Art Movement: Mannerisms to Installation Art creativity, feeling that all possible artistic

challenges had been met.

Mannerism (Late 16th Cenutry)
Significant Mannerist Artists
1.​ Pontormo
Mannerism
-​ Jacopo Carucci, commonly known as
●​ Emerged in the late 16th century,
Jacopo Pontormo or simply Pontormo,
primarily in Italy
was an Italian Mannerist painter and
●​ Following the High Renaissance and
portraitist from the Florentine School.
preceding the Baroque period
●​ Came from the Italian word “Maniera”;
style or manner
●​ Reflects a shift towards a more stylized
and artificial approach to art

Mannerist Artists
●​ Stylized and exaggerated approach in
painting and sculpture
●​ Mannerists stressed the individual way
of painting, personal vision, and
perception; the concept of individualism
●​ followers of Renaissance masters but
set their own goals, created their style,
and turned against traditional
conventions
●​ breaking the “elitist” art form.
2.​ Parmigiano
Characteristics of Mannerism
-​ Born Girolamo Francesco Maria Mazzola
●​ Artificial and less naturalistic portrayal
in Parma, Italy, he became one of the
of subjects - Mannerists put high value
most influential Mannerist painters in
on the human body that are gracefully
Italy despite his short, twenty-year
yet oddly positioned
career.
●​ Elongated limbs and stylized facial
features
●​ Mannerist art tend to look flat in
perspective
○​ artificiality
○​ elegance
○​ Exaggerated Proportions
○​ Complex Compositions
○​ Use of Color
○​ Emotional Expression
○​ Intellectual Themes
○​ sensual distortion of the human
figure
Mannerism emerged as a response to the
perceived perfection achieved in High
Renaissance art. Artists faced a crisis of
 3.​ Bronzino ○​ Churches - adorned with statues
-​ Agnolo di Cosimo, usually known as to accentuate their glory.
Bronzino or Agnolo Bronzino, was an ○​ Domes and roofs were enlarged.
Italian Mannerist painter from Florence.
Significant Artists and their Paintings:
1.​ Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio

-​ He is known for his dramatic use for

chiaroscuro (strong contrast between
light and dark) and intense realism of
religious works.
2.​ Gian Lorenzo Bernini
Baroque (17th - Early 18th Century)

Baroque
●​ Baroque style of architecture, art, and
designn was very intricate and opulent
or luxurious
●​ Comes from the portuguese word
“barocco”; irregular pearl or stone
●​ Theme of its paintings and sculpure are
still religious; more of the elements of a
catholic dogma
●​ Chiaroscuro - a new technique
developed in Baroque period -​ Italian sculptor and architecture who
was recognized for his dynamic and
Baroque Characteristics expensive artworks
●​ Dramatic Use of Light and Shadow -​ developed the Baroque style of
●​ Rich Ornamentation and Detail sculpture
●​ Emotional Appeal
●​ Unity of Arts
●​ Grand Scale and Majesty

