TEST

AIM: To determining the abrasion value of coarse aggregate by the use of Los Angeles
machine.

APPARATUS:

 Los Angeles Machine: It consists of a hollow steel cylinder, closed at both the ends
with an internal diameter of 700 mm and length 500 mm and capable of rotating
about its horizontal axis.

 Cast iron or steel balls, approximately 48 mm in diameter and each weighing

between 390 to 445 g; 6 to 12 balls are required.
 IS sieve.
 Balance.

REFERENCE CODE: IS: 2386 (Part IV) – 1963, IS: 383-1970.

THEORY:

The abrasion value of the aggregates is determined in order to determine their Resistance
against wearing. In this the aggregate sample is mixed with abrasive charge consisting
standard balls & rotated in closed inclined cylinders for specific number of revolutions.

PROCEDURE:

1. The test sample shall consist of clean aggregate which has been dried in an oven at 105
to 110°C to substantially constant weight and shall conform to one of the grading shown
in Table 3.22. The grading or grading used shall be those most nearly representing the
aggregate furnished for the work.

2. The test sample and the abrasive charge shall be placed in the Los Angeles abrasion
testing machine and the machine rotated at a speed of 20 to 33 rev/min. For grading A,
B, C and D, the machine shall be rotated for 500 revolutions; for grading E, F and G, it
shall be rotated for 1 000 revolutions.

3. The machine shall be so driven and so counter-balanced as to maintain a substantially

uniform peripheral speed. If an angle is used as the shelf, the machine shall be rotated
in such a direction that the charge is caught on the outside surface of the angle.

4. At the completion of the test, the material shall be discharged from the machine and a
preliminary separation of the sample made on a sieve coarser than the l.70 mm IS Sieve.

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5. The material coarser than the 1.70 mm IS Sieve shall be washed dried in an oven at
105 to 110°C to a substantially constant weight, and accurately weighed to the nearest
gram

TABULAR COLUMN: Specified Abrasive Charge

OBSERVATIONS:

RESULT: Mean Los Angeles Abrasion value =…………………………..%

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EXAMPLE ON CONCRETE MIX PROPORTIONING

STIPULATIONS FOR PROPORTIONING
a) Grade designation M40
b) Type of cement OPC 43 grade conforming to IS 8112
c) Maximum nominal size of aggregate 20mm
d) Minimum cement content 320 kg/m'
e) Maximum water-cement ratio 0.45
f) Workability 100 mm (slump)
g) Exposure condition Severe (for reinforced concrete)
h) Method of concrete placing Pumping
j) Degree of supervision Good
k) Type of aggregate Crushed angular aggregate
m) Maximum cement content 450 kg/rn3
n) Chemical admixture type Superplasticizer

A-2 TEST DATA FOR MATERIALS

a) Cement used OPC 43 grade conforming to IS 8112
b) Specific gravity of cement Superplasticizer conforming to IS 9103
c) Chemical admixture
d) Specific gravity of:
I) Coarse aggregate
2) Fine aggregate
e) Water absorption:
I ) Coarse aggregate
2) Fine aggregate

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Mix Calculation

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SLUMP TEST
AIM: To determine the workability or consistency of concrete mix of given proportion
by slump test.

APPARATUS:

 pan to mix concrete

 weighing balance

 trowel

 cone

 steel scale

 tamping rod

 mixing tray
REFERENCE CODE:

 IS: 456-2000, code for plain and reinforced concrete

 IS: 1199-1959 methods of sampling and analysis of concrete

THEORY:

This is the test extensively used in site work all over the world. Fresh unsupported concrete
will flow to the sides and the vertical sinking of concrete is known as slump. The slump
cone is a hollow frustum made of thin steel sheet with internal dimensions, as the top
diameter 10 cms. The bottom diameter 20 cms, and height 30cms.

