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MATLAB® Compiler™
User's Guide

R2016a
How to Contact MathWorks

Latest news: www.mathworks.com

Sales and services: www.mathworks.com/sales_and_services

User community: www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral

Technical support: www.mathworks.com/support/contact_us

Phone: 508-647-7000

The MathWorks, Inc.

3 Apple Hill Drive
Natick, MA 01760-2098

MATLAB® Compiler™ User's Guide

© COPYRIGHT 1995–2016 by The MathWorks, Inc.
The software described in this document is furnished under a license agreement. The software may be used
or copied only under the terms of the license agreement. No part of this manual may be photocopied or
reproduced in any form without prior written consent from The MathWorks, Inc.
FEDERAL ACQUISITION: This provision applies to all acquisitions of the Program and Documentation
by, for, or through the federal government of the United States. By accepting delivery of the Program
or Documentation, the government hereby agrees that this software or documentation qualifies as
commercial computer software or commercial computer software documentation as such terms are used
or defined in FAR 12.212, DFARS Part 227.72, and DFARS 252.227-7014. Accordingly, the terms and
conditions of this Agreement and only those rights specified in this Agreement, shall pertain to and
govern the use, modification, reproduction, release, performance, display, and disclosure of the Program
and Documentation by the federal government (or other entity acquiring for or through the federal
government) and shall supersede any conflicting contractual terms or conditions. If this License fails
to meet the government's needs or is inconsistent in any respect with federal procurement law, the
government agrees to return the Program and Documentation, unused, to The MathWorks, Inc.
Trademarks
MATLAB and Simulink are registered trademarks of The MathWorks, Inc. See
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Patents
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Revision History
September 1995 First printing
March 1997 Second printing
January 1998 Third printing Revised for Version 1.2
January 1999 Fourth printing Revised for Version 2.0 (Release 11)
September 2000 Fifth printing Revised for Version 2.1 (Release 12)
October 2001 Online only Revised for Version 2.3
July 2002 Sixth printing Revised for Version 3.0 (Release 13)
June 2004 Online only Revised for Version 4.0 (Release 14)
August 2004 Online only Revised for Version 4.0.1 (Release 14+)
October 2004 Online only Revised for Version 4.1 (Release 14SP1)
November 2004 Online only Revised for Version 4.1.1 (Release 14SP1+)
March 2005 Online only Revised for Version 4.2 (Release 14SP2)
September 2005 Online only Revised for Version 4.3 (Release 14SP3)
March 2006 Online only Revised for Version 4.4 (Release 2006a)
September 2006 Online only Revised for Version 4.5 (Release 2006b)
March 2007 Online only Revised for Version 4.6 (Release 2007a)
September 2007 Seventh printing Revised for Version 4.7 (Release 2007b)
March 2008 Online only Revised for Version 4.8 (Release 2008a)
October 2008 Online only Revised for Version 4.9 (Release 2008b)
March 2009 Online only Revised for Version 4.10 (Release 2009a)
September 2009 Online only Revised for Version 4.11 (Release 2009b)
March 2010 Online only Revised for Version 4.13 (Release 2010a)
September 2010 Online only Revised for Version 4.14 (Release 2010b)
April 2011 Online only Revised for Version 4.15 (Release 2011a)
September 2011 Online only Revised for Version 4.16 (Release 2011b)
March 2012 Online only Revised for Version 4.17 (Release 2012a)
September 2012 Online only Revised for Version 4.18 (Release 2012b)
March 2013 Online only Revised for Version 4.18.1 (Release 2013a)
September 2013 Online only Revised for Version 5.0 (Release 2013b)
March 2014 Online only Revised for Version 5.1 (Release R2014a)
October 2014 Online only Revised for Version 5.2 (Release R2014b)
March 2015 Online only Revised for Version 6.0 (Release R2015a)
September 2015 Online only Revised for Version 6.1 (Release R2015b)
October 2015 Online only Rereleased for Version 6.0.1 (Release
2015aSP1)
March 2016 Online only Revised for Version 6.2 (Release R2016a)
 Contents

Getting Started
1
MATLAB Compiler Product Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
Key Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2

Appropriate Tasks for MATLAB Compiler Products . . . . . . . 1-3

Create Standalone Application from MATLAB . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5

Create Standalone Application from MATLAB code . . . . . . . 1-5
Install MATLAB Generated Standalone Application . . . . . . . 1-8

Deploying Standalone Applications

2
Package Standalone Application with Application Compiler
App . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2

Customize Application Runtime Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7

Create Standalone Application from Command Line . . . . . . 2-8

Execute Compiler Projects with deploytool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
Create Standalone Application with mcc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8

Standalone Applications and Arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10
Pass File Names, Numbers or Letters, Matrices, and MATLAB
Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10
Run Standalone Applications that Use Arguments . . . . . . . 2-11

Use Parallel Computing Toolbox in Deployed Applications 2-14

Pass Parallel Computing Toolbox Profile at Run Time . . . . . 2-14

v
 Embed Parallel Computing Toolbox Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-15

Integrate Application with Mac OS X Finder . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-17

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-17
Installing the Macintosh Application Launcher Preference
Pane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-17
Configuring the Installation Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-17
Launching the Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-20

Customizing a Compiler Project

3
Customize the Installer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
Change the Application Icon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
Add Application Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
Change the Splash Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
Change the Installation Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
Change the Logo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
Edit the Installation Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5

Manage Required Files in Compiler Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6

Dependency Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6
Using the Compiler Apps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6
Using mcc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6

Specify Files to Install with Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8

Manage Support Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9

Using a Compiler App . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9
Using the Command Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10

MATLAB Code Deployment

4
Differences Between Compiler Apps and Command Line . . 4-2

How Does MATLAB Deploy Functions? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3

vi Contents
 Dependency Analysis Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4

MEX-Files, DLLs, or Shared Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5

Deployable Archive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6

Additional Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8

Write Deployable MATLAB Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9

Compiled Applications Do Not Process MATLAB Files at Run
Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9
Do Not Rely on Changing Directory or Path to Control the
Execution of MATLAB Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-10
Use isdeployed Functions To Execute Deployment-Specific Code
Paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-10
Gradually Refactor Applications That Depend on
Noncompilable Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-10
Do Not Create or Use Nonconstant Static State Variables . . 4-11
Get Proper Licenses for Toolbox Functionality You Want to
Deploy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12

MATLAB Libraries Using loadlibrary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13

Restrictions on Using MATLAB Function loadlibrary with
MATLAB Compiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14

MATLAB Data Files in Compiled Applications . . . . . . . . . . 4-15

Explicitly Including MATLAB Data files Using the %#function
Pragma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-15
Load and Save Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-15

Standalone Application Creation

5
Input and Output Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
Standalone Executable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
Macintosh 64 (Maci64) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2

Dependency Analysis Function and User Interaction with the

Compilation Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4
addpath and rmpath in MATLAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4
Passing -I <directory> on the Command Line . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4

vii
 Passing -N and -p <directory> on the Command Line . . . . . . 5-4

Deployment Process
6
Deploying to Developers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2
Standalone Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2

Deploying to End Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3

Steps by the Developer to Deploy to End Users . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3
What Software Does the End User Need? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
Using Relative Paths with Project Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7
Porting Generated Code to a Different Platform . . . . . . . . . . 6-8
Extracting a Deployable Archive Without Executing the
Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8

About the MATLAB Runtime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-10

How is the MATLAB Runtime Different from MATLAB? . . . 6-10
Performance Considerations and the MATLAB Runtime . . . 6-11

Download the MATLAB Runtime Installer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-12

Install the MATLAB Runtime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-13

Install the MATLAB Runtime Interactively . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-13
Install the MATLAB Runtime Non-Interactively . . . . . . . . . 6-14

MATLAB and MATLAB Runtime on Same Machine . . . . . . 6-17

Modifying the Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-17

Multiple MATLAB Runtime Versions on Single Machine . . 6-18

Uninstall MATLAB Runtime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-19

Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-19
Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-19
Mac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-19

Deploy Standalone Application on Network Drive (Windows

Only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-20

MATLAB Compiler Deployment Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-22

viii Contents
 Work with the MATLAB Runtime
7
The MATLAB Runtime Startup Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2
Set MATLAB Runtime Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2

The MATLAB Runtime User Data Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4

MATLAB Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4
Set and Retrieve MATLAB Runtime Data for Shared
Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5

Display the MATLAB Runtime Initialization Messages . . . . 7-6

Best Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7

Distributing Code to an End User

8
Distribute MATLAB Code Using the MATLAB Runtime . . . . 8-2
Install MATLAB Runtime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2

Compiler Commands
9
Command Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2
Compiler Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2
Combining Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2
Conflicting Options on the Command Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3
Using File Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3
Interfacing MATLAB Code to C/C++ Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3

Include Files for Compilation Using %#function . . . . . . . . . . 9-5

Using feval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-5
Using %#function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-5

Use the mxArray API to Work with MATLAB Types . . . . . . . 9-7

ix
 Compiler Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-8
Calling a Function from the Command Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-8
Using MAT-Files in Deployed Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-9
Compiling a GUI That Contains an ActiveX Control . . . . . . . 9-9
Deploying Applications That Call the Java Native Libraries . 9-9
Locating .fig Files in Deployed Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-9
Terminating Figures by Force In an Application . . . . . . . . . 9-10
Passing Arguments to and from a Standalone Application . . 9-10
Using Graphical Applications in Shared Library Targets . . . 9-12
Using the VER Function in a Compiled MATLAB
Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-12

Standalone Applications
10
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2

Deploying Standalone Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-3

Compiling the Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-3
Testing the Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-3
Deploying the Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-4
Running the Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-6

Troubleshooting
11
Common Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-2

Compilation Failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-3

Testing Failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-7

Deploying the Application Failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-10

Troubleshoot mbuild . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-12

MATLAB Compiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-14

x Contents
 Deployed Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-17

Error and Warning Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-21

About Error and Warning Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-21
Compile-Time Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-21
Warning Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-24
Dependency Analysis Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-27