Baroque Architecture
●​ Baroque buildings are highly
ornamented which create spectacle
●​ and illusion.
 3.​ Francesco Borromini Characteristics of Rococo
●​ Ornate Decoration
○​ Characterized by lightness,
elegance, and an emphasis on
nature and fantasy
○​ intricate details, asymmetrical
designs, and flowing lines
●​ Playful Themes
○​ Often depicted with lighthearted
or whimsical approach
●​ Pastel Color Palette
○​ soft hues contributed to the
-​ Italian architect who was overall sense of elegance and
recognized as one of the greatest refinement
architects in 17th centuries ●​ Curved Forms
○​ embraced sinuous, curving lines
and shapes, moving away from
the symmetry and strict
Rococo (Early 1770s - Late 1770s)
geometry
○​ sense of movement and fluidity
Rococo in both decorative arts and
●​ Comes from the word “Rocaille”; shell architecture
●​ Began in france following the death of
Louis XIV Significant Artists and their Painting
●​ Largely replaced by the more austere 1.​ FRANÇOIS BOUCHER
Neoclassical style
●​ particularly influencing art, architecture,
and interior design in countries like
Austria, Germany, and Italy.
●​ Continuation of the Baroque but in a
lighter and more decorative effect
●​ Artists would mix seashells, pebbles
and other organic elements to create a
naturalistic inspired work
●​ French-style distinguished because of
its elaborately designed artworks that
aimed to please
-​ "The Toilet of Venus" (1751)
Rococo Architecture
-​ Featuring mythological subjects
●​ Mainly a style of ornament and interior
rendered with delicate colors and
design
sensuous forms
●​ furniture and architecture are focused
on secular
●​ asymmetrical designs and maintained
the decorative style of the Baroque.
 Romanticism (18th Century)
2.​ ANTOINE WATTEAU
Romanticism
●​ rebellion against the intellectualization
brought about by Neo-classicism
●​ Reaction to the restriction for painting,
sculpture, and architecture
●​ Late 18th Century - The Enlightenment's
emphasis on reason and order gives
rise to Neoclassicism, which coexists
-​ "The Embarkation for Cythera" (1717)
with the fading Rococo style.
-​ its dreamy atmosphere and elegant
●​ French Revolution (1789) - Political and
figures in a romantic landscape.
social upheaval sparks a desire for more
3.​ JEAN-HONORÉ FRAGONARD
emotional and individualistic artistic
expression
●​ Early 19th Century - emerges as a
full-fledged movement, emphasizing
emotion, nature, and the sublime in
reaction to the Industrial Revolution and
Enlightenment rationality
Romantic Artists
●​ stressed the individuality and creativity
of the artist
●​ free to express
-​ "The Progress of Love" (1771-1773)
●​ his/her view of the world in whatever
-​ exemplifies the playful and romantic
medium or technique s/he is
themes of Rococo, with its lush garden
comfortable with
settings and amorous encounters
●​ valued originality, inspiration, and
imagination to promote a variety of
style in their artwork
●​ emphasized that sense and emotion;
equally important in understanding the
world
●​ favored coloristic and painterly
techniques over the linear, cool tone of
the neoclassical style
●​ Common Romantic Subjects:
○​ Nature
○​ The Past
○​ Inner world of Human Nature
○​ connected nature with human
imagination
○​ Incidents from history
●​

Emotional Expressiveness
●​ Intense Emotions
 -​ Romantic artists sought to evoke
powerful feelings in their
audience, depicting scenes of
passion, terror, awe, and
melancholy
●​ Individualism and Subjectivity
-​ emphasized the artist's personal
vision and emotional response to
subjects
●​ The Sublime
-​ Romantic artists were fascinated -​ The Fighting Temeraire (1839)
by the concept of the sublime – 3.​ Eugéne Declacroix
the awe-inspiring and sometimes
terrifying aspects of nature and
human experience

Heroic and Nationalist Themes

●​ National Identity
●​ Literary Inspirations
●​ Heroic Individuals
●​ Medieval Revival

Characteristics of Romanticism
1.​ Emphasis on Emotion
2.​ Nature as a Powerful force -​ Liberty Leading the People (1830)
3.​ The Sublime and The Mysterious
4.​ Individualism and the Heroic
5.​ Exoticism and Gothic Elements Impressionism (Late 19th Century)

