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iot unit 1

The document outlines the fundamentals of the Internet of Things (IoT), highlighting key characteristics such as interconnectivity, intelligence, and security. It details the physical design components, functional architecture layers, types of sensors and actuators, as well as communication protocols used in IoT systems. Additionally, it discusses network types and data management strategies essential for efficient IoT operations.

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uppuakhil7
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3 views

iot unit 1

The document outlines the fundamentals of the Internet of Things (IoT), highlighting key characteristics such as interconnectivity, intelligence, and security. It details the physical design components, functional architecture layers, types of sensors and actuators, as well as communication protocols used in IoT systems. Additionally, it discusses network types and data management strategies essential for efficient IoT operations.

Uploaded by

uppuakhil7
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Iot Fundamentals

Unit 1
Characteristics of IoT

• Interconnectivity: IoT enables seamless communication between


diverse devices, sensors, and systems through various networking
technologies
• Intelligence: Devices can process data, make decisions, and
adapt behavior based on collected information
• Heterogeneity: Supports different hardware platforms, networks,
and protocols working together
• Large Scale Operation: Can handle millions of connected devices
and massive data volumes
• Security: Requires robust security measures to protect sensitive
data and prevent unauthorized access
• Energy Optimization: Many IoT devices operate on limited power
sources, requiring efficient energy management
• Dynamic Nature: IoT systems can change state, configuration, and
capabilities in response to changing conditions
Physical Design of IoT
• The physical design encompasses several key components:
• Hardware Layer:
• Processors/Microcontrollers: Brain of IoT devices (e.g., Arduino,
Raspberry Pi)
• Memory Units: For storing program code and data
• Power Supply: Batteries, solar cells, or direct power
• Communication Modules: WiFi, Bluetooth, cellular, or other radio
modules
• Sensors and Actuators: Interface with the physical world
• Form Factor Considerations:
• Size and Weight: Often needs to be compact and portable
• Environmental Protection: Weatherproofing, temperature
resistance
• Mounting Options: Installation requirements
• Maintenance Access: Easy servicing and battery replacement
Functional Blocks of IoT

• The architecture typically consists of:


• a) Device Layer:
• Physical hardware
• Operating system
• Device drivers
• b) Network Layer:
• Communication protocols
• Data routing
• Network security
• c) Service Layer:
• Data processing
• Storage management
• API services
D) Application Layer:
User interface
Business logic
Application security
Sensing
Sensing in IoT involves:
Types of Sensors:
Temperature sensors
Humidity sensors
Pressure sensors
Motion sensors
Light sensors
Chemical sensors
Biometric sensors
• Key Aspects:
• Accuracy and precision
• Sampling rate
• Power consumption
• Calibration requirements
• Signal conditioning
• Data preprocessing
• Types of Actuators:
• Electric motors
• Hydraulic systems
• Pneumatic systems
• Solenoids
• Relays
• Servo motors
• Linear actuators
Functions:
• Motion control
• Switch control
• Flow control
• Temperature control
• Pressure regulation
Network Types:
1. Personal Area Networks (PAN)
2. Local Area Networks (LAN)
3. Wide Area Networks (WAN)
4. Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN)
Key Concepts:
1. IP addressing
2. Routing
3. Network topology
4. Quality of Service (QoS)
5. Network security
6. Bandwidth management
Communication Protocols
Various protocols used in IoT:
• Short-Range:
• Bluetooth
• ZigBee
• NFC
• RFID
• WiFi

• Long-Range:
• LoRaWAN
• Cellular (4G/5G)
• SigFox
• NB-IoT
Application Layer Protocols:
• MQTT
• CoAP
• HTTP/HTTPS
• WebSocket
• AMQP
Sensor Networks

• Key aspects of sensor n


• Architecture:
• Distributed sensor nodes
• Gateway nodes
• Base stations
• Backend systems
• Network Characteristics:
• Self-organization
• Multi-hop communication
• Energy efficiency
• Fault tolerance
• Scalabilityetworks:
Data Management:
Data collection
Data aggregation
Data fusion
Local processing
Network lifetime optimization

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