Mawlana Bhashani Science And Technology University

Santosh ,Tangail-1902
Department of Mathematics
1st Year 1st Semester
Assignment

Course Title: Properties of Matter, Wave and Sound

Course ID: 1106
Topic name: Elasticity Group Name: Equal-6

Submitted By
Submitted To
Group Leader: Abdur Razzaq Sir
 Rasel Ahamed(MA-20006) Lecturer
Group Members: Department of Physics

 Atika Rahman(MA-20003) Faculty of Science

 Mayma Akter Priya(MA-20015)
 Tania Rahman(MA-20025) Mawlana Bhashani Science and
 Sanjida Akter(MA-20039)
Technology University (MBSTU)
 Adham Abhi(MA-20049)
Santosh, Tangail-1902
 Elasticity

Definition of Elasticity: Elasticity is a physical property of a material whereby

the material returns to its original shape after having been stretched out or altered
by force. Substances that display a high degree of elasticity are termed "elastic."
The SI unit applied to elasticity is the pascal (Pa), which is used to measure the
modulus of deformation and elastic limit.

The causes of elasticity vary depending on the type of material. Polymers,

including rubber, may exhibit elasticity as polymer chains are stretched and then
subsequently return to their original form when the force is removed. Metals may
display elasticity as atomic lattices change shape and size, again, returning to their
original form once energy is removed.

Examples: Rubber bands and elastic and other stretchy materials display
elasticity. Modeling clay, on the other hand, is relatively inelastic and retains a
new shape even after the force that caused it to change is no longer being exerted.

Stress: When the deforming force is applied to an object. The object deforms.
In order to bring the object back to the original shape and size, there will be an
opposing force generated inside the object.

This restoring force will be equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the
applied deforming force. The measure of this restoring force generated per unit
area of the material is called Stress.

Thus, Stress is defined as “The restoring force per unit area of the material”. It
is a tensor quantity. Denoted by Greek letter σ. Measured using Pascal or N/m2.
Mathematically expressed as –

𝐹
𝜎=
𝐴
Types of Stress
There are several different types of stress in physics but mainly it is categorized
into two forms that are Normal Stress and Tangential or Shearing Stress. Some
stress types are discussed in the points below.

Normal Stress:
As the name suggests, Stress is said to be Normal stress when the direction of the
deforming force is perpendicular to the cross-sectional area of the body. The
length of the wire or the volume of the body changes stress will be at normal.
Normal stress can be further classified into two types based on the dimension of
force-

 Longitudinal stress
 Bulk Stress or Volumetric stress

Longitudinal Stress:
Consider a cylinder. When two cross-sectional areas of the cylinder are subjected
to equal and opposite forces the stress experienced by the cylinder is called
longitudinal stress.

Longitudinal Stress = Deforming Force / Area of cross section = F/A

As the name suggests, when the body is under longitudinal stress-

 The deforming force will be acting along the length of the body.
 Longitudinal stress results in the change in the length of the body, Hence
thereby it affects slight change in diameter.

The Longitudinal Stress either stretch the object or compress the object along its
length. Thus it can be further classified into two types based on the direction of
deforming force-

 Tensile stress
 Compressive stress

Tensile Stress
If the deforming force or applied force results in the increase in the object’s length
then the resulting stress is termed as tensile stress. For example: When a rod or
wire is stretched by pulling it with equal and opposite forces(outwards) at both
ends.

Compressive Stress
If the deforming force or applied force results in the decrease in the object’s length
then the resulting stress is termed as compressive stress. For example: When a rod
or wire is compressed/squeezed by pushing it with equal and opposite
forces(inwards) at both ends.

Bulk Stress or Volume Stress

When the deforming force or applied force acts from all dimension resulting in the
change of volume of the object then such stress in called volumetric stress or Bulk
stress. In short, When the volume of body changes due to the deforming force it is
termed as Volume stress.