Significant Artists and their Works

Impressionism
1.​ Caspar David Friedrich
●​ emphasizes capturing the essence of a
scene rather than detailed realism,
often focusing on light, color, and
movement.
●​ reaction rigid to the standards of
academic painting
●​ rebellion against conventional and
academic standards.
●​ movement of impressionism was
inspired by Monet’s painting
“Impression Sunrise.”
●​ use of vibrant and fresh colors and
favors spontaneity
●​ more outdoor scenes to capture the
-​ Wanderer Above the Sea of Fog (1818) natural color and light
2.​ JMW Turner ●​ inspired by changing social landscapes,
urbanization, and innovations like
photography.
Impressionism Artist Art Nouveau (Late 19th Century)
●​ Artists sought to represent the modern,
fleeting aspects of life Art Nouveau
●​ concerned with the effect of light on ●​ great variety of fine and decorative arts
objects ●​ Emphasizes decorative, flowing, and
●​ light as an important element that organic designs inspired by natural
affects the richness and dullness or the forms
darkness and lightness of colors ●​ bring beauty into everyday objects and
●​ quickly to capture what they see in the architect by emphasizing the aesthetic
moment so they go away from precise value of objects and architecture
details of lines ●​ Inspired by the Arts and Crafts
●​ common subject of impressionist art is movement
outdoor scenes, nature and ●​ industrialization, and a desire to bring
contemporary everyday life art into everyday objects
●​ emphasized beauty in functionality
Characteristics and Themes ●​ combine art and design seamlessly,
●​ Quick brushstrokes using organic, nature-inspired forms to
●​ emphasis on natural light oppose industrial mass production’s
●​ Bold color contrasts harsh lines
●​ Focused on landscapes, urban life, ●​ this type is entirely new and
nature, and unprecedented
●​ everyday scenes ●​ this type is entirely new and
●​ aiming to evoke the atmosphere of the unprecedented
moment.
Characteristics of Art Nouveau
Key artists and their works ●​ Flowing, organic lines
1.​ Claude Monet ●​ asymmetrical designs inspired by
nature’s forms
●​ Common Subjects:
○​ Plants and animals
○​ Intricate decorative patterns
○​ incorporating floral and animal
forms

Mediums and Applications

●​ Diverse Materials:
○​ Stained glass
-​ Sunrise (1872) ○​ Ceramics
2.​ Edgar Degas ○​ wrought iron
○​ Fine woodwork to enhance the
visual
○​ textural qualities of objects
●​ Applied Art Focus:
○​ Extensively used in architecture
○​ jewelry
○​ Furniture
-​ The Ballet Dancer (1874)
○​ graphic design
 ○​ emphasizing the harmony ●​ Largely anti-aesthetic; reflecting Marx’s
between form and function contention that the mode of production
of material life
Key Artists and Works ●​ Rooted in marxist point of view
1.​ Gustav Klimt ●​ Integrating art with industry and
architecture to reflect the needs of
society
●​ Functional Art - practical and utilitarian,
avoiding aesthetic beauty

Industrial Materials:
●​ Reflect the modern and industrialized
society:
-​ The Kiss ●​ Glass
-​ that emphasizes love, intimacy, and ●​ Steel
elaborate ornamentation through gold ●​ Wood
and patterned designs Characteristic
2.​ Alphonse Mucha ●​ Geometric shaoes
●​ Abstract forms
●​ Prioritizing utility over decoration

Key artists and works

1.​ Alexander Rodohenko

-​ The Four Seasons

-​ Represents the beauty of nature and the
passage of time, depicting women
surrounded by symbolic elements

-​ Books (1924)
Constructivism (Early 20th Century) -​ employs a stark grammar of simple
geometry and flat color to promote a
Constructivism campaign for worker education
●​ Emerged in the wake of WW1 2.​ Vladimir Tatlin
●​ Influenced by socio-political changes
and a desire for new artistic expression
that reflected modern industrial age
●​ Arose in Russia after the 1917
revolution
●​ Rooted in russian revolution and the
rise of socialist ideology
●​ Art for social purposes
 -​ Tatlin’s Tower (1919) Key Artists and their works
-​ Father of Constructivism 1.​ Piet Mondran
-​ Planned as a propaganda and cultural
center, intended to celebrate socialism

De Stijl - The Style (1917 - 1930s)

De Stijl
●​ In the Netherlands and founded in 1917 -​ Mondrian’s Composition with Red, Blue,
●​ Response to the devastation of WW1, and Yellow (1930)
advocating for universal harmony -​ Grid-based abstraction using primary
through abstraction colors, meant to present universal
●​ most idealistic of the abstract harmony
movement
●​ referred to as Neoplasticism was a 2.​ Gerrit Rietveld
reaction to the Modern Baroque of the
Amsterdam School movement
●​ Sought to distill art to its urest form,
useing geometric shapes and primary
colors
●​ reality is obscured when particular
forms and natural colors cause
subjective feelings
●​ Natural forms must be reduced to
constant elements of form and natural
colors to primary color to plastically
produced reality
-​ Rietveld’s Red and Blue Chair (1918)
●​ Artists believed in universal beauty
-​ Practical application of De Stijl
achieved through simplicity and order
principles in furniture, using clean lines
●​ Mondrain claimed that the reason for
and primary colors
starting the movement was the inability
of cubism to develop its ultimate goal
●​ Stijl artists are inspired by high-minded
Op Art and Pop Art (1960s)
ideals of purity, harmony and sobriety.