PROCEDURE

1. Mix the dry constituents thoroughly to get a uniform colour and then add water.

2. The internal surface of the mould is to be thoroughly cleaned and placed on a smooth,
horizontal and non-absorbent surface.

3. Place the mixed concrete in the cleaned slump cone in 4 layers each approximately 1/4
in height of the mould. Tamp each layer 25 times with tamping rod.Using the tampering
rod or a trowel strike of the excess concrete above the concrete cone. Measure the
vertical height of cone (h1).

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4. Slowly and carefully remove in the vertical direction. As soon as the cone is removed
the concrete settles in vertical direction. Place the steel scale above top of settled
concrete in horizontal position and measure the height of cone(h2).

5. Complete the experiment in two minutes after sampling.

6. The difference of two heights (h1-h2) gives the value of slump

OBSERVATIONS:

Result: The slump of concrete =……………………………….mm (indicate Low/Medium/

High Degree of workability)

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COMPACTION FACTOR TEST

Objective: To determine the relative consistency of freshly mixed concrete by the use of Compacting
Factor Test

Reference: IS: 1199-1959

Theory:

Compacting Factor Test: The compacting factor test is designed primarily for use in the laboratory but it
can also be used in the field. It is more precise and sensitive than the slump test and is particularly useful
for concrete mixes of very low workability as are normally used when concrete is to be compacted by
vibration. The method applies to plain and air-entrained concrete, made with lightweight, normal weight or
heavy aggregates having a nominal maximum size of 40 mm or less but not to aerated concrete or no-fines
concrete.

Apparatus:

Compacting Factor Apparatus, Trowel, Scoop about 150 mm long., Balance capable of weighing up to 25
kg with the sensibility of 10 g. Weights and weighing device, Tamper ( 16 mm in diameter and 600 mm
length), Ruler, Tools and containers for mixing, or concrete mixer etc.

Procedure:

1. The internal surface of the hoppers and cylinder shall be thoroughly clean and free from superfluous
moisture and any set of concrete commencing the test.
2. The sample of concrete to be tested shall be placed gently in the upper hopper using the scoop. The
trap door shall be opened immediately after filling or approximately 6 min after water is added so
that the concrete fails into the lower hopper. During this process the cylinder shall be covered.
3. Immediately after the concrete has come to the rest the cylinder shall be uncovered, the trap door
ofthe lower hopper opened and the concrete allowed falling to into the cylinder.
4. For some mixes have a tendency to stick in one or both of the hoppers. If this occurs the concrete
shall be helped through by pushing the tamping rod gently into the concrete from the top.
5. The excess of concrete remaining above the level of the top of the cylinder shall then be cut off by
holding a trowel in each hand, with the plane of the blades horizontal, and moving them
simultaneously one from each side across the top of the cylinder, at the same time keeping them
pressed on the top edge of the cylinder. The outside of the cylinder shall then be wiped clean. This
entire process shall be carried out at a place free from vibration or shock.
6. Determine the weight of concrete to the nearest 10 g. This is known as "weight of partially
compacted concrete", Wp.
7. Refill the cylinder with concrete from the same sample in layers approximately 50 mm depth. The
layers being heavily rammed with the compacting rod or vibrated to obtain full compaction. The
top surface of the fully compacted concrete shall be carefully struck off and finished level with the
top of the cylinder. Clean up the outside of the cylinder.
8. Determine the weight of concrete to the nearest 10 g. This is known as "weight of fully compacted
concrete", Wf.

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9. The compacting factor, Fc can be calculated as follows:

Observation:

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Conclusion: The compactor factor is __________ which indicates mix of _______ workability.