Shearing Stress or Tangential Stress

When the direction of the deforming force or external force is parallel to the cross-
sectional area, the stress experienced by the object is called shearing stress or
tangential stress. This results in the change in the shape of the body

Summary
In short, stress can be visualised as –
Strain:
The consequence of stress is what is termed as strain. The strain is the measure of
how much distortion has befallen on the body compared to its initial shape due to
the action of the force. It is denoted by ϵ.
Strain Formula is articulated as,

Where,
Change in dimension = x,
Original dimension = L.
There are three sorts of strain

The longitudinal strain is the ratio of change in length to the original

length.

Where,

Change in length = Δ l
Original length = l

Shearing strain is the ratio of change in angle to which it is turned to

its distance from the fixed layer.
Volumetric strain is the ratio of change in volume to the original
volume.

Where, Δ V = Change in Volume,

V = Original volume.

Elastic Limit:
Elastic limit is defined as the maximum stress that a material can
withstand before the permanent deformation. It is the highest limit of the
material before plastic deformation of the material can occur. Once the
stress or force is removed from the material, the material comes back to
its original shape. Elastic things like rubber have the highest elastic limit.
The behavior can be explained by Hooke’s law.

Elastic Limit Testing:

Elastic limit can be determined by measuring the greatest stress that can
be applied to a given sample without causing any permanent
deformation. For metals or any other rigid materials have the stress-strain
curve as a straight line as the elastic limit is approximately equal to the
proportional limit. Materials like rubber and plastic are called an apparent
elastic limit as their stress-strain curve is not significantly straight.
Proportional Limit:
Proportional limit is defined as the highest stress at which stress and
strain are directly proportional so that the stress-strain graph is a
straight line such that the gradient is equal to the elastic modulus of the
material. For many metals,the proportional limit is equal to the elastic
limit.

Difference between elastic limit and proportional limit

Elastic limit Proportional limit
It is defined as the point up to It is defined as the point up to which the stress
which the material remains elastic and the strain are directly proportional
Difference between elastic limit and yield point
Elastic limit and yield point are pretty much the same. But they do have a few
differences as follows:

Elastic limit Yield point

Maximum stress the material can It is the amount of stress present in the
withstand before the permanent material before the permanent
deformation deformation

Hooke’s Law:
Hooke’s Law states that for small deformities, the stress and strain are
proportional to each other. Thus,
Stress ∝ Strain

Or, Stress = k × Strain … where k is the constant of proportionality and is the

Modulus of Elasticity. It is important to note that Hooke’s Law is valid for most
materials.

Moduli of Elasticity

Young’s modulus of Elasticity(Y): It is defined as the ratio of

normal stress to longitudinal strain.
F
Normal Stress A Fl
Y= = =
Longitudialo Strain l AL
L
Modulus of Rigidity(𝛈): It is defined as the ratio of longitudinal
stress to the shearing strain.
F
Tangential Stress A F
η= = =
Shearing Strain θ Aθ

Bulk modulus of Elasticity(K): It is defined as the ratio of normal

stress to volume strain.
F
Normal Stress FV PV
K= =A
v Av = v
=
Volume Strain.
V
Where, P is the change in Pressure
𝟏
Compressibility = 𝐊
 Poisson’s Ratios
If a wire is fixed at one end and a force is applied at other end, it is
observed that the length increases and the radius decreases. According to
Poisson’s experimental result within elastic limit, the ratio of lateral
strain to the longitudinal strain is called Poisson’s Ratio.
𝑑𝐷
𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝐷 𝑑𝐷 𝐿
𝜎= =− =−
𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑙 𝑑𝐿 𝐷
𝐿
The value of Poisson’s Ratio mostly depends on the nature of materials.
It can have the values between −1 𝑡𝑜 + 1 2 𝑖, 𝑒. −1 < 𝜎 < 1 2

If the volume of the wire remained unchanged after the force has been
applied, then the initial volume of wire,

2 𝐷2
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 𝐿 = 𝜋 𝐿
4
𝜋
⇒ 𝑑𝑉 = 4 (𝐷2 . 𝑑𝐿 + 𝐿. 2𝐷. 𝑑𝐷)

