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com/deograsys

UNIT 01-수능 대비 ANALYSIS)

Dear Christy,
By now you’ve no doubt heard about Chandra’s surprise party and are probably
wondering why you weren’t invited. Chandra certainly was; as soon as she arrived, she
asked me, “Where’s Christy?” Your absence from the guest list is entirely my fault, and
I’m truly sorry for my thoughtlessness. I know how much Chandra values your
friendship, and I certainly meant no offense. Even now, I still don’t understand how I
could have overlooked your name. It’s a case, I suppose, of missing the obvious, of
not seeing what’s right before your eyes. Can you ever forgive me?
Sincerely,
Lisa

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UNIT 01-Practice 01)

Dear Mrs. Rabinowitz,
It was very kind of you to offer to provide refreshments at this month’s council meeting.
Unfortunately, due to a conflict at the community center, we’ve had to reschedule the
meeting for September 17. I realize you’ve probably started baking some of your famous
pies already, and I wanted to offer my sincerest apologies for the late notice of our
cancellation. Your contributions to the meeting are always much appreciated, and I feel
terrible for the change of date and inconvenience we’ve caused you. If you’d still like to
provide refreshments for the meeting, great. If not, I understand completely and will be
happy to call on another neighbor.
Regards,
Martin Williams

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UNIT 01-Practice 02)

Dear Mr. Harrison,
Yesterday I was going through our files and realized that we had neglected to contact
you regarding our proposal to replace your office printer. I realize that four months have
passed since I sent you the information, so I have attached our original proposal. I
hope you will take the time to review it. We feel that our prices are very competitive
and that the quality and durability of our printer will actually save you money in the long
term. I will call you next Monday after you have had time to review the proposal. I look
forward to doing business with you. If you have any questions or concerns, I can be
reached at 308-555-9847.
Best regards,
Sarah Thompson
Sales Manager

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UNIT 01-Practice 03)

Dear Mayor Stanton,
I’ve recently been informed that you are proposing a plan to renovate our city’s great
historic landmark, the Silverlight Theater. Your proposed plan to increase the theater’s
seating capacity to attract larger audiences and bring more world-class theatrical
performances to the city may be financially sound. But everything I’ve heard and read in
recent weeks leads me to believe that such a renovation would destroy the theater’s
architecture, which is among the best of its kind in the nation. With that in mind, I urge
you to reconsider this renovation plan and explore alternatives that will preserve the
character of the Silverlight Theater while securing its financial stability. I strongly believe
that we should not sacrifice the beauty and history of our city for short-sighted financial
gain.
Sincerely,
Kate Hendricks

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UNIT 02-수능 대비 ANALYSIS)

Outside, in the streets of Rome, crowds had quickly gathered and were shouting. The
war was over! Peace had returned! Lina Caruso and her mother heard the news from a
refugee from Naples. Lina hardly dared believe it. Hurrying back to their house at the
top of the town, they heard cheering, but Lina still didn’t believe the news until she
heard it with her own ears. Just as they turned into their street, they saw an army
motorcycle dispatch rider pulling out of the castle and waved him down. He confirmed
that the armistice had been signed. Hostilities would cease, and with them the
bombings. Lina almost cried with joy. Joy seemed to overflow from her heart. She
hugged her mother and cried.

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UNIT 02-Practice 01)

With great care, Robert arranged his instruments. His heart was pounding as he
observed the morning shadows gradually descending the mountain. Each adjustment was
made thoughtfully, every piece of equipment placed just so, all in anticipation of the
cave’s hidden entrance being unveiled. He was not sure he could make it. And then, it
happened – a subtle flash of light, fleeting yet significant. In that brief moment, Robert
captured the crucial data, marking the entrance’s location on his map with a surge of
triumph. Memories of his grandfather’s captivating tales flooded his mind, filling him with
a profound sense of connection and joy. Tears welled in his eyes as he settled onto an
old log, reflecting on the journey that had led him here. Crying with happiness, he
uttered a single word into the crisp mountain air - “Fantastic!”

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UNIT 02-Practice 02)

It seemed I was asleep only for a few minutes in my car when I was suddenly
awakened by something banging on my car door. I looked through every window, but
no one was there. The hitting was getting louder. My mind started racing as I tried to
contain the terror that was inching its way into my heart. I desperately screamed,
“Please help me!” My eyes were shut as I screamed. As I shook with fear, I noticed the
hitting had stopped. As I slowly forced my eyes to open, I saw there was a man
tapping on my window. He was an older man, who didn’t look dangerous. “Hello there,”
he said. “I saw your car on the side of the road. Is everything okay?” I couldn’t think
of a time I had ever been gladder to see someone.