Limitations and Restrictions

12
MATLAB Compiler Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-2
Compiling MATLAB and Toolboxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-2
Fixing Callback Problems: Missing Functions . . . . . . . . . . . 12-3
Finding Missing Functions in a MATLAB File . . . . . . . . . . 12-5
Suppressing Warnings on the UNIX System . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-5
Cannot Use Graphics with the -nojvm Option . . . . . . . . . . . 12-5
Cannot Create the Output File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-5
No MATLAB File Help for Compiled Functions . . . . . . . . . . 12-6
No MATLAB Runtime Versioning on Mac OS X . . . . . . . . . 12-6
Older Neural Networks Not Deployable with MATLAB
Compiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-6
Restrictions on Calling PRINTDLG with Multiple Arguments in
Compiled Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-7
Compiling a Function with WHICH Does Not Search Current
Working Directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-7
Restrictions on Using C++ SETDATA to Dynamically Resize an
MWArray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-8

Licensing Terms and Restrictions on Compiled

Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-9

MATLAB Functions That Cannot Be Compiled . . . . . . . . . 12-10

xi
 Reference Information
13
MATLAB Runtime Path Settings for Run-Time
Deployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-2
General Path Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-2
Path for Java Applications on All Platforms . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-2
Windows Path for Run-Time Deployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-2
Linux Paths for Run-Time Deployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-3
OS X Paths for Run-Time Deployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-3

MATLAB Compiler Licensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-4

Using MATLAB Compiler Licenses for Development . . . . . . 13-4

Deployment Product Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-6

Functions — Alphabetical List

14

MATLAB Compiler Quick Reference

A
Common Uses of MATLAB Compiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-2
Create a Standalone Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-2
Create a Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-2

mcc Command Arguments Listed Alphabetically . . . . . . . . . A-4

mcc Command Line Arguments Grouped by Task . . . . . . . . A-7

Accepted File Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-11

xii Contents
 Using MATLAB Compiler on Mac or Linux
B
Write Applications for Mac OS X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-2
Objective-C/C++ Applications for Apple’s Cocoa API . . . . . . . B-2
Where’s the Example Code? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-2
Preparing Your Apple Xcode Development Environment . . . B-2
Build and Run the Sierpinski Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-3
Running the Sierpinski Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-4

Build Your Application on Mac or Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-8

Compiling Your Application with the Compiler Apps . . . . . . B-8
Compiling Your Application with the Command Line . . . . . . B-8

Test Your Application on Mac or Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-9

Problems Setting MATLAB Runtime Paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-10

Running SETENV on Mac Failed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-10
Mac Application Fails with “Library not loaded” or “Image not
found” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-10

Apps
15

xiii
 1

Getting Started

• “MATLAB Compiler Product Description” on page 1-2

• “Appropriate Tasks for MATLAB Compiler Products” on page 1-3
• “Create Standalone Application from MATLAB” on page 1-5
1 Getting Started

MATLAB Compiler Product Description

Build standalone applications from MATLAB programs

MATLAB Compiler lets you share MATLAB programs as standalone applications. You
can also create Microsoft® Excel® add-ins and integrate them into Excel spreadsheets.

When used along with MATLAB Compiler SDK™, you can package MATLAB programs
into software components for integration with other programming languages. Large-scale
deployment to enterprise systems is supported through MATLAB Production Server™.

All applications created with MATLAB Compiler use the MATLAB Runtime, which
enables royalty-free deployment to users who do not need MATLAB. You can package
the MATLAB Runtime with the application, or have your users download it during
installation.

Learn more about MATLAB Compiler support for MATLAB and toolboxes.

Key Features
• Packaging of your MATLAB programs as standalone applications
• Creation of Microsoft Excel add-ins for integration with Excel spreadsheets
• Royalty-free distribution of applications to users who do not need MATLAB
• Encryption of MATLAB code to protect your intellectual property
• Deployment of MATLAB code against Hadoop®

1-2
 Appropriate Tasks for MATLAB Compiler Products

Appropriate Tasks for MATLAB Compiler Products

MATLAB Compiler generates standalone applications and Excel add-ins. MATLAB
Compiler SDK generates C/C++ shared libraries, deployable archives for use with
MATLAB Production Server, Java® packages, .NET assemblies, and COM components.

While MATLAB Compiler and MATLAB Compiler SDK let you run your MATLAB
application outside the MATLAB environment, it is not appropriate for all external tasks
you may want to perform. Some tasks require either the MATLAB Coder™ product or
MATLAB external interfaces. Use the following table to determine if MATLAB Compiler
or MATLAB Compiler SDK is appropriate to your needs.

MATLAB Compiler Task Matrix

Task MATLAB MATLAB Coder MATLAB External

Compiler Interfaces
and MATLAB
Compiler SDK
Package MATLAB applications for ■
deployment to users who do not
have MATLAB
Package MATLAB applications for ■
deployment to MATLAB Production
Server
Build non-MATLAB applications ■
that include MATLAB functions
Generate readable, efficient, and ■
embeddable C code from MATLAB
code
Generate MEX functions from ■
MATLAB code for rapid prototyping
and verification of generated C code
within MATLAB
Integrate MATLAB code into ■
Simulink®
Speed up fixed-point MATLAB code ■

1-3
1 Getting Started

Task MATLAB MATLAB Coder MATLAB External

Compiler Interfaces
and MATLAB
Compiler SDK
Generate hardware description ■
language (HDL) from MATLAB code
Integrate custom C code into ■
MATLAB with MEX files
Call MATLAB from C and Fortran ■
programs

For information on MATLAB Coder see “MATLAB Coder”.

For information on MATLAB external interfaces see “External Code Integration”.

1-4
 Create Standalone Application from MATLAB

Create Standalone Application from MATLAB

In this section...
“Create Standalone Application from MATLAB code” on page 1-5
“Install MATLAB Generated Standalone Application” on page 1-8

Create Standalone Application from MATLAB code

This example shows how to generate a standalone application from MATLAB. You
package a pre-written function that prints a magic square to a computer’s command
console. The MATLAB Compiler produces an installer that installs the standalone
application and all of the required dependencies on a target system. The target system
does not require a licensed copy of MATLAB.

1 In MATLAB, examine the MATLAB code that you want deployed as a standalone
application.

a Open magicsquare.m.

function magicsquare(n)
if ischar(n)
n = str2num(n);
end
disp(magic(n))
b At the MATLAB command prompt, enter magicsquare(5).

The output appears as follows:

17 24 1 8 15
23 5 7 14 16
4 6 13 20 22
10 12 19 21 3
11 18 25 2 9
2 Open the Application Compiler.

a On the toolstrip select the Apps tab.

b Click the arrow at the far right of the tab to open the apps gallery.
c Click Application Compiler to open the MATLAB Compiler project window.

1-5
1 Getting Started

3 Specify the main file of the MATLAB application you want to deploy.

a In the Main File section of the toolstrip, click the plus button.

Note: If the Main File section of the toolstrip is collapsed, you can expand it by
clicking the down arrow.
b In the file explorer that opens, locate and select the magicsquare.m file.

magicsquare.m is located in matlabroot\extern\examples\compiler.

c Click Open to select the file and close the file explorer.

magicsquare.m is added to the list of main files and the plus button will be
replaced by a minus button.
4 In the Packaging Options section of the toolstrip, verify that the Runtime
downloaded from web check box is selected.

1-6
 Create Standalone Application from MATLAB

Note: If the Packaging Options section of the toolstrip is collapsed, you can expand
it by clicking the down arrow.

This option creates an application installer that automatically downloads the

MATLAB Runtime and installs it along with the deployed MATLAB application.
5 Explore the main body of the MATLAB Compiler project window.

The project window is divided into the following areas:

• Application Information — Editable information about the deployed

application. This information is used by the generated installer to populate the
installed application's metadata. See “Customize the Installer” on page 3-2.
• Additional Installer Options — The default installation path for the generated
installer. See “Customize the Installer” on page 3-2.
• Files required for your application — Additional files required by the
generated application. These files will be included in the generated application
installer. See “Manage Required Files in Compiler Project” on page 3-6.
• Files installed with your application — Files that are installed with your
application. These files include:

• Generated readme.txt
• Generated executable for the target platform

See “Specify Files to Install with Application” on page 3-8

• Additional Runtime Settings — Platform specific options for controlling the
generated executable. See “Customize Application Runtime Settings” on page
2-7.
6 Click Package.

The Package window opens while the application is being generated.

1-7
1 Getting Started

7 Select the Open output folder when process completes check box.

When the deployment process is complete a file explorer opens and displays the
generated output.

It should contain:

• for_redistribution folder contains the file that installs the application and
the MATLAB Runtime.
• for_testing folder contains all the artifacts created by mcc like binaries
and jar, header, and source files for a specific target. Use these files to test the
installation.
• for_redistribution_files_only folder contains the files required for
redistribute of the application. Distribute these files to users that have MATLAB
or MATLAB Runtime installed on their machines.
• PackagingLog.txt is a log file generated by the compiler.
8 Click Close on the Package window.

Install MATLAB Generated Standalone Application

This example shows how to install the standalone application you created in “Create
Standalone Application from MATLAB code” on page 1-5.

1-8
 Create Standalone Application from MATLAB

1 Locate the MyAppInstaller_web executable in the for_redistribution folder

created by the MATLAB Compiler.

Note: The file extension varies depending on the platform on which the installer was
generated.
2 Double click the installer to run it.

Note: Any information entered in the MATLAB Compiler project window's

Application Information appears on this window.
3 If you connect to the internet using a proxy server, enter the server's settings.

a Click Connection Settings.

b Enter the proxy server settings in the provided window.
c Click OK.

1-9
1 Getting Started

4 Click Next to advance to the Installation Options page.

Note: On Linux® and Mac OS X you will not have the option of adding a desktop
shortcut.
5 Click Next to advance to the Required Software page.