∵ 𝑑𝑉 = 0
𝜋
So, 4 𝐷2 . 𝑑𝐿 + 𝐿. 2𝐷. 𝑑𝐷 = 0

⇒ 2𝐷𝐿. 𝑑𝐷 = −𝐷2 . 𝑑𝐿
2𝐷𝐿.𝑑𝐷 𝐷 2 .𝑑𝐿
⇒ = − 2𝐷 2 .𝑑𝐿
2𝐷 2 .𝑑𝐿

𝐿 𝑑𝐷 1
⇒ = −2
𝐷 𝑑𝐿
But, we have,
𝐿 𝑑𝐷 1 1
𝜎=− =-(-2) = 2
𝐷 𝑑𝐿

This is the maximum possible value of 𝜎

The 𝜎 of Cu is the 0.33 means within elastic limit the ratio of lateral
strain to Longitudinal is o.33.

Relations Between Elastic Constants &Their Determination

Bulk Modulus (Relation Among 𝚱, 𝚼, &𝝈):

We consider a rectangular block of length 𝑙, breath and thickness t.
Let, the block be subjected to a force to outward stress as shown in fig:1

P
H G
D C Q

Q E F

A B

Fig: 1
Here, P, Q, R are the stress acting on the faces ABEF & DCGH,
CGFB & AEHD, ABCD & EFGH respectively,
Each stress produces on extension in its own direction and a lateral
contraction in other two perpendicular direction.

Let, 𝜶 and 𝜷 be the longitudinal strain and lateral strain per unit
stress respectively,
𝛽
Poisson’s Ratio, 𝜎 = 𝛼

The increase in length due to stress P is P ∝ 𝑙 and corresponding

contraction in breadth and thickness will be PBb and PBt respectively.
Similarly, due to increase in breadth in Q∝b and corresponding decreases
in length and thickness will be QB𝑙 and QBt.
Also due to stress R, increase in thickness R∝t and decrease in length
and breadth is RB𝑙 and RBb respectively.
Final length = 𝑙 + P ∝ 𝑙 − QB𝑙 − RB𝑙
Final length = 𝑏 + Q ∝ b − PBb − RBb
Final length = 𝑡 + R ∝ t − PBt − QBt.
∴ Final Volume = 𝑙 1 + P ∝ −QB − RB × 𝑏 1 + Q ∝ − PB − RB ×
t{1 + R ∝ − PB − QB}
= 𝑙𝑏𝑡[1 + 𝑃 + 𝑄 + 𝑅 ∝ −2𝐵 𝑃 + 𝑄 + 𝑅 ]
= 𝑙𝑏𝑡[1 + 𝑃 + 𝑄 + 𝑅 ∝ −2𝐵 ]
[Neglecting square and products of 𝛼 & 𝛽 which are very small compared
with other quantities.]
Change in Volume= 𝑙𝑏𝑡 − 𝑙𝑏𝑡[1 + 𝑃 + 𝑄 + 𝑅 ∝ −2𝐵 ]
= 𝑙𝑏𝑡 𝑃 + 𝑄 + 𝑅 ∝ −2𝐵
If the stress are equal, P=Q=R
Change in Volume = 3𝑙𝑏𝑡 ∝ −2𝐵 𝑃
3𝑙𝑏𝑡 ∝−2𝐵 𝑃
Strain= = 3 ∝ −2𝐵 𝑃
𝑙𝑏𝑡
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 1
Bulk Modulus,Κ = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 [compressibility = Κ ]
𝑃
=
3 ∝−2𝐵 𝑃

1
=3 ∝−2𝐵

1
= 𝛽
3𝛼 (1−2 )
𝛼

Υ 1 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
= 𝛽 [∵ 𝛼 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = Υ]
3(1−2 )
𝛼

Υ 𝛽
∴Κ =3 [∵ 𝜎 = ]
1−2𝜎 𝛼

∴ 𝚼 = 𝟑𝚱 𝟏 − 𝟐𝝈
 Rigidity Modulus (Relation Among 𝜼, 𝚼, 𝝈):