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UNIT 02-Practice 03)

More than a thousand people showed up at the field to cheer for the hometown high
school football team. There was a long line at the ticket booth that stretched down the
street. The delicious smell of popcorn and hot dogs was everywhere, and the
refreshment stand ran out of food before halftime. Everyone was cheering: the crowd
waving flags, the cheerleaders, the band playing loud music, the players, the officials,
the parents running the hot dog stand, the policeman, even me! The cheerleaders were
whistling and stomping their feet on the aluminum bleachers, making a loud noise. The
cheerleaders looked up in delighted surprise. For the first time, they were hearing
something come back from the stands – a huge cheer! They did cartwheels and
backflips and even a three-tier pyramid. The old-timers said it was the loudest, most
exciting game they’d ever been to.

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UNIT 03-수능 대비 ANALYSIS)

It has been said that most people listen with the intention to reply rather than to
understand. Your job as a mentor is to facilitate your mentee’s thinking and not to try
and do it for them, no matter how tempting that may be. If, during a mentoring
session, you realise you’re doing most of the talking, then I’d respectfully suggest that
you just stop, sit back and listen. A good part of the mentee’s learning process
happens when he/she thinks out loud. The rest of it happens by reflection and practice
outside mentoring sessions. Therefore, your mentee should be doing most of the
talking. Listening actively and empathically helps mentees to gain insight and to express
themselves more effectively. For your mentee to have a sense of being heard and of
feeling acknowledged, it is essential that you listen well.

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UNIT 03-Practice 01)

The expert myth is the belief that the more you know, the more creative you become.
At the face of it, this seems quite logical. The rationale is that in order to be truly
creative, one must master a field or a domain. Creativity often requires some level of
expertise, but expertise and creativity are nonetheless very different things. Someone
can know a great deal about something and yet show little creativity in that domain.
However, research into the lives of creative people shows that in some cases “expertise
can actually hinder creative ability of individuals. ... As expertise grows, creativity
sometimes diminishes. Sometimes the best insights come from those outside a particular
field,...” There is good reason for this. When we are too heavily invested in a task, we
may tend to overlook the obvious.

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UNIT 03-Practice 02)

Just as you don’t know everything in advance about a trip you are going to take,
neither can you know everything about how your new life or career might unfold. But
that’s fine. You just have to treat it like doing a jigsaw: accept that the full picture is
going to emerge gradually rather than instantly. While sometimes it will be
straightforward to fit pieces together, at other times it will take more effort and patience.
Sometimes you will find interesting pieces that open up a whole new section, and at
other times you may find pieces that don’t seem to belong anywhere right now. You
just need to keep at it until the picture emerges and you can see clearly what you have
achieved.

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UNIT 03-Practice 03)

We don’t choose our earliest habits, we imitate them. We follow the script handed down
by our friends and family, our church or school, our local community and society at
large. Each of these cultures and groups comes with its own set of expectations and
standards – when and whether to get married, how many children to have, which
holidays to celebrate, how much money to spend on your child’s birthday party. In
many ways, these social norms are the invisible rules that guide your behavior each
day. You’re always keeping them in mind, even if they are not at the top of your mind.
Often, you follow the habits of your culture without thinking, without questioning, and
sometimes without remembering. As the French philosopher Michel de Montaigne wrote,
“The customs and practices of life in society sweep us along.”

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UNIT 04-수능 대비 ANALYSIS)

Nothing about an organization’s strategy or business model is sacrosanct. But there
must be a cutting point between principles and values and everything else. They
represent precious, freestanding assets that must be independent of strategy. They
provide continuity and identity when everything else is expendable. They represent the
core element of the culture and the unchanging soul of the organization. Cases in
which leaders have successfully remodeled an entire enterprise represent organizational
change in its comprehensive and supreme category. We learn from these cases that
retaining principles and values during the process of change is not only possible but
necessary to provide an anchor. Ironically, perhaps, organizations with the strongest
principles and values often have the highest adaptive capacity because people attach
themselves to them and understand that everything else is on the table. If you want to
keep your promises, burn the house when it’s time to reinvent the company. But save
the nails.

