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Integration Techniques

The document outlines integration techniques, focusing on integration by parts and trigonometric substitution. It explains the method of partial fractions for expressing proper rational functions as simpler fractions, detailing four cases based on the denominator's factors. The content aims to equip students with the skills to evaluate integrals using these methods.

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vainsleyf
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23 views36 pages

Integration Techniques

The document outlines integration techniques, focusing on integration by parts and trigonometric substitution. It explains the method of partial fractions for expressing proper rational functions as simpler fractions, detailing four cases based on the denominator's factors. The content aims to equip students with the skills to evaluate integrals using these methods.

Uploaded by

vainsleyf
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Integration Techniques

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, the students
should be able to:
• evaluate integrals using integration by
parts
• evaluate integrals using trigonometric
substitution
Integration by Parts
The most useful among the techniques of
integration is the integration by parts.

It is derived from the differentials of the


product of two factors. If u and v are both
differentiable functions of x, then

d(uv) = udv + vdu


d(uv) = udv + vdu
By transposition,
udv = d(uv) – vdu
Integrating both sides of the equation, we have

 udv = uv −
 vdu Integration
by parts
formula
Integration by Trigonometric Substitution:
Integration by partial fraction
Every proper rational function can be expressed
as the sum of simpler fractions (partial fractions)
which may have a denominator which is of linear
or quadratic form.
The method of partial fractions is an algebraic
procedure of expressing a given rational function as a sum of simpler
fractions which is called the partial fraction decomposition of the
original rational function. The rational function must be in its proper
fraction form to use the partial fraction method.

Four cases shall be considered.


Case 1. Distinct linear factor of the denominator
Case 2. Repeated linear factor of the denominator
Case 3. Distinct quadratic factor of the denominator
Case 4. Repeated quadratic factor of the denominator
Thus,
f (x )
   
A B N
dx  dx + dx + ... + dx
g(x ) a1x + b1 a2 x + b2 an x + bn
   (ax + b)  (ax + b)  (ax + b)
f ( x) A B C N
dx = dx + dx + dx + ... + dx
g( x ) ax + b 2 3 n
f ( x) A(2a1 x1 + b1 ) + B C (2a2 x + b2 ) + D N (2an x + bn ) + M
 g ( x)
dx = 
a1 x + b1 x + c1
2
+
a2 x + b2 x + c2
2
+ ... + 
an x 2 + bn x + cn
f ( x) A(2ax + b) + B C (2ax + b) + D N (2ax + b) + M
 g ( x)
=
ax + bx + c
2
+
(ax + bx + c)
2 2
+ ... + 
(ax2 + bx + c) n
THANK YOU

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