G G` H H` D D` C C`
E F
D D` C C` 𝜙 𝜃1 𝜃2 𝜙
A B A B

Fig: 2-a (3D) Fig: 2- b (2D)

We consider a cubic block ABCDEFGH of length 𝑙.The face ABEF is

kept fixed and a tangential stress T is applied on the face CDGH. The
block gets sheared trough an angle 𝜙. All the partials is the plane CDGH
remain in the same plane and displayed equally is the same direction
consequently. D is shifted D`,C to C`,G to G` and H to H`.[Fig:2-a(3D)]
The diagonal AC is increased to AC` and BD decreased to BD`.
Extension strain is 𝜃1 and compression strain is 𝜃2 [Fig: 2-b (2D)]. As 𝜙
is very small, the distance between ABEF and C`D`G`H` practically
remains same,
For a small shearing 𝝓,
∠𝐶𝐶`𝐵 = 90° and ∠CC`K=45°
𝐶𝐶`
𝐶𝐾 = 𝐶`𝐾 = 𝐶𝐶` Cos45° = 2
Similarly,
𝐷𝐷`
DM=DM`= 2
𝑡 𝑡
If CC`=DD`=t then CD=C`K= and DM=DM`=
2 2
𝑡
𝐶𝐾 2
Now extension strain, Sin𝜃1 = 𝐴𝐶 = 𝑙 2
𝑡
= 2𝑙
𝜙
= 2

𝑡
𝐷`𝑀 2 𝜙
Similarly, compression strain, 𝜃2 = = =
𝐵𝐷 𝑙 2 2

If 𝜃1 = 𝜃2 = 𝜙,
𝜙 𝜙
𝜃1 + 𝜃2 = +
2 2

2𝜃 = 𝜙
𝝓
∴𝜽=
𝟐

Hence, a shearing stress 𝜙 is equal to the sum of extension and

compression strain. In other words, extension and compression strain is
equal half of shearing strain.

Let, 𝜶 and 𝜷 be the longitudinal and lateral strain per unit stress
respectively.
Extension along AC due to tensile stress to T is T∝AC.
There is also lateral extension/strain along AC due to compression stress
along BD and is equal to TB (AC)
Total extension along AC, C`K = T ∝ AC + TB (AC)

⇒ C`K = 𝑇 2 𝑙(𝛼 + 𝛽)
𝑡
⇒ = 𝑇 2 𝑙(𝛼 + 𝛽)
2

⇒ 𝑡 = 2𝑇𝑙(𝛼 + 𝛽)
𝑡
⇒ 𝑙 = 2𝑇(𝛼 + 𝛽)

⇒ 𝜙 = 2𝑇(𝛼 + 𝛽)
𝜙
⇒ = 2(𝛼 + 𝛽)
𝑇
𝑇 1
⇒ = 𝛽
𝜙 2𝛼 1+
𝛼

𝑇 𝛾
⇒ =2
𝜙 1+𝜎
𝛾
⇒𝜂=2 1+𝜎

∴ 𝜸 = 𝟐𝜼(𝟏 + 𝝈)
  Relation Among 𝚱, 𝜼&𝚼:
1
Υ = ∙∙∙ ∙∙∙ ∙∙∙∙ (1)
𝛼
𝛽 1
1
Κ = 3(𝛼 −2𝛽 ) ∙∙∙ ∙∙∙ ∙∙∙∙ (2) 𝜎=𝛼 Υ=
𝛼

𝜂=2
1
∙∙∙ ∙∙∙ ∙∙∙ ∙∙∙ 3 Υ =3Κ(1 − 2𝜎)
𝛼+𝛽
𝛽
Multiplying (3) by 2, we get =3Κ(1 − 2 𝛼 )
1 1
2 𝜂 = (𝛼 +𝛽 ) = 3Κ 𝛼 (𝛼 − 2𝛽)

1 = 3Κ. Υ(𝛼 − 2𝛽)