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UNIT 04-Practice 01)

There is something in human nature that prompts us to think of our actions, as well as
our feelings, as though they were the distinctive issue of something inside up,
something uniquely ours. Some are. But most of the actions and feelings that help us
enter into working relations with fellow members of the world are not all that private.
They are, in fact, performances we execute in acceptably close conformity to widely
accepted social rules. These rules are learned and held by us in such an easy way that
we indulge the conceit that they are our own brilliant accomplishments. We think of
them as though they were the inventions of our own utterly original psychic lives, when
most of them are as familiar to others as they are to us. Social things are quite simply
social.

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UNIT 04-Practice 02)

Cooked food does many familiar things. It makes our food safer, creates delicious
tastes, and reduces the risk of going bad. Heating can allow us to open, cut, or mash
tough foods. But none of these advantages is as important as a little-appreciated
aspect: cooking increases the amount of energy our bodies obtain from our food. The
extra energy gave the first cooks biological advantages. They survived and reproduced
better than before. Their genes spread. Their bodies responded by biologically adapting
to cooked food, shaped by natural selection to take maximum advantage of the new
diet. There were changes in anatomy, physiology, ecology, life history, psychology, and
society. Fossil evidence indicates that this dependence arose not just some tens of
thousands of years ago, but right back at the beginning of our time on Earth, at the
start of human evolution. We should indeed pin our humanity on cooks.

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UNIT 04-Practice 03)

Radio provided the driving force to solidify the era of patronage; however, the invention
that soon followed remains to this day the most significant communication medium that
has influenced and aided the development of sports. Who knew what sportscaster Bill
Stern questioned and introduced in 1939 would enhance the growth and development of
sports marketing practices for decades? The display platform, the television, though
airing two average baseball teams battling for fourth place, provided an incredibly
formidable and profitable union between sports and the American public. The television
provided a means for sports organizations to expand the market presence and a unique
opportunity for marketers to engage their publics. The notion of a “picture being worth
a thousand words” became a reality with the invention and its intervention and
presentation of sports.

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UNIT 05-수능 대비 ANALYSIS)

Supertasters and nontasters respond similarly to many foods, but supertasters are more
sensitive to certain sweet and bitter substances. These differences in taste sensitivity
influence people’s eating habits in ways that can have repercussions for their physical
health. For example, supertasters are less likely to be fond of sweets and tend to
consume fewer high-fat foods, both of which are likely to reduce their risk for
cardiovascular disease. Supertasters also tend to react more negatively to alcohol and
smoking, thereby reducing their likelihood of developing drinking problems or nicotine
addiction. The only health disadvantage identified for supertasters thus far is that they
respond more negatively to many vegetables, which seems to hold down their vegetable
intake. Overall, however, supertasters tend to have better health habits than nontasters,
thanks to their strong reactions to certain tastes.

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UNIT 05-Practice 01)

Every society has its cognitive “police officers” or gatekeepers who together define the
fundamental cognitive orientation of the people and principally oversee the approved
characterization and the defense of the societal norms. Among traditional African
societies, this policing or gatekeeping role is performed mostly by the adult members
through the acquisition of a library of ideas, because they are believed to have
accumulated the knowledge and wisdom of the society. No wonder then, that the Akan
of Ghana has wise sayings and proverbs, such as “Each time an elderly dies it is as if
a library had burned down.” In addition to acting as guides to the land and its flora
and fauna, elders convey knowledge to youngsters individually by telling stories, and
thus overseeing their learning process. There is also a reverence of filial piety, the
respect for the elderly that is equated with wisdom.

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UNIT 05-Practice 02)

Building codes can reduce the adverse impacts of hazards. For example, hurricane clips
may prevent roofs from detaching from buildings during the high winds of passing
tropical cyclones and thus prevent rain damage. However, as with engineered structures,
building codes have their limitations. It was reported that in the wake of Hurricane
Andrew, which struck South Florida in 1992, officials realized that strict building codes
would not prevent serious damage. Furthermore, earthquake codes are typically designed
to prevent buildings from collapsing, not to maintain structural integrity of the building
and ensure habitability after a large earthquake. This policy increases human survival
rates in earthquakes, but is less effective in reducing the economic impact. Furthermore,
building codes are the offspring of public policy, and policy is vulnerable to inequity in
its application across the breadth of society, and may be ignored or not enforced.