If asked about creating the destination folder, click Yes.

Note: If the correct version of the MATLAB Runtime exists on the system, this page
displays a message that indicates you do need to install a new version.

If you receive this message, skip to step 10.

6 Click Next to advance to the License Agreement page.

1-10
 Create Standalone Application from MATLAB

If asked about creating the destination folder, click Yes.

7 Read the license agreement.
8 Check Yes to accept the license.
9 Click Next to advance to the Confirmation page.
10 Click Install.

The installer installs the MATLAB generated application. If needed, it also

downloads and installs the MATLAB Runtime.
11 Click Finish.
12 Run your standalone application.

a Open a terminal window.

b Navigate to the folder into which you installed the application.

If you accepted the default settings, you can find the folder in one of the
following locations:

Windows® C:\Program Files\magicsquare

Mac OS X /Applications/magicsquare
Linux /usr/magicsquare
c Run the application using the one of the following commands:

Windows application\magicsquare 5
Mac OS X ./magicsquare.app/Contents/
MacOS/magicsquare 5
Linux ./magicsquare 5

A 5-by-5 magic square is displayed in the console:

17 24 1 8 15
23 5 7 14 16
4 6 13 20 22
10 12 19 21 3
11 18 25 2 9

1-11
 2

Deploying Standalone Applications

• “Package Standalone Application with Application Compiler App” on page 2-2

• “Customize Application Runtime Settings” on page 2-7
• “Create Standalone Application from Command Line” on page 2-8
• “Standalone Applications and Arguments” on page 2-10
• “Use Parallel Computing Toolbox in Deployed Applications” on page 2-14
• “Integrate Application with Mac OS X Finder” on page 2-17
2 Deploying Standalone Applications

Package Standalone Application with Application Compiler App

To compile MATLAB code into a standalone application:

1 Open the Application Compiler.

a On the toolstrip select the Apps tab.

b Click the arrow at the far right of the tab to open the apps gallery.
c Click Application Compiler to open the MATLAB Compiler project window.

Note: To open an existing project, select it from the MATLAB Current Folder
panel.

Note: You can also launch the standalone compiler using the
applicationCompiler function.
2 Specify the main file of the MATLAB application you want to deploy.

2-2
 Package Standalone Application with Application Compiler App

a In the Main File section of the toolstrip, click the plus button.

Note: If the Main File section of the toolstrip is collapsed, you can expand it by
clicking the down arrow.
b In the file explorer that opens, locate and select the MATLAB file.
c Click Open to select the file and close the file explorer.

The selected file’s name is added to the list of main files and the plus button will
be replaced by a minus button. The file name is used as the default application
name.
3 In the Packaging Options section of the toolstrip, specify how the installer will
deliver the MATLAB Runtime with the application.

Note: If the Packaging Options section of the toolstrip is collapsed, you can expand
it by clicking the down arrow.

You can select one or both of the following options:

• Runtime downloaded from web — Generates an installer that downloads the

MATLAB Runtime installer from the Web.
• Runtime included in package — Generates an installer that includes the
MATLAB Runtime installer.

Note: Selecting both options creates two installers.

Regardless of what options are selected the generated installer scans the target
system to determine if there is an existing installation of the appropriate MATLAB
Runtime. If there is not, the installer installs the MATLAB Runtime.
4 Specify the name of any generated installers.
5 In the Application Information and Additional Installer Options sections of
the compiler, customize the look and feel of the generated installer.

You can change the information used to identify the application data used by the
installer:

2-3
2 Deploying Standalone Applications

• Splash screen

Note: On Windows, the splash screen will be displayed when the compiled
application starts in addition to when the installer runs.
• Application icon
• Application version
• Name and contact information of the application’s author
• Brief summary of the application’s purpose
• Detailed description of the application

You can also change the default location into which the application is installed and
provide some notes to the installer.

All of the provided information is displayed as the installer runs.

For more information see “Customize the Installer” on page 3-2.

6 In the Files required for your application to run section of the compiler, verify
that all of the files required to run the MATLAB application are listed.

Note: These files are compiled into the generated binaries along with the main file.

Note: For Standalone Applications with MapReduce, you can find the map function
and the reduce function in the current directory. If the map function and the
reduce function are not available in current directory, you must include them in the
MATLAB search path.

In general the built-in dependency checker automatically populates this section with
the appropriate files. However, you can manually add any files it missed.

For more information see “Manage Required Files in Compiler Project” on page
3-6.
7 In the Files installed with your application section of the compiler, verify that
any additional non-MATLAB files you want installed with the application are listed.

2-4
 Package Standalone Application with Application Compiler App

Note: These files are placed in the applications folder of the installed application.

This section automatically lists:

• Generated executable
• (Linux) Shell script for launching the application
• Readme file

You can manually add files to the list. Additional files can include documentation,
sample data files, and examples to accompany the application.

For more information see “Specify Files to Install with Application” on page 3-8.
8 In the Additional Runtime Settings section of the compiler, specify some of the
advanced runtime behaviors for the application.

These behaviors include:

• (Windows) if a command window is required to run the application

• if the application generates a log file

For more information see “Customize Application Runtime Settings” on page

2-7.
9 Click Settings to customize the flags passed to the compiler and the folders where
the generated files are written.
10 Click Package to compile the MATLAB code and generate the installers.
11 Verify the contents of the generated output:

• for_redistribution folder contains the file that installs the application and
the MATLAB Runtime.
• for_testing folder contains all the artifacts created by mcc like binaries
and jar, header, and source files for a specific target. Use these files to test the
installation.
• for_redistribution_files_only folder contains the files required for
redistribute of the application. Distribute these files to users that have MATLAB
or MATLAB Runtime installed on their machines.
• PackagingLog.txt is a log file generated by the compiler.

2-5
2 Deploying Standalone Applications

Related Examples
• “Create Standalone Application to Run Against Hadoop from Command Line”

2-6
 Customize Application Runtime Settings

Customize Application Runtime Settings

In Additional Runtime Settings, you can change the following run-time settings for
the compiled application:

• On Windows if a command window is opened when you double-click the application

from the file explorer

Note: If the application generates output to the console or requires command line
input, you must unselect this option.
• If the application generates a MATLAB log file

By default, all of these settings are set to false. When you double-click a compiled
application in the Windows file explorer, the application’s window opens without a
command prompt and will not generate a log file.

2-7
2 Deploying Standalone Applications

Create Standalone Application from Command Line

In this section...
“Execute Compiler Projects with deploytool” on page 2-8
“Create Standalone Application with mcc” on page 2-8

You can compile standalone applications at the MATLAB prompt or your system prompt
using either of these commands.

• deploytool invokes the Application Compiler app to execute a saved compiler

project.
• mcc invokes the MATLAB Compiler to compile code at the prompt.

Execute Compiler Projects with deploytool

The deploytool command has two flags to invoke one of the compiler apps without
opening a window.

• -build project_name — Invoke the correct compiler app to build the project and
not generate an installer.
• -package project_name — Invoke the correct compiler app to build the project and
generate an installer.

For example, deploytool -package magicsquare generates the binary files defined
by the magicsquare project and packages them into an installer that you can distribute
to others.

Create Standalone Application with mcc

The mcc command invokes the MATLAB compiler to compile code at the prompt and
provides fine-level control compiling an application. It does not package the results in an
installer.

To invoke the compiler to generate an application, use mcc with either the -m or the-e
flag. Both flags compile a MATLAB function and generate a standalone executable. The
-m flag creates a standard executable that runs at a system command line. On Windows,
the-e flag generates an executable that does not open a command prompt when double-
clicked from the Windows file explorer.

2-8
 Create Standalone Application from Command Line

Use the following mcc options to compile standalone applications.

Option Description
-W main -T link:exe Generate a standard executable equivalent
to using -m.
-W WinMain -T link:exe Generate an executable that does not open
a command prompt when double-clicked
from the Windows file explorer equivalent
to using -e.
-a filePath Add any files on the path to the generated
binaries.
-d outFolder Specify the folder for the compiled
applications.
-o fileName Specify the name of the generated
executable file.

2-9
2 Deploying Standalone Applications

Standalone Applications and Arguments

In this section...
“Overview” on page 2-10
“Pass File Names, Numbers or Letters, Matrices, and MATLAB Variables” on page
2-10
“Run Standalone Applications that Use Arguments” on page 2-11

Overview
You can create a standalone to simply run the application without passing or retrieving
any arguments to or from it.

However, arguments can be passed to standalone applications created using MATLAB

Compiler in the same way that input arguments are passed to any console-based
application.

The following are example commands used to execute an application called filename
from Windows or Linux command prompt with different types of input arguments.

Pass File Names, Numbers or Letters, Matrices, and MATLAB Variables

To Pass.... Use This Syntax.... Notes

A file named helpfile filename helpfile
Numbers or letters filename 1 2 3 a b c Do not use commas or other
separators between the
numbers and letters you
pass.
Matrices as input filename "[1 2 3]" Place double quotes around
"[4 5 6]" input arguments to denote a
blank space.
MATLAB variables for k=1:10 To pass a MATLAB variable
to a program as input, you
cmd = ['filename ',num2str(k)];
system(cmd); must first convert it to a
end
string.

2-10
 Standalone Applications and Arguments

Run Standalone Applications that Use Arguments

You call a standalone application that uses arguments from MATLAB with any of the
following commands:

• SYSTEM
• DOS
• UNIX
• !

To pass the contents of a MATLAB variable to the program as an input, the variable
must first be converted to a string. For example:

Using SYSTEM, DOS, or UNIX

Specify the entire command to run the application as a string (including input
arguments). For example, passing the numbers and letters 1 2 3 a b c could be
executed using the SYSTEM command, as follows:

system('filename 1 2 3 a b c')

Using the ! (bang) Operator

You can also use the ! (bang) operator, from within MATLAB, as follows:

!filename 1 2 3 a b c

When you use the ! (bang) operator, the remainder of the input line is interpreted as the
SYSTEM command, so it is not possible to use MATLAB variables.