Characteristics: Op art or Optical Art

●​ Pure abstraction and universality by a ●​ Can be traced back to divisionist
reduction to the essentials of form and painters seeking to increase the
color; luminosity factor in their paintings
●​ Strict primary colors; red, blue, and through the use of optical illusions
yellow ●​ Practiced more overt exploitation of the
●​ Black and white physiology of seeing
●​ Rectangular forms ●​ Heavily influenced by contemporary art
●​ Geometric simplicity styles; dadaism, cubism, neo-futurism,
impressionism
 ●​ Classified under geometric abstract art 2.​ Bridget Riley
○​ style of visual images to create
movement on a flat
two-dimensional space
○​ commonly painted with black
and white to create a contrast for
avibrating image

Characteristics:
●​ basic geometry shapes
●​ creates stark contrasts that cause
observers to perceive the presence of
specific movements or vibrance, more
often in black and white than not -​ Balze I (1962)
●​ Optical Illusion
●​ Eye-brain Connection 3.​ Richard Anuskiewicz

Elements of Op Art:
●​ Line
●​ Shape
●​ Color Shape

Principles of Design in Op Art:

●​ Balance
●​ Emphasis
●​ Movement
●​ Pattern
●​ Rhythm
●​ Unity
-​ Plus Reversed (1960)

Key Artists and their Works

1.​ Victor Vasarely
Pop Art (Mid 1950s - 1960s)

Pop Art
●​ defined by its imagery rooted in
consumerism, new media, and mass
reproduction
●​ focuses on popular culture,
transforming everyday objects and
celebrities into art
●​ took the form of a return to the object
●​ emphasizing the common elements of
any culture through sarcasm or irony
●​ reaction against the seriousness of
-​ Zebras (1938)
Abstract Expressionism
●​ began as a revolt against the dominant
approaches to art
 ●​ culture and traditional views on what art
should be
●​ Uses everyday things that everyone
knows
●​ bright and happy colors that catch your
eye and makes the art feel alive.
●​ Uses techniques like screen printing to
create many copies of the same picture
●​ mixes high art from galleries with low
culture from ads and cartoons, showing
that all kinds of images can be art

Inspiration of Pop Art:

●​ Hollywood movies
●​ Advertising
●​ Comic books
●​ Everyday Products -​ Marilyn Monroe (1962)
●​ Magazine 2.​ Richard Hamilton

Characteristics of Pop Art:

●​ Recognizable imagery drawn from
popular media and products
●​ bright/bold colors
●​ Clear Lines
●​ Flat imagery influenced by comic books
or newspaper photographs
●​ Images of celebrities or fictional
characters
●​ Everyday subject matter

American Pop Art

●​ Focused on bold, famous, and nameless
icons.
●​ Started in the U.S. with artists like Andy
-​ Just What Is It That Makes Today’s
Warhol using images of celebrities and
Homes so Different, So Appealing?
everyday items (e.g., soup cans).
(1956)
●​ More emotional and nostalgic,
reflecting a love for pop culture.
British Pop Art
●​ Aimed to change traditional art tied to
religion or emotions.
●​ Artists created art based on everyday
life and what people actually liked.

Key Artists and their Works

1.​ Andy Warhol
Minimalism (1960s - 1970s) Conceptualism (19g0s and 1970s)

Minimalism Conceptualism
●​ style of abstract art ●​ Also referred as Conceptual Art
●​ “Less is More” ●​ Challenges traditional ideas about art
●​ inspired by Constructivism and De Stijl ●​ Emphasizing the concept or idea behind
●​ rejects emotional expression and uses the work over its aesthetic or material
simple geometric forms aspects
●​ where any sense of the artist’s role in ●​ Physical form is secondary –means to
the work is kept to an apparent communicate the underlying idea
minimum ●​ used minimal visuals and text to make
●​ “Completely literal Presence” viewers think critically about the nature
●​ results in an extremely simple and pure of art, reality, and perception
form ●​ Emerged from the period of social and
●​ reducing the art to a state intrinsic to political change - influenced artists to
its medium with a deliberate lack of question established norms and explore
expressive content new ways of expression
●​ Remains influential today; groundwork
Characteristics of Minimalism: for contemporary approaches in
●​ emphasizes simple shapes performance art, digital media, and
●​ limited color installation art
●​ repetition ●​ concepts or ideas involved in the work
●​ raw materials take precedence over traditional
●​ focusing physical presence over aesthetic, technical and material
storytelling concerns
●​ Downplays the dependence upon the
Key Artist and their Works craft skill of the artist
1.​ Maria Buduchikh ●​ emphasizes the character of the
relationship between the artist’s ideas
and the material facts of the world.