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VEE-BEE CONSISTOMETER
AIM: To measure the workability of concrete by vee-bee consistometer test

APPARATUS:

 Vee-Bee consistometer test apparatus

 Stopwatch

 Standard iron rod

 Weighing device

 Tamper( 16 mm in diameter and 600 mm length)

 Tools and containers for mixing

REFERENCE CODE:

 IS: 1199-1959 method of sampling and analysis of concrete

 IS: 456-2000 code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete

 IS: 10510:1983 specification for vee-bee consistometer

THEORY:

The Vee-bee consistometer (measures the remoulding ability of concrete under vibration.
The test results reflect the amount of energy required to remould a quantity of concrete
under given vibration conditions. The Veebee consistometer is applicable to concrete with
slumps less than 5cm.

PROCEDURE:

1. Slump test as described earlier is performed, placing the slump cone inside the sheet
metal cylindrical pot of the consistometer.

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2. The glass disc attached to the swivel arm is turned and placed on the top of the concrete
in the pot. The electrical vibrator is then switched on and simultaneously a stop watch
started.

3. The vibration is continued till such a time as the conical shape of the concrete
disappears and the concrete assumes a cylindrical shape. This can be judged by
observing the glass disc from the top for disappearance of transparency.

4. Immediately when the concrete fully assumes a cylindrical shape, the stop watch is
switched off. The time required for the shape of concrete to change from slump cone
shape to cylindrical shape in seconds is known as Vee Bee Degree.
5. This method is very suitable for very dry concrete whose slump value cannot be
measured by Slump Test, but the vibration is too vigorous for concrete with a slump
greater than about 50 mm.

OBSERVATIONS:

The Vee Bee

Quantity of material
Slump Degree of
Trail Remark
W C FA CA mm concrete
no W/c
litre kg kg kg in sec

3 `

RESULTS:

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COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST OF CONCRETE CUBES

AIM: To determine the compressive strength of concrete cube

APPRATUS REQUIRED:
1. Concrete mixer or mixing tray and tools
2. Vibrating machine or tamping rod
3. 6 No. 150mm cube moulds
4. A weighing balance and thermometer
5. Petroleum jelly
6. Curing Tank
7. Compression testing machine.

MATERIALS REQUIRED: Sand, cement, water, aggregate

THEORY:
Cement paste alone is not used for this test because of the unacceptably large variations of strength
thus obtained. Standard aggregates are used for making prescribed mortar or concrete test mixes
to eliminate effects from the measured strength of the cement.

PROCEDURE:

a. Preparations of Specimen: Use M15 mix proportions (cement/Aggregate ratio) by weight

and 0.6 W/C ratio based on 2.5kg of cement. Determine the quantity of sand and 20 mm
size aggregate according to the required proportion for the preparation of the cubes.
b. Mixing: Mix the cement and aggregates dry in a mechanical mixer or mixing tray with a
trowel for one minute until the mixture is uniform. Add the water and mix thoroughly for
three minutes.
c. Compaction: Fill the concrete into the moulds in two approximately equal layers and
vibrate mechanically or tamp each layer for at least 25 strokes uniformly distributed over
the mould. Trowel the sides of the cubes carefully and smooth off the top.
d. Curing: Cover the top of the cubes with polythene sheets and place damp sacks over them
for 24hours. De-mould the cubes and mark their tops for identification. Weigh the cubes;
immerse the cubes in clean water in the curing tank until ready for testing. Record the
temperature of the water.
e. Testing: Remove the cubes, wipe out and weigh. Test 3 cubes at the ages of 1 and 7 days
each. Determine and record the crushing loads on the compression Testing machine.

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:

After 1 Day of Curing
Peak load =
Area of specimen = 150 mm x 150 mm= 22500 mm2

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Peak load
Compressive Strength = (N/mm 2 ) =--------------
Area of specimen

After 7 Days of Curing

Peak load =
Area of specimen = 150 mm x 150 mm= 22500 mm2
Peak load
Compressive Strength = (N/mm 2 ) =----------------
Area of specimen
RESULT:
The compressive strength in N/mm2 at 1 day and 7 days are -----N/mm2and ---------- N/mm2.

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Splitting Tensile Strength

Objective: This method covers the determination of the splitting tensile strength ofcylindrical concrete
specimens.