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UNIT 05-Practice 03)

Harvard business professor Alison Wood Brooks has done studies that show how stress
and anxiety change based on what we tell ourselves. Brooks’s experiment sounds like a
blast or a nightmare, depending on your perspective. She took a group of subjects with
stage fright to a crowded bar with a stage and had them get up there and sing. All the
subjects arrived nervous, as expected. But Brooks measured whether or not having them
change their language – calling their nerves “excitement” - made any difference. She
had one nervous group tell themselves over and over, “I am excited,” and tested them
against a control group who just sat with their nerves and their regular self-talk. The
results were eye-opening. The decision to tell themselves that the feeling they were
experiencing was excitement helped them convert the energy into something positive,
even useful.

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CHAPTER 01-서술형 Practice)

I met a CEO once who had an amazing approach to problem solving. Whenever his
organization had a problem, he’d gather information about it. Once he had all the
information, he’d say to his people, “Okay, we’re going to go to solution now. But
before we do that, I want you to spread out around the building and sit quietly, or take
a walk for about a half hour. Whatever you do, I want you to quiet yourself. No
telephone, nothing to read. And I want you to look for the answer within.” He told me it
blew his mind to see how people’s clarity and decision-making capacity would come
back when they had a chance to quiet themselves and think through something without
all kinds of distractions. I think half our problems of not behaving on our good
intentions is that we don’t give ourselves any space to rethink who we want to be.

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CHAPTER 01-논술형 Practice)

Your real social capital is most likely going to come from people you know in the
physical world rather than through your virtual social networks. Knowing that, as well as
knowing that you may get interrupted by communications from your electronic world,
you should develop rules about how to deal with intrusive e-connections when you are
actually face to face with friends. Too often you see people with their smartphones
lined up on a restaurant table, willing to interrupt themselves to respond to whoever has
just sent a text. This doesn’t mean that you can’t respond to these interruptions if they
are important; it just means that you have to define an “important” message in advance
and then leave the rest alone for after your social get-together. You need to take your
local audience into account while understanding the needs of your remote audience.

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UNIT 06-수능 대비 ANALYSIS)

The graph above shows the average daily time spent by users worldwide on mobile
apps from October 2020 to March 2021, by category. Users worldwide spent the
greatest amount of time on social apps at about 55 minutes per day. Game apps
ranked second highest among the app categories, with the time spent on them being
less than one-third of the time spent on social apps. Users worldwide spent similar
amounts of time on entertainment, sports, and shopping apps, respectively, and when
put together, the total time spent on them was shorter than that spent on social apps.
Travel apps ranked the second least with users worldwide spending about 3 minutes
less on them than on sports apps. The least amount of time was spent on finance
apps, which was the only category where the time spent was less than 10 minutes.

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UNIT 06-Practice 01)

Youth Video Contest on Cultural Diversity

Contest Theme: Celebrating Cultural Diversity Through a Lens

Eligibility: Open to all youth aged 13-18 worldwide

Video Submission Requirements

· Videos should be 3-5 minutes long.
· Maximum file size: 500MB
· Language: English or English subtitles

Submission Deadline: Applications and videos must be submitted by November 30.

How to Submit
· Send your completed application form along with your video to
[email protected].
· You can download the application form on our website at www.capturingdiversity.org.

Note
· A panel of judges will evaluate submissions based on creativity, relevance to the
theme, and production quality.
· Winning videos will be showcased on our video channel on December 15.

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UNIT 06-Practice 02)

The graph above shows the carbon dioxide emissions of the most polluting countries
worldwide in 2010 and 2022. The six countries’ rankings for carbon dioxide emissions
did not change between 2010 and 2022. China was the highest carbon dioxide emitter
in both years, with a significant increase in emissions in 2022, releasing 11,397 million
metric tons. In 2022, China’s carbon dioxide emissions were greater than the combined
carbon dioxide emissions of the United States, India, and Russia. The United States,
which tanked second in 2010, decreased its carbon dioxide emissions in 2022
compared to 2010, but still ranked second with emissions above 5,000 millions metric
tones. India and Indonesia increased their carbon dioxide emissions from 2010 to 2022,
while Japan’s emissions decreased during the same period.

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UNIT 06-Practice 03)

A walk in the Park

Join a guided tour through the Cordova Sculpture Park. The tour is a lively conversation
about artists, art-making processes, materials, and Cordova’s rich history.