Using a Windows System

To run a standalone application by double clicking on it, you create a batch file that calls
the standalone application with the specified input arguments. For example:

rem This is main.bat file which calls

rem filename.exe with input parameters

filename "[1 2 3]" "[4 5 6]"

@echo off
pause

2-11
2 Deploying Standalone Applications

The last two lines of code in main.bat are added so that the window displaying your
output stays open until you press a key.

Once you save this file, you run your code with the arguments specified above by double
clicking on the icon for main.bat.

Using a MATLAB File You Plan to Deploy

When running MATLAB files that use arguments that you also plan to deploy with
MATLAB Compiler, keep the following in mind:

• The input arguments you pass to your executable from a system prompt will be
received as string input. Thus, if you expect the data in a different format (for
example, double), you must first convert the string input to the required format in
your MATLAB code. For example, you can use STR2NUM to convert the string input to
numerical data.
• You cannot return values from your standalone application to the user. The only way
to return values from compiled code is to either display it on the screen or store it in a
file.

In order to have data displayed back to the screen, do one of the following:

• Unsuppress the commands that yield your return data. Do not use semicolons to
unsuppress.
• Use the DISP command to display the variable value, then redirect the outputs to
other applications using redirects (the > operator) or pipes (||) on non-Windows
systems.

Taking Input Arguments and Displaying to a Screen Using a MATLAB File

Here are two ways to use a MATLAB file to take input arguments and display data to the
screen:

Method 1

function [x,y]=foo(z);

if ischar(z)
z=str2num(z);
else
z=z;
end

2-12
 Standalone Applications and Arguments

x=2*z
y=z^2;
disp(y)

Method 2
function [x,y]=foo(z);

if isdeployed
z=str2num(z);
end
x=2*z
y=z^2;
disp(y)

2-13
2 Deploying Standalone Applications

Use Parallel Computing Toolbox in Deployed Applications

In this section...
“Pass Parallel Computing Toolbox Profile at Run Time” on page 2-14
“Embed Parallel Computing Toolbox Profile” on page 2-15

There are three ways to pass a cluster profile to a standalone application that uses the
Parallel Computing Toolbox:

1 Save the cluster profile to your MATLAB preferences.

The cluster profile will be automatically bundled with the generated application and
available to the Parallel Computing Toolbox code.
2 Pass the cluster profile location to the application at run time.

This option is useful if your application is run against different clusters.

3 Embed the cluster profile in the application.

Pass Parallel Computing Toolbox Profile at Run Time

You can deploy standalone application in a cluster environment using the Parallel
Computing Toolbox by passing the cluster profile to the compiled application at run time.

To deploy a standalone application written with Parallel Computing Toolbox:

1 In the Home tab, in the Environment section, select Parallel > Manage Cluster
Profiles.
2 In the Cluster Profile Manager dialog, select a profile, and in the Manage section,
click Export.
3 Compile the application.

Note: If you are using the GPU feature of Parallel Computing Toolbox, you need to
add the PTX and CU files.
4 Write a shell script that calls the application using the -mcruserdata
ParallelProfile:profile flag.
myApp -mcruserdata ParallelProfile:C:\myprofile.settings

Use the full path name for the cluster profile file to specify profile.

2-14
 Use Parallel Computing Toolbox in Deployed Applications

5 Distribute the following files to application users:

• Generated installer
• Cluster profile
• Script that starts the application using the cluster profile

Users of the application must have access to the cluster specified in the profile.

Note: As of R2012a, Parallel Configurations and MAT files have been replaced with
Parallel Profiles. For more information, see the release notes for the Deployment
products and Parallel Computing Toolbox.

To use existing MAT files and ensure backward compatibility with this change, issue
a command such as the following, in the above example:
pct_Compiled.exe 200 -mcruserdata
ParallelProfile:C:\work9b\pctdeploytool\pct_Compiled\distrib\myconfig.mat

If you continue to use MAT files, remember to specify the full path to the MAT file.

Embed Parallel Computing Toolbox Profile

You can deploy standalone applications in a cluster environment using Parallel
Computing Toolbox by including the cluster profile with the compiled application.

You can use the default configuration from settings. The steps are similar to using a
standard compiled application with the following additional steps.

To deploy a standalone application written with Parallel Computing Toolbox:

1 Write a MATLAB function that uses setmcruserdata to load the cluster profile and
pass it to the MATLAB Runtime.

function run_parallel_funct
setmcruserdata('ParallelProfile', 'profile')
a = parallel_funct
end
2 In the Home tab, in the Environment section, select Parallel > Manage Cluster
Profiles.
3 In the Cluster Profile Manager dialog, select a profile, and in the Manage section,
click Export.

2-15
2 Deploying Standalone Applications

The saved cluster profile should match the profile value in setmcruserdata.
4 Compile the application.

a Use the run_parallel_funct as the main file for the application.

b In the Files required for your application to run field of the Application
Compiler app, include the cluster profile and the MATLAB function for
parallel_funct.

If you are using the GPU feature of Parallel Computing Toolbox, you need to
manually add the PTX and CU files.
5 Distribute the generated installer to application users.

Users of the application must have access to the cluster specified in the profile.

Related Examples
• “Create Standalone Application to Run Against Hadoop from Command Line”

2-16
 Integrate Application with Mac OS X Finder

Integrate Application with Mac OS X Finder

In this section...
“Overview” on page 2-17
“Installing the Macintosh Application Launcher Preference Pane” on page 2-17
“Configuring the Installation Area” on page 2-17
“Launching the Application” on page 2-20

Overview
Macintosh graphical applications, launched through the Mac OS X finder utility, require
additional configuration if MATLAB software or the MATLAB Runtime were not
installed in default locations.

Installing the Macintosh Application Launcher Preference Pane

Install the Macintosh Application Launcher preference pane, which gives you the ability
to specify your installation area.

1 In the Mac OS X Finder, navigate to install_area/toolbox/compiler/maci64.

2 Double-click on MW_App_Launch.prefPane.

Note: The Macintosh Application Launcher manages only user preference settings. If
you copy the preferences defined in the launcher to the Macintosh System Preferences
area, the preferences are still manipulated in the User Preferences area.

Configuring the Installation Area

Once the preference pane is installed, you configure the installation area.

1 Launch the preference pane by clicking on the apple logo in the upper left corner of
the desktop.
2 Click on System Preferences. The MW_App_Launch preference pane appears in
the Other area.

2-17
2 Deploying Standalone Applications

3 Click Add Install Area to define an installation area on your system.

4 Define the default installation path by browsing to it.
5 Click Open.

2-18
 Integrate Application with Mac OS X Finder

Modifying Your Installation Area

Occasionally, you remove an installation area, define additional areas or change the
order of installation area precedence.

You can use the following options in MathWorks® Application Launcher to modify your
installation area:

• Add Install Area — Defines the path on your system where your applications install
by default.
• Remove Install Area — Removes a previously defined installation area.
• Move Up — After selecting an installation area, click this button to move the defined
path up the list. Binaries defined in installation areas at the top of the list have
precedence over all succeeding entries.

2-19
2 Deploying Standalone Applications

• Move Down — After selecting an installation area, click this button to move the
defined path down the list. Binaries defined in installation areas at the top of the list
have precedence over all succeeding entries.
• Apply — Saves changes and exits MathWorks Application Launcher.
• Revert — Exits MathWorks Application Launcher without saving any changes.

Launching the Application

When you create a Macintosh application, a Macintosh bundle is created. If the
application does not require standard input and output, launch the application by
clicking on the bundle in the Mac OS X Finder utility.

The location of the bundle is determined by whether you use mcc or

applicationCompiler to build the application:

• If you use applicationCompiler, the application bundle is placed in the compiled

application's for_redistribution folder.
• If you use mcc, the application bundle is placed in the current working directory or in
the output directory as specified by the mcc -o switch.

2-20
 3

Customizing a Compiler Project

• “Customize the Installer” on page 3-2

• “Manage Required Files in Compiler Project” on page 3-6
• “Specify Files to Install with Application” on page 3-8
• “Manage Support Packages” on page 3-9
3 Customizing a Compiler Project

Customize the Installer

In this section...
“Change the Application Icon” on page 3-2
“Add Application Information” on page 3-3
“Change the Splash Screen” on page 3-3
“Change the Installation Path” on page 3-4
“Change the Logo” on page 3-4
“Edit the Installation Notes” on page 3-5

Change the Application Icon

The application icon is used for the generated installer. For standalone applications, it is
also the application's icon.

You can change the default icon in Application Information. To set a custom icon:

1 Click the graphic to the left of the Application name field.

A window previewing the icon opens.

2 Click Select icon.

3 Using the file explorer, locate the graphic file to use as the application icon.
4 Select the graphic file.

3-2
 Customize the Installer

5 Click OK to return to the icon preview.

6 Select Use mask to fill any blank spaces around the icon with white.
7 Select Use border to add a border around the icon.
8 Click Save and Use to return to the main window.

Add Application Information

The Application Information section of the app allows you to provide these values:

• Name

Determines the name of the installed MATLAB artifacts. For example, if the name
is foo, the installed executable would be foo.exe, the Windows start menu entry
would be foo. The folder created for the application would be InstallRoot/foo.

The default value is the name of the first function listed in the Main File(s) field of
the app.
• Version

The default value is 1.0.

• Author name
• Support e-mail address
• Company name

Determines the full installation path for the installed MATLAB artifacts.
For example, if the company name is bar, the full installation path would be
InstallRoot/bar/ApplicationName.
• Summary
• Description

This information is all optional and, unless otherwise stated, is only used for display
purposes. It appears on the first page of the installer. On Windows systems, this
information is also displayed in the Windows Add/Remove Programs control panel.