∴ = 2𝛼 + 2𝛽 ∙∙∙ ∙∙∙ ∙∙∙∙ 4
𝜂 ∴ 1 =3Κ. 𝛼 − 2𝛽
Re-arranging (2) 1
Κ = 3(𝛼 −2𝛽 )
1
= (𝛼 − 2𝛽) ∙∙∙ ∙∙∙ ∙∙∙∙ (5)
3Κ

Adding Equation (4) & (5)

1 1
+ = 2𝛼 + 2𝛽 + 𝛼 − 2𝛽
𝜂 3Κ
3Κ+𝜂
⇒ = 3𝛼 Υ = 2𝜂(1 + 𝛼)
3Κ 𝜂

3Κ+𝜂 𝛽 1
⇒𝛼= = 2𝜂(1 + 𝛼 ) = 2𝜂 𝛼 (𝛼 + 𝛽)
9Κ 𝜂

⇒ Υ=
1 3Κ+𝜂
= 2𝜂. Υ(𝛼 + 𝛽)
9Κ 𝜂
1
9 3Κ+𝜂 ∴𝜂=
⇒ Υ= 2(𝛼+𝛽 )
Κ𝜂

𝟗 𝟑 𝟏
∴ 𝚼 = 𝜼+ 𝚱
Relation Among 𝚱, 𝜼&𝜎:

Υ = 𝟑Κ(1 − 2𝜎) ∙∙∙ ∙∙∙ ∙∙∙∙ (1)

Υ = 𝟐𝜂 1 + 𝜎 ∙∙∙ ∙∙∙ ∙∙∙∙ (2)
∴ 𝟑Κ(1 − 2𝜎) = 𝟐𝜂 1 + 𝜎
⇒ 𝟑Κ − 𝟐𝜂 = 6Κ𝜎 + 2𝜂𝜎
⇒ 𝟑Κ − 𝟐𝜂 = 𝜎(6Κ + 2𝜂)
𝟑𝚱−𝟐𝜼
∴𝝈=
𝟔𝚱+𝟐𝜼

Cantilever

A cantilever is a thin uniform bar fixed horizontally at out end and

loaded other end (Fig: 3)

A B
P

Q
R
B`
W

𝜃
O

Fig: 3
Let, AB represented the neutral axis of the cantilever of length 𝑙. The
end A is fixed and the end B is loaded with a load W vertically
downwards. B is displayed to the position B`. The neutral axis of the
cantilever shifts to the position AB`. It is assumed that the weight of the
cantilever is negligible.
Consider an element PQ, at a distance x from the end A and of radius of
curvature R.
𝒀𝒍𝒔
Bending moment = 𝑹

Deflecting couple= 𝑊 𝑙 − 𝑥 ∙∙∙ ∙∙∙ ∙∙∙∙ (1)

𝒀𝒍𝟎
For equilibrium = 𝑊(𝑙 − 𝑥)
𝑹

1 𝑑2𝑥
But, = 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑅

𝒅𝟐 𝒙 𝑾 𝒍−𝒙
∴ = ∙∙∙ ∙∙∙ ∙∙∙∙ (2)
𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝒀𝒍𝒔

Integrating, equation (2)

𝑑𝑦 𝑾 𝒙𝟐
= 𝒍𝒙 − + 𝒌𝟏
𝑑𝑥 𝒀𝒍𝒔 𝟐

𝑑𝑦
When 𝑥 = 0, =0 ∴ 𝒌𝟏 = 0
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑾 𝒙𝟐
∴ = 𝒍𝒙 − ∙∙∙ ∙∙∙ ∙∙∙∙ (3)
𝑑𝑥 𝒀𝒍𝒔 𝟐

Integrating, equation (3)

𝑾 𝒍𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑
𝑦= − + 𝒌𝟐
𝒀𝒍𝒔 𝟐 𝟔

When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 ∴ 𝒌𝟐 = 0
 𝑾 𝒍𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑
∴ 𝑦= − ∙∙∙ ∙∙∙ ∙∙∙∙ (4)
𝒀𝒍𝒔 𝟐 𝟔