Forms of Conceptualism
●​ Instructions
●​ Text
●​ Photography
●​ Installations
●​ Ready-made objects

Key Artist and their works

1.​ Joseph Kosuth

-​ Artmajeur Abstract minimalist art in

gray tones Painting
 ○​ Surrealism
○​ Futurism
●​ Influenced the development;
○​ Minimalism
○​ Environmental Art
○​ Land Art
○​ Conceptual Art
○​ Performance Art
●​ exhibit may just be mounted by anyone
-​ One and Three Chairs (1965) by simply following a set of written
2.​ Marcel Duchamp instructions

Key artists and their Works

1.​ Olafur Eliasson

-​ Fountain (1917)
3.​ Sol LeWitt

-​ The Weather Project (2003)

2.​ Yayoi Kusama

-​ Wall Drawing Series

Installation Art (1960s - Present)

Installation Art -​ Infinity Mirrored Room – The Souls of

●​ representation over experience and the Millions of Light Years Away (2013)
constraints imposed by a singular,
detached encounter with the artwork
●​ There are many precedents:
○​ Avant-Garde Movements
○​ Suprematism
○​ Constructivism
○​ Dadaism
Artists and Artisans ●​ Artisan
○​ main objective is to produce the
Artists work.
●​ Making of any artwork or products that
come from one’s expression of Functional Value and Objectivity
creativity and imagination, that is purely ●​ Artist
aesthetic ○​ May have no clear functional
●​ Someone who can create a work of art value
for the sake of making one because of ○​ Aim for producing and creating
one’s feelings/expressions without any an art work is for personal
ulterior motives reasons
●​ “Artiste” – came from French word that ●​ Artisan
refers to creative professionals ○​ Has a functional value
○​ Do not create art work for the
Artisan sake of creating it
●​ Produces crafts out of the imagination ○​ Used primarily for a person and
and creation of the artist society and at the same time for
●​ Works for decorations and practical aesthetic functions too
uses
●​ “Artisan” – french word, “artigiano” –
italian word, refers to a skilled craft
worker who creates or makes things by
hand either for functions or even for
aesthetic purpose, from jewelry to
furniture

Production, Medium, and Technique

●​ Artist
○​ More free and able to explore
and manipulate its mediums and
applies freely the techniques in
order to produce the kind of
work it visions to be
●​ Artisan
○​ Commits its work with the aid
and instructions coming from the
artist, technique and procedures,
and since the work is at times
commissioned for production
purposes, the use of the
mediums need to be limited

Artistic Value
●​ Artist
○​ clearer artistic value considering
it is a product of its personal
feelings, experiences, and
expression.
Soulmaking to Local Arts Local Arts
●​ artistic activities within a specific city,
Soulmaking town, or region, encompassing both the
●​ This pertains to an alternative venue for arts of the local economy and the arts
knowing oneself and looking into the of the local culture.
depths and essence with what we are ●​ These arts reflect the history, culture,
doing in our everyday life. and values of a community, creating a
●​ inner retrospection of oneself with sense of pride and belonging among
examining our very core residents.

How does Soulmaking work?

●​ If the SOUL (talent) and BODY (matter)
find or complement each other, the
person becomes a soulmaker.

Improvisation
●​ A very spontaneous performance
without specific or scripted preparation

Installation
●​ Term for works, room-sized or larger, in
which the whole space is considered a
single unified artwork

Transcreation
●​ Describes that artists usually do when
they borrow expressions
●​ Take from original sources and recreate
these for another purpose in another
form