When: Saturday, May 11, 1:00 p.m.-2:00 p.m.

Tickets: Adult - $14, Child – FREE

· Capacity is limited and we recommend purchasing tickets in advance. Your ticket

includes admission to the museum and the sculpture park.
· You must arrive at the park at least 15 minutes before the tour begins to allow time
for check in.
· Meet your guide on the front steps of the museum’s main entrance. The tour will
begin promptly at 1 p.m.
· The tour will be entirely outdoors. Registered participants will receive an email if the
tour is canceled.

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UNIT 07-수능 대비 ANALYSIS)

Berthe Morisot was born in Bourges, France, on January 14, 1841. She was the
youngest of three daughters of an upper-middle-class family. Morisot began to draw as
a child, taking lessons seriously at age seventeen. Her early style featured subtle color
harmonies. At twenty-three, she debuted at the official Salon with two landscapes and
was accepted to exhibit regularly for the next ten years. At twenty-seven, she was
introduced to Edouard Manet, who became a major influence on her work. Under his
guidance, her brush strokes became fast and loose. In time, details were eliminated
from her paintings. Her colors were bolder, and she focused on representing the
changing effects of light. Morisot’s success as an Impressionist painter, characterized by
a direct observation of nature, was remarkable in that she was one of the first women
to challenge established art circles.

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UNIT 07-Practice 01)

Bessie Blount Griffin was born in Virginia in 1914. Her formal education ended after the
sixth grade. One influential experience at school for Bessie was learning to write. Bessie
favored her left hand, but teachers used to force students to write with their right
hands. She took this as a challenge and learned to write with her right hand while
maintaining her left-handed abilities. This skill would benefit her later. Bessie studied
nursing, which sparked a passion for physical therapy. She then became certified in
physical therapy. She created a neck frame for patients who needed support when
holding a bowl or cup close to their faces. Her experience with her left hand came in
handy as she helped others in physical therapy learn to use both sides of their bodies.

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UNIT 07-Practice 02)

Mathematical genius Claude Harvard was born in rural Georgia. When Claude was 11,
his family moved to Detroit. Claude saw an ad for a wireless set around that time. He
was so excited to buy one, so he sold enough of his belongings to afford the radio.
Claude earned an amateur radio license and was the first African American in his state
to do so. After discovering his interest in electronics and machines, Claude was sent to
the Henry Ford Trade School. Later, Henry Ford recognized Claude’s immense genius
and hired him at the Ford Motor Company, making him head of their radio department.
It wasn’t long until Claude appeared in a full-page Ford advertisement in Popular
Science Monthly. During his career at Ford Motor Company, Claude personally patented
29 inventions used to manufacture vehicles.

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UNIT 07-Practice 03)

Florence Bascom was born in 1862, the youngest of five children. Bascom was raised
by parents who strongly encouraged their daughter to pursue an education. A brilliant
student, Bascom entered the University of Wisconsin at the age of 15 and earned two
bachelor’s degrees and a master’s degree. Bascom continued her graduate studies at
Johns Hopkins University, but was required to sit behind a screen during classes so she
did not distract the male students. She graduated with a doctor’s degree in geology in
1893. Even though she was the second woman in the U.S. to earn a doctor’s degree in
geology, Bascom was a first for women in geology in almost every aspect of her
geological career. She founded the first geology department at Bryn Mawr College,
where she taught for 33 years. Additionally, Bascom was the first woman geologist hired
by the U.S, Geological Survey and worked there until 1936.

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Chapter 02-서술형 Practice)

Robert Franz, the sensitive composer of the 19th century, never enjoyed especially acute
hearing. According to his own statements, he lost his auditory perception for notes
above e3 in his twenty-fourth year as a result of an accident. His condition grew worse
as time went on, and in 1871 he became totally deaf. After becoming deaf, he
gradually lost the power of auditory imagery, until his eyes took over the role of his
ears. “Now I perceive tonal differences far worse than formerly and I sense through the
eyes exactly as I formerly did through the ears.” He continued as follows: “My songs
and rearrangements were all, without exception, written during the period of my ear
malady.” Franz wrote about 360 songs. If one dates his total deafness from 1871, then
it will be found that he composed the greater part of his songs after the complete loss
of his haring, so that he never heard most of them.