For the depression of the free end, 𝑥 = 𝑙

𝑾 𝒍𝟑 𝒙𝟑
∴ 𝑦= −
𝒀𝒍𝒔 𝟐 𝟔

𝑾𝒍𝟑
𝒚= ∙∙∙ ∙∙∙ ∙∙∙∙ (5)
𝟑𝒀𝒍𝒔

Special Cases:
1. Rectangular cross-section
𝒃𝒅𝟐
𝒍𝒔 = 𝟏𝟐
𝟒𝑾𝒍𝟐
∴ 𝒚 = 𝒀𝒃𝒅𝟐 ∙∙∙ ∙∙∙ ∙∙∙∙ (6)

2. Circular cross-section
𝝅𝒓𝟐
𝒍𝒔 = 𝟒

𝟒𝑾𝒍𝟐
∴ 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒀𝝅𝒓𝟒 ∙∙∙ ∙∙∙ ∙∙∙∙ (7)
𝟒𝑾𝒍𝟐
𝒀= ∙∙∙ ∙∙∙ ∙∙∙∙ (8)
𝟑𝝅𝒓𝟒 𝒚

Heavy Cantilever:
In case the weight of the cantilever 𝑊1 cannot be neglected the
depression for the free end is given by
𝒀𝒍𝒔 𝑊1
=𝑊 𝑙−𝑥 + 𝑙−𝑥 2
𝑹 2𝑙
 𝑊1
Here 𝑙 − 𝑥 is the weight of the beam from the point P up to the end
𝑙
𝑙−𝑥
B and is the distance of this weight from the end B`
2

1 𝑑2𝑥
But, = 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑅

𝑑2 𝑥 𝟏 𝑊1
∴ 2 = ( )[𝑊 𝑙 − 𝑥 + 𝑙 − 𝑥 2 ] ∙∙∙ ∙∙∙ ∙∙∙∙ (1)
𝑑𝑥 𝒀𝒍𝒔 2𝑙

Integrating twice, we get

𝟏 𝑾𝒍𝟑 𝑾𝟏 𝒍𝟑
𝑦= + ∙∙∙ ∙∙∙ ∙∙∙∙ (2)
𝒀𝒍𝒔 𝟑 𝟖

𝒍𝟐 𝟑𝑾𝟏
𝑦= 𝑾+ ∙∙∙ ∙∙∙ ∙∙∙∙ (3)
𝟑𝒀𝒍𝒔 𝟖

𝒍𝟑 𝟑𝑾𝟏
∴ 𝑦= 𝑾+ ∙∙∙ ∙∙∙ ∙∙∙∙ (4)
𝟑𝒀𝒍𝒔 𝟖

Note, If the cantilever bends by its own weight, W=0 and

𝑾𝟏 𝒍𝟑
𝒚= ∙∙∙ ∙∙∙ ∙∙∙∙ (5)
𝟖𝒀𝒍𝒔
 Flat Spiral Spring
Spiral springs are a type of springs, which are made from rectangular
metal strips that have been wound into a flat spiral. These springs are
engineered to store and release rotational energy in the form of torque.
One of the most popular types of spiral springs are constant coil
springs, which are so named because they exert nearly a constant
restraining force to resist uncoiling. Therefore, when the strip is
extended, the inherent stress resists the loading force at nearly a
constant rate. At Wermke Spring, we can manufacture and engineer all
types of spiral and constant coil springs from of a variety of materials
and in many different sizes in order to meet your requirements.
Flat spiral spring that has been used in this model was manufactured.
The arbor diameter of this spring is 1.5cm, thickness 1mm, length
1.5cm. The outer part of the spring was connected with the gear by
spot welding as well as bolt joining. On the other hand, the shaft was
cut up to requirement and then the inner part of the spring was inserted
into the cut.