Change the Splash Screen

The installer’s splash screen displays after the installer is started. It is displayed, along
with a status bar, while the installer initializes.

3-3
3 Customizing a Compiler Project

You can change the default image by clicking the Select custom splash screen link in
Application Information. When the file explorer opens, locate and select a new image.

Note: You can drag and drop a custom image onto the default splash screen.

Change the Installation Path

Default Installation Paths lists the default path the installer will use when installing the
compiled binaries onto a target system.

Default Installation Paths

Windows C:\Program Files
\companyName\appName
Mac OS X /Applications/companyName/appName
Linux /usr/companyName/appName

You can change the default installation path by editing the Default installation folder
field under Additional Installer Options.

The Default installation folder field has two parts:

• root folder — A drop down list that offers options for where the install folder is
installed. Custom Installation Roots lists the optional root folders for each platform.

Custom Installation Roots

Windows C:\Users\userName\AppData
Linux /usr/local
• install folder — A text field specifying the path appended to the root folder.

Change the Logo

The logo displays after the installer is started. It is displayed on the right side of the
installer.

You change the default image by clicking the Select custom logo link in Additional
Installer Options. When the file explorer opens, locate and select a new image.

3-4
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
found this new liberty and kindness than her old life of slavery and
cruelty; but that is an old experience in this world.
Mrs. King looked savage and annoyed when she saw these marks of
tenderness. "Now, for goodness sake, don't cry," she exclaimed,
"don't be grateful. No gratitude here mind. You won't do for me at
all if you have affection or that sort of nonsense in you. It won't do
here, no softness for me."
Thus it happened that Mary was engaged in a rather non-descript
capacity by this dreamer, who sent her off that very afternoon with a
few pounds to buy herself some necessary clothing; for she had, of
course, nothing but what she stood in.
The next morning Mr. Hudson found a letter on his breakfast table. It
enclosed a post office order for one pound, and the following note,
which had no address at the head of it:
 "Dear Friend.—Thank you a thousand times for your kindness
to a poor friendless girl. I have found a good place with a
lady, so I send you back what you so generously lent me. God
bless you, dear friend.
"Believe me, Yours gratefully,
"MARY GRIMM."
For the first time in his life, Hudson knew what it was to be bitterly
disappointed and angry on receiving back money that he had lent.
 CHAPTER VII.
THE TENTH PLAGUE OF EGYPT.
Two years have gone by and Mary is still living with Catherine King.
She is taller than she was, and of perfect figure. Her face seems less
sad than before. Her mouth has lost much of its hardness, but
perhaps her eyes have not got all their old pathos, their look that
besought sympathy. There is a strange thoughtfulness in her
expression. It is a face calm and inscrutable—a face more beautiful
than ever.
She is not dressed shabbily now, but in a well-fitting though simple
dress. She is delicately shod, and her hair is no longer cut in a
fringe, but the glorious auburn mass is tied up behind in a neat knot
that sets off to advantage the well-shaped head. She forms
altogether as delicious a picture as the eye of man could dwell on.
Her education has been progressing all this time under the tuition of
Catherine King; and never was a girl so curiously educated. Her
mind was fed solely on such food as Logic, Compte's "Religion of
Humanity," and what her teacher was wont to rather sarcastically
call "Our Political Economy," for it was not the orthodox science of
Mill and Fawcett, but the wild revolutionary doctrines of the
Socialists, and of such apostles of Land Nationalization as Mr. George
and his crew.
Catherine King had proceeded cautiously with the girl, had gradually
moulded her to her will, and by well-directed conversation had
imbued her with her own enthusiasm on these matters.
Mary was at first much perplexed, and did not know what to make of
all this new light. But the great gratitude and affection she
entertained for her benefactress inclined her to listen to her teaching
with patience and attention, and in time these ideas began to
interest her, and to fill with suggestions her intelligent mind.
She was soon brought to imagine that she clearly perceived the
gross iniquity and injustice of all existing institutions. She began to
feel a hot indignation against those that accumulate wealth, against
the persecuting hypocritical churchmen, against those that make
laws, only to oppress the poor and protect the rich rogues from
meeting their deserts. She became as bitter a little radical as could
well be found.
She was rather shocked when Catherine King set to work, to prove
to her that religion was a pack of fables, another instrument in the
hands of the rich to oppress and rob the poor, to keep them
ignorant, and frighten them with its bogies into obedience to
authority.
There was a long struggle in her mind before the arguments of the
clever and sincere enthusiast convinced her that mankind knows
nothing of a God, that there is no reason to believe in one.
Her woman's instincts revolted against a good deal of all this at first.
She did not feel comfortable when it was suggested to her that
morality was but another creation of superstition; that marriage was
a terrible evil productive of infinite misery; that were this loathsome
institution abolished, and were the sexes allowed to enter into
temporary arrangements recognised by law, which could be broken
off when the parties wearied of each other, there would be little of
that gross vice which was undermining society, especially at the
present time, when the new conditions of life made the marriage-tie
an intolerable burden that few young men would undertake to bear,
and which was quite out of the reach of the many.
Thus was that one side of sociology, which is for destruction and
radical change, put before the young girl's wondering reason; and
though her common-sense caught glimpses sometimes of the other
side also, and though she would often venture to ask very puzzling
questions, and point out fallacies in the course of a conversation,
yet, as was natural, the intellectual weight of the elder woman told
in the long run and Mary was gradually brought over to agree in
theory with Catherine's wildest views. However, it remained still to
be seen whether the convert would be logical or foolish enough to
approve of their being carried into practice, for that is quite another
matter.
Catherine King had acquired a great influence over Mary, not by
working on her gratitude, which was deep, but by the intense
strength of her character. She inspired her pupil with a respect, an
awe, an unreasoning devotion, a sense of inferiority, more like the
sentiment which a girl entertains for the man she loves, than for one
of her own sex.
Yet Mary was of a nature the reverse of weak; but it happened that
Catherine, like some others who have lived her life of stern self-
denial, of passionate and maddening thought, through many long
silent hours of concentration on one great object, had developed a
sort of mesmeric power over her fellow-beings.
The will of the girl was paralysed in the presence of that other
mightier will, and became as weak as water. This influence became
stronger daily, as the two women saw more of each other—as their
spirits entered into closer communion.
Sometimes after a long afternoon's earnest discussion on the one
topic, in the mystic between-lights, a strange feeling would steal
over Mary. It was as if her soul had gone out of her, as if she was
but a body having sensation only. Hearing the low, monotonous
words as they fell from her mistress's lips, but not understanding
them, her soul, her will, seemed to be away—to be in Catherine, to
be for the time with the other's mind, receiving its impressions,
echoing its workings—to return to her again when the spell was
over; but different from what it had been, modified by that strange
visit, and having brought with it a portion of that other's nature, a
portion which was to cleave to it for ever.
Catherine herself was not conscious of this power at first, but when
she discovered it she did not fail to make use of it, and to employ all
methods to increase the fascination.
She herself returned to a great extent the girl's affection; she
became, to her own surprise, greatly attached to her, fonder of her
than she had ever been of any other human creature.
Alas! it was no happy outlook for the ill-fated girl that her will should
become the helpless slave of the will of a dangerous mad woman.
No other woman could have persuaded the child against her
instincts that there was no God, no good—not that she had known
much of either in her short life.
Such was the education for which Mary was indebted to her new
friend, one that, coming after her Brixton bringing-up, well tended to
develop a strange character—unwomanly, unnatural. She had never
known a mother's love, never had a doll when a child, or a dream of
a hero when a girl.
Very skilful and cunning was the method employed by the Chief of
the Secret Society in the training of her pupil. She did not too
precipitately disclose to her the more startling doctrines of her creed.
Step by step she prepared her mind.
Thus one day, after Mary had been more than a year with her, the
Malthusian doctrine was the subject of a long conversation between
the woman and the girl.
"Timid—yes of course they are timid!" the teacher was saying, in
reply to some remark of the pupil—"all our English democrats are so.
They see what ought to be, they even hint vaguely at it, but they
never dare speak out.
"No one doubts that over-population is the great curse of the world
—they all allow it. Look at the horrors, the misery it produces in this
very city. And what are the remedies suggested?
"How silly, how weak they are! Read Mill; he saw clearly what we
were coming to, and all he has to recommend as a remedy is
prudence in marriage, and such restrictions. This is nonsense,
cheese-paring; besides, if feasible, it would only lead to ten times
the vice there is now.
"No, the passion of the beast man is a constant factor in the
problem that cannot be disregarded. Bradlaugh had a little more
pluck—spoke out; and how were his words received!
"There is only one way of getting out of the difficulty, but that is one
that our virtuous politicians of to-day would never entertain: make it
an offence for anyone to have more than one child; let it be lawful to
kill a new-born infant, and to employ those other measures for
preventing a woman from becoming a mother which are now
felonies in the eyes of the law."
Mary half understood and shuddered. She said, thoughtfully, "I
suppose that is the only remedy; but it can never be carried out—it
is, after all, too horrible."
"Horrible!" exclaimed the teacher. "Not at all; that is, if you look
fairly at the question. You are biased by old prejudices. Your reason
will gradually shake them off, as mine has long ago. We are
Utilitarians, we look to the greatest happiness of the greatest
number. Now by the method we propose of checking population, we
inflict no pain. We prevent a multitude of creatures coming into the
world only to be miserable, so there is left a less crowded, a happier
race, not slaving as now to keep starvation off, and often failing
even to do that, while a few fatten on the product of their labour."
She paused a moment to watch the effects of her words on Mary's
face, then continued: "Man will then know what leisure is, will
become a nobler being; not a slave running a race for bread with
machinery. Ah, Mary! and they call the measures that alone can
bring about this happy consummation cruel, immoral, criminal. It is
the religion—the accursed morality—that tyrannizes over the people,
and forces a man and woman to keep alive their wretched offspring,
that is cruel."
With such conversation did the woman prepare Mary's mind, until,
after they had been two years together, the girl was familiarized with
all the perilous fallacies of the Nihilists, and accepted the theory that
murder is no sin when necessary for the enfranchisement of
mankind, whether it be the secret execution of the tyrants by
poison, knife, and dynamite, or the practical exposition of the
Malthusian doctrine by the destruction of babies.
And now the teacher considered that the pupil's mind was ripe, that
she could be intrusted with the secret of the aim, and was ready to
be an actor in the terrible drama which the Sisterhood was
preparing.
At last the day of initiation came. It was a windy, rainy day of the
spring equinox—a day of tempest and disaster.
Catherine and Mary had been confined to the house all the day.
In the afternoon the hurricane increased in fury, and the wind raved
so loudly without that the two sat in silence for some time in the
little parlour, awed and impressed.
The wild sounds of the storm with its fitful gusts seemed to
harmonize well with the thoughts of Catherine King. She sat by the
table with her brow knit, her eye glittering, and her lips curling
occasionally into strange smiles, as pictures of the work of
vengeance that was to be, thronged to her busy brain.
Then her eyes falling on Mary, she watched the girl furtively for
some minutes, carefully deliberating, till at last she came to a
decision, and spoke.
"Mary!"
"Yes, Mrs. King," replied the girl with a slight start.
"I want to have a long talk with you. In the first place, did you read
that article on land nationalization in the —— Review which I gave
you yesterday; and if so, what do you think of it?"
"Yes, I have read it carefully," said Mary, "but I am not sure that I
properly understand it. The writer appears to me to hardly know his
own mind. He says he does not advocate confiscation, and yet the
hints he throws out as to the working of his scheme seem to me to