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Chapter 02-논술형 Practice)

The graphs above show the percentage of respondents who stated their feelings for
reading books, along with the number of books they read per month, based on a
survey of 18-year-olds in Japan in 2020. About 60 percent of respondents said they
enjoy reading books, while just over 10 percent said they dislike reading books. More
than a quarter of all respondents said they neither enjoy nor dislike reading books.
When asked how many books they read per month, the highest percentage of
respondents said they read 1-2 books per month. More than 30 percent of respondents
said they never read a book per month, making it the second largest group. The
percentage of respondents who said they read 3-4 books per month was higher than
the percentage of respondents who said they read 7 or more books per month.

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UNIT 08-수능 대비 ANALYSIS)

Knowledge, for science, aims to be proven knowledge, justified by evidence and reason.
Nothing is accepted as true unless it has been proved to be so, or there are good
reasons to believe that it will be at some point in the future. This reflects the
philosophical quest for certainty that goes back to Rene Descartes, who refused to
accept anything that he could not know for certain to be true. He hoped to base all
knowledge on self-evident propositions, and thought that reason should take priority
over observation. Descartes was aware that his senses frequently misled him. The
implication of this – a view which had a long history, prior to the rise of science – was
that, if the evidence of our senses did not conform to reason, it was likely that they
were in error.

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UNIT 08-Practice 01)

Many of the ancient urban centers obtained their food supply from intensive irrigated
agriculture in the region where they were located, and it is usually suggested that this is
because labor productivity is particularly high with irrigated agriculture. It seems more
relevant to point out that this type of primitive subsistence system has a particularly high
output per unit of land. The high demand for labor per unit of land and the high output
per unit of land made it necessary and possible for a large number of families to live
within a small area. Therefore, even if the surplus per family is small, the total surplus
available within a fairly small distance from the town will be large. In addition, the
irrigation canals, or the river used for irrigation, can be used for boat transport of food
to the town.

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UNIT 08-Practice 02)

We have vast forests in this country but not enough to provide all of the wood, all of
the wilderness, and all of the accessible recreation that we want. As soon as we log
trees, build roads, or improve trails and campsites, we lose some wilderness. Similarly,
we have large amounts of fresh water, but if we use water to grow rice in California,
the water consumed cannot be used for drinking water in California cities. If we use fire
to help a forest renew itself, we will have air pollution downwind while the fire burns.
We have many goals, so we have to make choices about how to allocate our limited
resources. The cost of those choices is what we give up – the cost of opportunities
lost.

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UNIT 08-Practice 03)

Not all innovations that improve human living standards show up in revenue and profits.
Some instead accrue directly to consumers. Many of the product improvements brought
about by technology have the paradoxical effect of reducing industry revenue. To see
why, suppose people used to pay $1 to download a song. Then some change comes
along so that people can listen to the song while paying only a quarter of what they
used to pay. If there is no change in the number of people purchasing the song,
revenue will fall by 75 percent. Even if the number of people buying a song doubles
with the lower price, revenue will still fall by 50 percent. But people, by which we mean
society as a whole, will be much better off. The point is that revenue reduction, and an
accompanying failure to raise GDP, is not by itself evidence that society is worse off.

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UNIT 09-수능 대비 ANALYSIS)

If you were a high performer in your work before becoming a manager, you may find
the journey into management particularly difficult. Because of their previous success,
stars are understandably reluctant to give up the attitudes and practices they think
produced their success thus far, and they’re unwilling to change themselves. They don’t
know how to develop or coach people because they never needed much coaching
themselves, or so they believe. They don’t know how to deal with people who lack their
motivation. Because they’ve never failed, they’ve had little practice reflecting on and
learning from experience. No wonder many former stars turn into mediocre bosses. If
you were a star, be aware that the very success that produced your promotion can now
work against you.

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UNIT 09-Practice 01)

Action takes place by choosing which ends shall be satisfied by the employment of
means. Time is scarce for man only because whichever ends he chooses to satisfy,
there are others that must remain unsatisfied. When we must use a means so that some
ends remain unsatisfied, the necessity for a choice among ends arises. For example,
Jones is engaged in watching a baseball game on television. He is faced with the
choice of spending the next hour in: (a) continuing to watch the baseball game, (b)
playing bridge, or (c) going for a drive. He would like to do all three of these things,
but his means (time) is insufficient. As a result, he must choose; one end can be
satisfied, but the others must go unfulfilled. Suppose that he decides on course A. This
is a clear indication that he has ranked the satisfaction of end A higher than the
satisfaction of ends B or C.