Reference : IS : 516 - 1959, IS: 1199-1959, SP : 23-1982, IS : 10086-1982

Theory :

Age at Test - Tests shall be made at recognized ages of the test specimens, the most usual being 7 and
28days. Where it may be necessary to obtain the early strengths, tests may be made at the ages of 24 hours
±½ hour and 72 hours ± 2 hours. The ages shall be calculated from the time of the addition of water to
thedry ingredients.

Number of Specimens - At least three specimens, preferably from different batches, shall be made for
testing at each selected age.

Apparatus :

Testing Machine - The testing machine may be of any reliable type, of sufficient capacity for the tests and
capable of applying the load at the rate specified in 5.5. The permissible error shall be not greater than ±
2percent of the maximum load.

Cylinders -The cylindrical mould shall be of 150 mm diameter and 300 mm height conforming to IS: 10086-
1982.

Weights and weighing device, Tools and containers for mixing, Tamper (square in cross section) etc.

Procedure:

1. Sampling of Materials - Samples of aggregates for each batch of concrete shall be of the desired grading
and shall be in an air-dried condition. The cement samples, on arrival at the laboratory, shall be thoroughly
mixed dry either by hand or in a suitable mixer in such a manner as to ensure the greatest possible blending
and uniformity in the material.

2. Proportioning - The proportions of the materials, including water, in concrete mixes used for determining
the suitability of the materials available, shall be similar in all respects to those to be employed in the work.

3. Weighing - The quantities of cement, each size of aggregate, and water for each batch shall be determined
by weight, to an accuracy of 0.1 percent of the total weight of the batch.

4. Mixing Concrete - The concrete shall be mixed by hand, or preferably, in a laboratory batch mixer, in
such a manner as to avoid loss of water or other materials. Each batch of concrete shall be of such a size as
to leave about 10 percent excess after moulding the desired number of test specimens.

5. Mould - The cylindrical mould shall be of 150 mm diameter and 300 mm height conforming to IS: 10086-
1982.

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6. Compacting - The test specimens shall be made as soon as practicable after mixing, and in such a way
as to produce full compaction of the concrete with neither segregation nor excessive laitance.

7. Curing - The test specimens shall be stored in a place, free from vibration, in moist air of at least 90
percent relative humidity and at a temperature of 27° ± 2°C for 24 hours ± ½ hour from the time of addition
of water to the dry ingredients.

8. Placing the Specimen in the Testing Machine - The bearing surfaces of the supporting and loading rollers
shall be wiped clean, and any loose sand or other material removed from the surfaces of the specimen where
they are to make contact with the rollers.

9. Two bearings strips of nominal (1/8 in i.e 3.175mm) thick plywood, free of imperfections, approximately
(25mm) wide, and of length equal to or slightly longer than that of the specimen should be provided for
each specimen.

10. The bearing strips are placed between the specimen and both upper and lower bearing blocks of the
testing machine or between the specimen and the supplemental bars or plates.

11. Draw diametric lines an each end of the specimen using a suitable device that will ensure that they are
in the same axial plane. Center one of the plywood strips along the center of the lower bearing block.

12. Place the specimen on the plywood strip and align so that the lines marked on the ends of the specimen
are vertical and centered over the plywood strip.

13. Place a second plywood strip lengthwise on the cylinder, centered on the lines marked on the ends of
the cylinder. Apply the load continuously and without shock, at a constant rate within, the range of 689 to
1380 kPa/min splitting tensile stress until failure of the specimen

14. Record the maximum applied load indicated by the testing machine at failure. Note the type of failure
and appearance of fracture.

Observation:

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Calculation:

Conclusion:

i) The average 7 Days Tensile Strength of concrete sample is found to be …..…..

ii) The average 28 Days Tensile Strength of concrete sample is found to be …..…..