really imply confiscation under another name."
"Of course," said Catherine, "that's just like these cautious
politicians; they don't want straightforward confiscation, and yet
they are dimly conscious that by confiscation only is land
nationalization practical. It requires little thought to come to that
conclusion. How on earth could the state possibly afford to
compensate the landlords—where would the money come from?
Capitalists would be shy to lend at three per cent. to a government
that was passing such sweeping measures."
"And supposing they did raise the money," said Mary, "what an
oppressive taxation would be necessary in order to pay the interest!"
Catherine spoke with impatience:
"It's not worth while discussing that matter over again, Mary; it's too
plain. For a state to take possession of the land, and compensate
the landlords for it, is merely taking money out of one pocket to put
in the other, and dropping half of it on the way too."
"I suppose they will see that at last," Mary said; "but do you think,
Mrs. King, that we are near land nationalization? Don't you think that
confiscation of property is unfortunately a long way off yet?"
"I do not think it is far off," replied the chief. "I do not mean that the
State will dispossess the proprietors at once by one violent measure,
though I wish the people were strong enough to do so; but all is
tending the right way at present. You see, Mary, this land
nationalization is a very important step indeed. It will be far the
heaviest blow that democracy has ever struck at aristocracy. It is
land that keeps these great families together. Once we have
destroyed the aristocracy of land we can concentrate our energies
on the destruction of the aristocracy of wealth, we will abolish
capital."
Mary thought a little and then said:
"In that pamphlet on the "International" which you gave me to read,
Mrs. King, there is an extract from a speech of Bakounine. Let me
see—here it is," and she took the book from the table and read:
"After the rights of private property in land have been got rid of,
society must be wound up; that is, we must abolish the political and
judicial system, which is the only sanction and safeguard of present
proprietors. We must take back everything we can seize, just as fast
as we can seize it, as events shall open out a way."
"Exactly so," went on Catherine. "Ah! it is amusing to observe what
blind fools these capitalists, these manufacturers, these employers of
labour are. For the sake of power they have coquetted with
Revolution. They have called themselves Liberals and Radicals. They
have become our allies in our fight with the landed interests. Little
do the idiots imagine that they are but the tools of the
Internationalists and of the Nihilists, that they have to go to Limbo
with the rest. We shall soon be strong enough to dispense with the
aid of these wealthy hypocrites who prey on the people, swallow the
results of their toil, and then delude them with their windy talk, their
sham-Liberalism, their rant about Political economy. The day is not
far off when they will bitterly regret that they have helped us destroy
their only allies, and so left themselves defenceless, an easy prey for
us when the day of vengeance comes."
After a pause Mary spoke: "How strange it is, Mrs. King, that Political
Economy was once actually looked upon as a Liberal science, was
stigmatized as Revolutionary by the Tories, and now it is clearly seen
to be quite the reverse."
"That is it!" exclaimed Catherine. "Political Economy is the cleverest
snare the capitalists ever set for the unsuspecting people. It
professes to be so Liberal, so philanthropical, and tries to persuade
the workers that capital is their best friend without whose assistance
they would starve. It is one great organized lie invented by the rich
to delude the poor. The Political Economists, though favourable to
the rights of property in all else, questioned the tenure of land and
undermined the old sanction that supported that right. This science
has been a useful weapon against the landed proprietors, but it is
useless against the capitalists. Its arguments are specious enough. It
does not appeal to first principles, to ancient sanction as the
landowners do. It does not try to prove that the manufacturer has a
right to his vast gains, so disproportionate to those of the real
workers, but it sets to work to try and prove that such a system is
positively good for the labourers, better indeed than any other
system would be."
"Do you think, Mrs. King, that there will soon be any really Radical
alterations in the tenure of land?" asked the pupil.
"Mary, I know it," replied the teacher with a voice of conviction, "I
know it. The general election that is coming will give us an
enormous majority in the House of Commons. The moderate Liberals
are struck with panic, foreseeing what will happen. The timid leaders
of that party feel that they will be powerless to stem the tide. In a
few months a bill will be driven through Parliament that will astonish
the world."
"But then there is the House of Peers," suggested Mary. "Will the
Lords let the bill through?"
"The Lords!" exclaimed Catherine with a contemptuous laugh. "Don't
talk to me about the Lords, they will be too frightened about their
skins to dare to offer a long resistance to the will of the people.
Now, Mary, the most important clauses of this great measure will be
to the following effect: any alienation of real property by sale, gift,
testament, or otherwise shall be void unless it be to an immediate
descendant of the holder, except when under certain circumstances
the land courts shall sanction or command a sale for the public
good. In failure of any descendant or of such sanction of the land
court, the land will become the property of the State on the holder's
decease—you understand?"
"I understand," said Mary rather disappointed, for she expected to
hear something far more startling than this. "But it is not much,
even a moderate like Mill proposed nearly as much as that."
"Mary," continued Catherine King looking steadfastly at the girl, "it
does not sound much, but nevertheless it is the death-blow to
property. I too would like to see all the old tyrannies swept away at
once, but that cannot be, the country is not ripe enough for that.
Now, Mary, you must remember that there are two methods by
which politicians bring about their ends.
"The first method is that which all the world sees and hears—the
open action—agitation—the press—debate—culminating in an Act of
Parliament.
"The second method is secret—this is the work in the dark that,
going far beyond the timid public opinion as represented by
Parliament, dares great things.
"So we of this Sisterhood, and hundreds of similar associations all
over Europe, are ever on the watch.
"Our allies—the politicians that work openly, that employ the first
method—prepare the way for us, loosen the foundations of tyranny
in Parliament. Then we come—we that employ the second method,
and complete their work.... Now follow me. This will be the result of
this new Bill. Unless a landed proprietor have children, his estate will
lapse to the State on his death."
She paused, and the eyes of the two women met.
Mary had never before seen such an expression in the bright black
eyes of Catherine King. Their pupils were dilated. They blazed with a
fierce intensity of purpose, of passionate thought. They were the
eyes of a madwoman, but a madwoman with a terrible method in
her madness.
She continued in slow, deliberate tones: "Now, after this Act is
passed, supposing that the Secret Societies such as ours come in
and prevent the landed proprietors from leaving children, what will
happen? In a generation or two all the land will be in the hands of
the people. Do you follow me?"
"I think so," replied Mary, in a low voice.
Catherine proceeded: "Such a scheme may sound impracticable to
you at first, but it is anything but that. We have gone thoroughly
into it. It does not, to begin with, necessitate nearly so many
removals of heirs as you would imagine. You would be surprised to
find what a very large proportion of the land would be recovered by
the people in the space of a few years by no more than say thirty
well-selected removals. A little study of the pages of Debrett would
soon convince you of this. The object of our Society is to assist the
working of the coming Act of Parliament by effecting these removals,
do you know how?"
Mary had anticipated for many months a revelation of this kind. She
was not taken by surprise, but she turned very pale and said: "How,
Mrs. King?"
The dreaded moment had come at last, and she felt even as if she
was going to die as she listened to her mistress, who spoke again in
calm but thrilling tones.
"Mary, I know you well enough to trust you now. When you were
enrolled some months ago as a member of our Sisterhood, you were
informed what would be the penalty of disclosing what was told to
you."
"Death," said Mary, looking up with a brave smile. "It is death, I
know that."
"I do not mention this because I in any way doubt you. I believe in
you as in my own self. If you are not true, no one in the whole world
is. But it is my duty to remind you of your promise and the
consequences of treason before I reveal to you the secrets of the
Inner Circle. Now the time has come, and you shall know our
immediate plan. You already know how far-spreading our
organization is. You know that we have been training nurses—nurses
for the sick and nurses for children—and domestic servants of all
classes. You know how we have scattered these over the country,
and how many there are now at our disposition, provided with
excellent characters and entirely devoted to our cause. Have you
ever wondered—have you ever guessed what all this was for?... I
can see by your face that you have done so.... At the proper time
the secret is revealed to each of these, even as I now reveal it to
you. We seek to find places for these sisters in different capacities,
but chiefly as nurses in the houses of the wealthy landowners—
especially those houses in which the heirs are yet to be born, or are
children. Do you understand?"
"I think so."
"For the means, we have to thank Sister Jane—a method safe,
impossible of detection, by which the life that is in the way of social
good can be extinguished, painlessly too.... Yes, it is more like sleep
than death;" and when she spoke of death the woman's voice
became tender, the fire of her eyes was dimmed, as a far-away look
came into them, and she sighed.
It seemed as if she was envying the peaceful fate of the babies she
was devoting to an early grave. No wonder that she felt weary at
times beneath all that weight of fierce thought, of subtle plot, of
disappointment. Death was no gloomy shadow to this poor
distracted mind.
Then she pulled herself together again, and said, in a dreamy voice:
"Mary, these Christians believe that their merciful God killed all the
first-born of the Egyptians in one night because they had enslaved
his people and would not let them go. But that slavery was as
nothing to that of the down-trodden millions of Europe."
The young girl felt as if her heart was becoming cold and dead
within her, but her will was not hers, and she believed altogether in
the righteousness of the cause. She knew that it was her duty to
become one of the assassins—to save humanity by being a baby-
killer.
So, Mary—Mary! Heavens! what a name for a child-murderer!—
bowed her head meekly, and said in a low, passionless voice—a
voice that was without modulation, sounding automatic, as if from
one in a trance, one not knowing the sense of what she said:
"I will do all you say ... you have me ... body and soul."
Catherine looked at the white fixed features, and felt a keen pang of
compunction. She came to her senses for a moment.... What was
this thing she was doing? ... sacrificing this poor girl—this one
creature that she loved.... But then she loved her creed still better;
and there was none who could be so useful to the cause as this her
pupil; so she stifled her emotion, and said in a voice grave and
collected as ever, while she rose from her chair:
"To-morrow, Mary, you shall receive full instructions from the Inner
Circle. Sister Eliza will explain to you what you have to do."
"I will do all that I am ordered," replied the girl in the same strange
absent tone as before. "Yes, all ... anything...."
Then suddenly the nature of her duties rose to her mind with such
appalling distinctness that for the moment she was overwhelmed by
the horror of the vision.
She rose quickly from her chair and paced up and down the room,
her face quite colourless, one hand pressed to her painfully working
heart.... Then, with a cry which seemed full of all the anguish that
humanity is capable of, she threw herself at the feet of her mistress,
who stood looking at her with a stern sadness. She lay there on the
ground, her head hidden in her hands, and the piteous words came
out between her choking sobs.
"Oh, why was I ever born?... Why were any men or women ever
born? Let me die at once; life is too horrible.... Oh, mistress! Oh,
mother! you say you love me; kill me now then; kill me at once, and
spare me this life—this terrible life."
But Catherine had now steeled her heart. She hardly heard the
pitiful pleading. Her soul was filled with a wild enthusiasm as she
thought of her long-matured schemes, now so soon to bear fruit.
She was possessed with the idea ... she stood there at her full
height; a stately figure, with her face illumined by the inspiration,
having a nobility, a glory in it, such as even saints and martyrs have
worn. Her thoughts were too exalted just then for her to pay heed to
the victim at her feet, and she said nothing, offered no consolation.
After this wild first burst of anguish had partly passed, another mood
seized the girl. She leaped to her feet, and with eyes aflame with
hate, and teeth set, exclaimed:
"Oh! oh! if there is a God how I hate him—no man, no devil could be
as cruel as He is! Why has He made all this misery? Why has He
created us at all? He has arranged things so that in order to save
mankind from still worse suffering we have to kill innocent children.
Oh, mother! we had better all die at once and leave the world to