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UNIT 09-Practice 02)

Environmental stresses cause changes in the genetic makeup of a population by
favoring certain gene variants more than others. That is, in fact, the normal way that
populations can adapt rapidly to changes in their environment without mutations being
required to produce new adaptations. It is also the reason why populations with genetic
diversity are more likely to survive in the face of change. However, there is another side
of this phenomenon related to human impacts on populations. Toxins added to the
environment create selection pressure for individuals that are more tolerant of the toxins.
One negative impact of this is that it can reduce the genetic diversity of a population.
Another problem occurs if the organism is a pest and the toxin is contained in, for
example, a pesticide. As a result of the selection pressure, the population seems to
develop tolerance to the toxin. The pesticide then becomes less effective.

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UNIT 09-Practice 03)

People’s happiness depends not on their absolute wealth, but rather on their wealth
relative to those around them. In one experiment, two capuchin monkeys were initially
perfectly content with a reward of cucumbers when they successfully performed a task.
But when one monkey was later given tastier gapes as a reward, the monkey receiving
plain old cucumbers became enraged, angrily throwing the previously satisfactory salad
vegetable at its handler. The monkeys’ economy had grown, since grapes are better
than cucumbers. But the resulting inequality brought only discontent. Humans are the
same. When employees at the University of California were given information about the
salaries of their peers, those discovering they were paid below the average suddenly
became less satisfied and more likely to seek a new job. The attitudes of those earning
above the average were happily unaffected.

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Chapter 03-서술형 Practice)

Imagine that a farmer is wondering whether his black-and-white cow, Daisy, is in the
field. He believes she is in the field when he goes to look, because he sees something
black-and-white in the distance. Later, it turns out that what he saw was a large
black-and-white bag, not Daisy. But the cow really was in the field – she was just
hidden from sight in a dip. The farmer was right that Daisy was there, but wrong in
what he saw. So, he didn’t have real knowledge – it was just a belief that turned out to
be true.

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Chapter 03-논술형 Practice)

Nearly everything we eat or drink for pleasure is too complex to fully describe in words.
A bottle of wine may be described as having characteristics you like but still turn out to
be not so nice, for reasons that are impossible to express in words. Conversely, it may
be described as having characteristics you know you hate but still turn out to be
delicious, again for reasons that cannot be explained in words. Even after experiencing
the wine, it is impossible to say precisely and completely why you liked it. You might
have words to describe some parts of your enjoyment (perhaps it had “good structure”
or “right fruit”), but those words will be both imperfect and incomplete descriptions, a
pale shadow of what you actually enjoyed about it. What we enjoy in any particular food
or drink is a type of tacit knowledge: a complex of interacting characteristics that we
know but are unable to say.

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UNIT 10-수능 대비 ANALYSIS)

Many developmental theorists and researchers, including those studying human as well
as nonhuman primate subjects, have recognized the role that fear can play in a
primate’s social development. When an infant is frightened it always seeks out its
mother for protection and safety, and all exploratory and play activity stops until the
infant has been sufficiently comforted and reassured by its attachment object. Thus,
frequently frightened infants will very likely have less time to explore and fewer
opportunities to play than will infants who are not. Such voluntary restraints may serve
to slow down the social development of shy or anxious infants if these tendencies are
maintained throughout their childhood years.

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UNIT 10-Practice 01)

Our complex brains might have evolved to establish strong social bonds, but defining
what should be part of that social group appears to be rather flexible. For instance,
some people treat their pets as if they are members of their family, and believe they
can relate to the pets’ needs, desires, fears and dreams. Others see animals as distinct
from humans and wouldn’t think of talking to one as if it was a friend. Many people
keep the ashes of a deceased loved one nearby, believing those ashes continue to
serve as some link to their existence. Even if inanimate objects don’t have a distinct
personality, many of us still attribute certain human characteristics to non-human
objects or beings, such as pets, dolls or even cars and memorabilia.