Fig: 1(Basic flat spiral spring)

 To a first level of approximation, assuming the spiral spring behaves
linearly, we can assume that for any twist θ from its stable 0 energy
position it will oppose by providing a torque τ that is linear with the
twist angle θ. Let us say the torque constant is k, then
we can say τ= k θ

 Strain Energy Stored in Flat Spiral Spring:

Fig: 2 (Solidworks drawing of flat spiral spring)

From the figure 2, it can be easily understood that when the inner end of
the spring is wound the number of spiral in the spring is increased. This
results in development of strain energy into spiral of the spring. This
strain energy will be utilized to accelerate the bicycle once again. With
the increase of spiral number, the radius of curvature of every spiral
decreases. Therefore, the spring is subjected to pure bending. The strain
energy developed in the spring can be calculated out by the following
formula
𝜎𝑏 2
𝑈= ×𝑏×𝑡×𝑙
24𝐸

In this current situation when the whole world is facing a challenge

against the sustainability of fuel resources, introducing this feature in the
bicycle can attract more people towards its use. This can ultimately play
a role in reclaiming the environment to its balance.

Some Examples of Elasticity

Question 1. A block of gelatin is 60 mm by 60 mm by 20 mm when

unstressed. A force of .245 N is applied tangentially to the upper surface
causing a 5 mm displacement relative to the lower surface. The block is
placed such that 60X60 comes on the lower and upper surface. Find the
shearing stress, shearing strain and shear modulus
(a) (68.1 N/m2 , .25 , 272.4 N/m2)
(b) (68 N/m2 , .25 , 272 N/m2)
(c) (67 N/m2 , .26 , 270.4 N/m2)
(d) (68.5 N/m2 , .27 , 272.4 N/m2)
Solution 1:

𝑭 .𝟐𝟒𝟓 2
Shear stress= = =68.1N/𝑚
𝑨 𝟑𝟔×𝟏𝟎−𝟒

𝒅 𝟓
Shear strain=tan θ= = =.25
𝒉 𝟐𝟎

emph \shearstress
Shear modulus (S)= =272.4N/m
emph \emphshearstrain

Question 2.A steel wire of diameter 4 mm has a breaking strength of

4X105N. The breaking strength of similar steel wire of diameter 2 mm
is
5
(a) 1X10 N.

(b) 4X105N.
(c) 16X105N.
(d) none of the these

Solution 2:
Breaking strength is proportional to square of diameter, Since diameter
1
becomes half, Breaking strength reduced by 4 Hence A is correct.

Question 3:Find the young’s modulus of elasticity for the

material which is 200 cm long, 7.5 cm wide and 15 cm deep. Tie
material is subjected to axial force of 4200 KN. As a result
material is stretched 2.67 cm.
Solution3:
Width of tie bar = b = 7.5 cm
Length of tie bar = d = 200 cm
Depth of tie bar = d = 15 cm
Axial Force = P = 4200 KN
Increase in length = 2.67 cm
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity = 𝚼 = ?
Firstly find the cross sectional area of the material = A = b × d =
7.5 × 15
A = 112.5 centimeter square
𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬
Young′s Modulus =
𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧
𝐅
𝐅𝐥
𝚼= 𝐀 =
𝐥 𝐀𝐋
𝐋
𝟒𝟐𝟎𝟎×𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝚼=
𝟏𝟏𝟐.𝟓×𝟐.𝟔𝟕

∴ 𝚼 = 2796.504 KN per centimeter square.

Question 4: A spring stretches 5 cm when a load of 20 N is hung on it.

If instead, we put a load of 30 N, how much will the spring
stretch? What is the spring constant?
Solution4: There are a couple of ways to solve this problem.
Way -1: Notice that 30 N = 20 N + 10 N
20 N creates a stretch of 5 cm. Since 10 N is half of 20 N, then 10 N will
create a stretch that is half of 5 cm or 2.5 cm.
Total stretch = 5 cm + 2.5 cm = 7.5 cm
Way -2: Set up a proportion.
5 cm is to 20 N as 'new stretch' is to 30 N.
As a proportion, we get

5 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
=
20 30

Cross multiply

5 × 30 = new stretch × 20

150 = new stretch × 20

𝟏𝟓𝟎
New stretch= = 𝟕. 𝟓 cm
𝟐𝟎

To get the spring constant, make a couple of good observation.

20 = 4 × 5

30 = 4 × 7.5

F=4×x

F is the force applied and x is the stretch

The spring constant is k = 4

THE END