wild beasts."
Then her former mood returned again, and she threw herself upon
the sofa, weeping bitterly, and her whole body was convulsed with
grief and despair.
Catherine King had foreseen that such a mental struggle would
come to Mary when the "secret of the aim" was put before her
clearly for the first time. Her experience in other cases led her to hail
this paroxysm as a favourable symptom.
All the initiated had to go through this agony when the supreme
moment came. This was usually the last, shortest, but fiercest
struggle between the old nature and the new—the old nature of
religious instincts, Christian sympathies and pities, and the new
nature that sought to break through all the tyrannies, to be free of
God, of evil and remorse.
It was an unnatural contest that would rend the poor spirit that
engaged in it until the new nature had gained the victory, then the
angel that is with every soul that is born on earth would go away
from it and for ever, leaving it alone, without conscience, free to
carry out without scruple whatsoever Reason should order.
So Catherine, familiar with the great crisis through which the girl
was passing, said nothing, but quietly left the room, as she knew
was the wisest thing to be done, leaving the victim to fight with her
agony by herself, and little doubting what the result would be.
 CHAPTER VIII.
LIGHT LOVER.
When a man turns his face definitely in that direction, and sets out
on his melancholy road to the dogs, he can get over a good deal of
ground in two years.
Two years had passed since we last saw him in his Temple
chambers, and in that time Tommy Hudson had travelled a long way
down the hill. He had considerably degenerated. He had drifted into
hard drinking, and his once-refined features indicated the habit too
clearly. His practice at the bar had nearly melted away; solicitors
could no longer rely on the drunkard.
Feeling his degradation, stricken by remorse, he would make
resolutions of reform which his nature, originally weak and unsteady
and ever further sinking, was unable to carry out.
His friends shunned him. He had become one in whose company
men were ashamed to be seen. He had recently been black-balled
when put up for election at a small legal club in the neighbourhood
of the Law Courts; and this last disgrace more than anything else
hurried on his descent by driving him to despair and recklessness.
However, he was still far from being irreclaimably lost, and it was
only occasionally that his condition was demonstratively disgraceful.
His originally strong tendency for adventure with the fair sex was
much exaggerated by his chronic alcoholism, and was becoming with
him a sort of monomania. A diseased brain made him restless and
fearful of solitude, so that the company of some strange woman or
other grew to be a constant necessity.
As decent men would not associate with him now—as he was still
too proud to make friends of the loafers, unprincipled, broken-down
gentlemen, and other rats of society who would have gladly
welcomed him among them—he was perforce driven into the at any
rate far less degrading companionship of the free-living members of
the other sex.
But at the end of these two years an event happened that turned
the current of his life for a time. A relative died and left him a few
thousand pounds.
This brought Hudson to his senses. He made up his mind to live a
more cleanly life. He suddenly abandoned his drinking habits, and
really struggled hard to retrace his steps to respectability.
He knew that his practice would not return to him at once; so, in
order to occupy his time, he determined to take to literature—he had
dabbled in it before, and was not unknown to the editors of the
magazines. He resumed a novel that he had commenced and put
aside years back, and felt a great delight in finding that he had not
to any great extent lost his power for steady work.
He had been living this reformed life for a fortnight, when he
bethought him to take a holiday one fine afternoon and visit the
academy. One who had seen him only two weeks before would
scarcely have recognized him, as he walked with a light step along
the streets. He was a man once more. He held his head erect, and
there was a happy smile about his mouth, that spoke of high hope
and ambition. He felt a lightness of heart, an exultation of spirit, he
had not known for years. Once more he had an honest pride in
himself, once more the future looked bright with glorious dreams.
He had been strolling through the academy—which was rather
empty at the time—for about half an hour, when he remembered
that an artist who had been his friend in former days, and with
whom he had taken several very pleasant walking-tours on the
continent, had made himself famous this year by exhibiting two very
well-executed landscapes.
He referred to the catalogue and soon found where one of these
was hung. He had been before it for some minutes, when he
became conscious that a lady was standing by him looking at the
same picture.
He was rather in her way and was obstructing her view, so he
stepped aside, and taking off his hat murmured some slight apology.
She bowed and smiled faintly, but it was a particularly pleasing
smile.
He looked at her and was immediately struck by her peculiar beauty.
Her rich complexion, long voluptuous eyes and full well-moulded
form, were indeed well fitted to attract the attention of man. She
appeared to be about twenty-four years old. There was nothing fast
in her appearance. She was well, though plainly dressed. He also
noticed that she had tiny and well-shaped hands and feet.
He was so fascinated, that without intending it, he was staring very
hard at her. At first she was—or pretended to be—unconscious of his
earnest gaze; then she looked up and their eyes met, hers calm and
wondering, his full of meaning admiration.
She dropped her eyes and blushed prettily, and then commenced to
take a great interest in the picture before her.
He stood by her, also pretending to be intent on the painting for
about half a minute, when, as she did not move away, he ventured
to speak.
"I see our tastes are similar. It is a beautiful picture, is it not?"
She looked at him calmly.
"Indeed, it is; but I don't seem to recognize the artist's name, Is he
well known?"
"I don't think he had much reputation till this year; but the two
pictures he is exhibiting here now have been much admired. He has
now become quite a celebrated man."
"Then he has another picture in the academy!"
"He has, and I believe it is the best of the two. If you will allow me I
will find out for you where it is. They say it is quite one of the
pictures of the year."
She hesitated a little before she made a reply.
"It is very kind of you—I should very much like to see it. But I must
not trouble you."
"Please don't imagine it will be any trouble to me. Besides I am
anxious to see the picture myself. I used to know the artist very
well."
"Oh! that must be very interesting for you. I have often thought how
nice it must be to know the authors and painters of the books and
pictures we admire."
"I am afraid you would be very often disappointed in them," he said,
laughing. "I see from the catalogue that the picture is in the next
room. Would you like to go there now?"
They walked into the room together, and after a few more common-
place remarks and interchange of ideas in front of the picture in
question, the ice was still further broken between them. The two
young people entered into quite a lively talk. He became still more
fascinated; for her voice was low and sweet, and there was a frank,
trusting, communicativeness in her conversation that was perfectly
delicious.
They sat for a considerable time together on the divan in front of the
picture, but they paid little attention to that great work of art.
Said she, "You must think me very fast to come here all by myself,
and what is worse allow you, an entire stranger to me to enter into
conversation with me."
"No! It is all my fault. I forced myself upon you. It was very kind on
your part not to snub me for my presumption."
She sighed. "Ah! I am afraid I was wrong; but you see I am alone in
London, I have no friends here. It is so very lonely for me. It is so
pleasant to talk sometimes with—with—well with people like
yourself. I think I have some excuse, don't you?"
"Every excuse!"
"And after all, what great harm is there in it? It is rather
unconventional perhaps."
"And therefore the pleasanter. I don't see why we should be always
tied down by those silly hard-and-fast rules of society."
"No more do I! though I am not one of those strong-minded women
who believe in woman's rights. Besides,"—and she laughed prettily
—"what harm are you likely to do me? You don't look like a
pickpocket or an ogre. I am quite old enough to look after myself,
even if you do prove to be anything but what I take you for—a
gentleman."
He bowed and said, "I do not think you need fear me."
"Dear me," she continued, "how curious it is! Here are we two, who
had never even seen each other an hour ago, talking as freely as if
we had known each other for years."
"That is the advantage of being frank and straightforward. Those
stiff, reserved people, who are always suspicious of strangers, miss a
lot of pleasure in this world. Now you see we were both dull, moping
about here alone, and now how happy we are!—at least I speak for
myself."
He persuaded her to have some tea in the refreshment room, when
she confided to him a little of her history. The misfortunes of her
family had obliged her to seek a livelihood in the metropolis.
"I have been trying to start a small school for little boys," she said,
"but my capital was slender, and nobody knows me in London. I
have spent far more than I can properly afford in advertisements,
and they seem to produce no effect. I shall have to abandon that
project."
The barrister's compassion was much excited by the simple tale.
"And what do you purpose doing then?" he said. "But forgive me; I
am so interested that I am afraid I am asking questions I have no
right to ask."
"Why not?" she replied simply. "I am thinking of becoming a nurse in
a hospital. I had some training of the kind a few years ago."
"It is rather a hard and unpleasant life I should imagine."
"Perhaps so—but you know beggars cannot be choosers; but I must
not bore you any longer with my foolish history."
"On the contrary I am deeply interested—and you say you have no
friends at all in London?"
"None!" she replied with a forlorn sigh that went to his heart.
After a pause he spoke again in earnest tones.
"I wish you would allow me to become a friend. I think it would be
very foolish of us to separate to-day without arranging any plans
about meeting again. We have already agreed that conventionality
ought sometimes to be dispensed with. Here surely is a very good
case in point. I should like exceedingly to see you again; I should be
very sorry if we did not continue this friendship. Have you any
objection?"
"Of course not. I should very much like it," she replied looking at
once into his eyes. "The idea is charming to me. Ah! if you knew
how terrible it is to have no friend, no one to confide in, you would
feel for me I know."
"I find my own life a little lonely too sometimes," he said, "I am a
barrister—"
"A barrister!" she interrupted. "Ah! I have long wished to know a
barrister. I have always thought they must be such clever men."
"Well, I suppose we are quite up to the other professions. But now I
think, as we have settled that we are to be friends, it is not worth
our while to delay about it. Let us imagine we have been friends
quite a long time—and will you do me the honour of dining with me
to-night?"
"Dine with you!" she exclaimed, as if startled by the idea.
"Yes—why not? It will enable us to learn more of each other. We will
dine at a restaurant, and if you like we will go to a theatre
afterwards."
She only hesitated a moment, then replied, "You are very kind—you
don't know what a treat you are proposing to me. I have been so
very dull of late—No!" she cried joyfully, "I cannot refuse you. The
prospect is too delightful."
They passed an exceedingly pleasant evening together. When the
play was over he put her in a cab and they separated. She would not
tell him where she lived, but gave him an address at a stationer's
shop to which he might write; and also made an appointment to
meet him on the following day.
He walked home aflame with a passion which he fondly believed was
love. He considered that he had fallen into a very lucky adventure.
Knowing well the weakness of his own character, he argued with
himself that it would be an excellent thing for him to be fond of a
really nice little woman like this. An intrigue of this kind would keep
him straight. It had always been one of his maxims that to have a
mistress was a grand thing for a man; it settled him, and preserved
him from dissipation.
It was perhaps a rather wild thing to hope to find salvation in such a
union as the one he contemplated; nevertheless it has happened to
many men of his nature to be regenerated by a mistress.
There are certain men—not of the meanest order—whose happiness
and success in life, or misery and failure, entirely depend on women.
Of an amorous disposition, love is a necessity to these. If such a
man take a good woman as his mate, he is indeed happy in her. She
makes him a god; she stimulates him to noble endeavour;
encourages him in the dark hours; and raises to success a life that
would have yielded to temporary failure.
Happy too is the woman who has thus completed the nature of the
powerful weak man, happy in that her benign influence has made a
being intellectually so far her superior yet morally her inferior,
admirable instead of despicable. Happy too is she, in that the man
knows it, and his grateful love burns true and holy until death.
But the bad woman can as easily drag down such a nature, as a
good woman can ennoble it. A crisis had now come to the life of the
barrister. He had already checked himself on his downward career,
he was struggling after the lost good. Were this new friend of his to
prove a woman of the right sort, he might probably still become a
distinguished man in his profession or in literature.
But, alas! the Fates were against him.