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Flexural Strength
Objective: This clause deals with the procedure for determining the flexural strength of moulded concrete
flexure test specimens

Reference: IS : 516 - 1959, IS: 1199-1959, SP : 23-1982, IS : 10086-1982

Theory:

Age at Test - Tests shall be made at recognized ages of the test specimens, the most usual being 7 and 28
days. Where it may be necessary to obtain the early strengths, tests may be made at the ages of 24 hours ±
½ hour and 72 hours ± 2 hours. The ages shall be calculated from the time of the addition of water to the
dry ingredients.

Number of Specimens - At least three specimens, preferably from different batches, shall be made for
testing at each selected age.

Apparatus:

Testing Machine - The testing machine may be of any reliable type, of sufficient capacity for the tests and
capable of applying the load at the rate specified in 5.5. The permissible error shall be not greater than ± 2
percent of the maximum load.

Beam Moulds - The beam moulds shall conform to IS: 10086-1982. The standard size shall be 15 × 15 ×
70 cm. Alternatively, if the largest nominal size of the aggregate does not exceed 19 mm, specimens 10 ×
10 × 50 cm may be used.

Weights and weighing device, Tools and containers for mixing, Tamper (square in cross section) etc.

Procedure:

1. Sampling of Materials - Samples of aggregates for each batch of concrete shall be of the desired grading
and shall be in an air-dried condition. The cement samples, on arrival at the laboratory, shall be thoroughly
mixed dry either by hand or in a suitable mixer in such a manner as to ensure the greatest possible blending
and uniformity in the material.

2. Proportioning - The proportions of the materials, including water, in concrete mixes used for determining
the suitability of the materials available, shall be similar in all respects to those to be employed in the work.

3. Weighing - The quantities of cement, each size of aggregate, and water for each batch shall be determined
by weight, to an accuracy of 0.1 percent of the total weight of the batch.

4. Mixing Concrete - The concrete shall be mixed by hand, or preferably, in a laboratory batch mixer, in
such a manner as to avoid loss of water or other materials. Each batch of concrete shall be of such a size as
to leave about 10 percent excess after moulding the desired number of test specimens.

5. Mould - The standard size shall be 15 × 15 × 70 cm. Alternatively, if the largest nominal size of the
aggregate does not exceed 19 mm, specimens 10 × 10 × 50 cm may be used.

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6. Compacting - The test specimens shall be made as soon as practicable after mixing, and in such a way
as to produce full compaction of the concrete with neither segregation nor excessive laitance.

7. Curing - The test specimens shall be stored in a place, free from vibration, in moist air of at least 90
percent relative humidity and at a temperature of 27° ± 2°C for 24 hours ± ½ hour from the time of addition
of water to the dry ingredients.

8. Placing the Specimen in the Testing Machine - The bearing surfaces of the supporting and loading rollers
shall be wiped clean, and any loose sand or other material removed from the surfaces of the specimen where
they are to make contact with the rollers.

9. The specimen shall then be placed in the machine in such a manner that the load shall be applied to the
uppermost surface as cast in the mould, along two lines spaced 20.0 or 13.3 cm apart.

10. The axis of the specimen shall be carefully aligned with the axis of the loading device. No packing shall
be used between the bearing surfaces of the specimen and the rollers.

11. The load shall be applied without shock and increasing continuously at a rate such that the extreme fibre
stress increases at approximately 7 kg/sq cm/min, that is, at a rate of loading of 400 kg/min for the 15.0 cm
specimens and at a rate of 180 kg/min for the 10.0 cm specimens.

12. The load shall be increased until the specimen fails, and the maximum load applied to the specimen
during the test shall be recorded. The appearance of the fractured faces of concrete and any unusual features
in the type of failure shall be noted.

Observation:

Conclusion / Results
i) The average 7 Days Modulus of Rupture of concrete sample is found to be …..…..
ii) The average 28 Days Modulus of Rupture of concrete sample is found to be …..…..

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