For it happened that this young lady whom the barrister had met
was no other than our old acquaintance Susan Riley—the youngest
member of the Inner Circle of the Secret Society—the one who had
known the pains and joys of motherhood.
Cat that she was, she had a cat-like love for prowling about in the
evening with no definite purpose, but in search of adventure. She
might be often seen in Regent Street in the afternoon. She would on
occasion allow strange gentlemen to enter into conversation with
her. Ah! how modest and demure she would be at first! By-and-bye
the befooled man would become infatuated. Dinners, suppers,
bonnets, gloves and jewellery would be showered upon her; but at
last when the swain thought it full time that his amours should
advance a step further, and leave the cold regions of Platonic love
she would as likely as not turn and laugh him to scorn, leave him,
and start to pastures new in search of fresh game.
She could talk low and sweetly, this cunning beauty, and her blue
eyes would so well lie of love as they looked up timidly from under
their curling lashes. By the very manner with which she would draw
on her glove, she could make a man believe she loved him.
The result of the adventure at the academy was that she and the
barrister saw a good deal of each other. Their friendship ripened.
She played her cards cunningly, and soon made her conquest
complete.
She told him a lamentable tale about a runaway husband—a
clergyman, she said. He looked the name up in an old clergy-list,
and there indeed it was, so he believed her tale. She filled him with
pity for her forlorn state.
A very considerable proportion of Hudson's income found its way, if
not directly, indirectly, into her pockets. She wheedled him well,
though he was no fool. But what young man can look through the
glamour that surrounds a beautiful and clever woman? He deceives
himself willingly, and believes she is an angel, though he knows how
silly he is to believe so.
Susan understood her man, and she thought it worth her while to
take considerable trouble over his conquest. Cautiously she wove her
web around him. She did not yield her heart (?) too soon, but kept
him for some time in suspense.
How candid she appeared to be! One day she placed her daintily-
gloved hand gently on his arm, and looking openly into his eyes,
said: "Ah! Mr. Hudson, it is very kind of you to take so much interest
in me—to do so much for me; but I will not deceive you; you must
not speak to me again of love. I cannot love. I am deeply grateful—I
like you very much—but I will never, never love you!"
He poured out a flood of wild protestations of undying, boundless
affection; he implored, lamented, made oaths, and so forth, as is
usual with men under like circumstances.
"No!" she went on with a sigh—"no, Mr. Hudson, I dare not love
again. I know how sweet is love—no one better. Sometimes I think I
was created only to love and be loved. But after that one terrible
disappointment, I dare never love again. Oh, Mr. Hudson!"—looking
at him with swimming eyes, and speaking in thrilling tones—"how
can I ever trust a man again?—to trust and be deceived—to love and
then to lose! Oh, it would kill me! I can never allow my poor heart to
love again."
Then of course followed fresh protestations and oaths of constancy
from the victim, to which she only replied by a piteous sigh.
This sort of thing went on for a fortnight or so; then she got sick of
it. She thought that there had been quite enough of this preliminary
play; and that the time had come for her to yield gracefully to his
importunity.
One fine Sunday afternoon, they were walking together in Kew
gardens.
"Do you not like me a little bit?" asked Hudson, imploringly.
"Of course I like you. You are my dearest—my only friend!"
"But cannot you love me, my darling? Oh! indeed you can trust me—
this is no boy's love of mine! I am old enough to know my own
mind. I love you as few men ever loved a woman, as I never knew
that I myself could love. You are the one thing in the whole world to
me. Trust me—this is no passing fancy."
A profound sigh was her sole reply. She was rather proud of her
sighs; they were wonderfully expressive.
"Cannot you love me a little, Edith?" She called herself Edith to her
young men as being a more euphonious name than Susan.
Her answer this time was a nervous stirring up of the sand with her
parasol, and a downcast look and silence.
"Oh, Edith! I do so hunger for your love," he urged again. "Can you
not give me a little for all this love of mine? Oh, my darling! if you
can only give me back a hundredth part of my love for you, I shall
be satisfied."
She turned her head—as if to conceal her emotion, but really to hide
a smile that she could not altogether suppress, having a strong
sense of the ridiculous—and said, in accents of piteous pleading:
"Don't! don't, Tom!—don't take advantage of my weakness."
"Then you do love me?" he cried, passionately.
"It is cruel of you to force me to confess my feelings. Oh, Tom!—I
can't help it!—now you know all!—I do love you!"

She had still a few pretty scruples which she allowed him to talk her
out of gradually. It was very wrong, she urged, for her to accept him
as a lover—she a married woman!—her husband still alive! But the
eloquent barrister managed to persuade her to the contrary.
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