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UNIT 10-Practice 02)

Although the wish to be alone is often strong, its intensity varies from person to person.
An equally impelling impulse, though, is to seek the company of others and to spend
extended periods of time sharing activities. In these periods we exchange information
and feelings in both conversational and non-verbal forms (facial expressions, eye
contact, gestures, touching, and so on). We need other people to provide us with love,
support, approval, bodily contact, reassurance, physical help and a myriad of other
practical, physical and emotional needs. In a very basic sense we need others to
confirm that we are there, that we exist and that we have an identity that is unique and
separate from anyone else. Thus, we generally cannot exist for too log without seeking
companionship.

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UNIT 10-Practice 03)

At one end of the spectrum of transformations was the forest gardening as practiced by
the peoples of New Guinea and Amazonia that mimicked natural growth and left minimal
traces on the land. At the other end was monoculture: cultivating only one species of
plant or raising only one species of animal. The beginnings of monoculture can be seen
in the wheat fields of the Middle East, the rice paddies of China, and the herds of
sheep and goats on the Eurasian steppe. Biologically speaking, these species suddenly
became very successful, measured by their rates of survival and reproduction. So did
other, unwanted species. Crops that ripened or were stored after harvesting attracted
rats, mice, sparrows, and roaches. Water pools provided habitats for mosquitoes.
Garbage and human or animal waste attracted flies. Thanks to humans, weeds and
pests were also biological winners.

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UNIT 11-수능 대비 ANALYSIS)

Observation studies of teenagers using social media have discovered one peculiar
behavior in particular that sets them apart – teenagers will post or share something on
social media, but then they’ll monitor the post to gauge the volume of reactions. After a
set amount of time, if the number of resulting ‘Likes’ and ‘Shares’ is too low, they’ll
delete the content. Sometimes within the first ten minutes! Their aim of posting is to
earn recognition for what they’re sharing as a way to self-enhance. If the recognition is
insufficient, they’d rather delete the content than suffer perceived judgement from others
against their failed efforts to self-enhance. Not getting a reaction has a negative effect
on their self-esteem.

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UNIT 11-Practice 01)

The reason pessimists often sound smart is that they can avoid being ‘wrong’ by
moving the goalposts. When a doomer predicts that the world will end in five years, and
it doesn’t, they just shift the date. The American biologist Paul R. Ehrlich – author of
the 1968 book The population Bomb – has been doing this for decades. In 1970 he
said that ‘sometime in the next 15 years, the end will come. And by “the end” I mean
an utter breakdown of the capacity of the planet to support humanity.’ Of course, that
was terribly wrong. He had another go: he said that ‘England will not exist in the year
2000.’ Wrong again. Ehrlich will keep pushing this deadline back. A pessimistic stance
is a safe one.

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UNIT 11-Practice 02)

We all understand differently – this much is obvious. The reason we understand
differently is that our memories are different. Our experiences simply are not yours. In
order to understand anything, we must find the closest item in memory to which it
relates. Schank and Abelson claimed that understanding required one to find the correct
knowledge structure, and to use that structure to create expectations for what events
were likely to take place, so that new events could be understood in terms of what was
normal. Thus, when a story about a cocktail party was being told, an understander
brought out his cocktail party script which told him about what ordinarily happens at
cocktail parties, and he used that script to guide his understanding of the story he was
about to hear.

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UNIT 11-Practice 03)

Of all the colours of the rainbow the one that makes the greatest impact on the eye is
red. There is something instantly arresting about the colour of fire and danger. It is
charged with alarm and urgency. We have red fire engines, red warning lights and the
Red Cross. If we want something to be seen from a distance, such as a post box or
(formerly) a telephone kiosk, we paint it red. Perhaps it it because red is so obvious
that few wild animals are truly red: even the so-called Red Squirrel and the Red Deer
are really shades of reddish-brown that conceal rather than advertise. Relatively few
butterflies are red either. In Britain, and indeed, in all mainland Europe, only one
species has a pattern of full-on bright red, like a splash of blood: the Red Admiral.

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UNIT 12-수능 대비 ANALYSIS)

Vision is our dominant sense, and you want to look both ways before crossing the
street – it’s the first thing parents drill into their children. But that doesn’t mean our
sense of hearing isn’t a big deal. I don’t have to mention the worn-out example of
cavemen and hidden saber-toothed tigers. There’s something that can sneak up and kill
you today: a silent electric car. These pose an unanticipated but serious threat to
pedestrians and bicyclists, who depend on engine noise to detect and orient to cars –
so much so that the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration now requires
slow-moving electric vehicles to generate a warning noise. It’s a reminder that even for
us in a modern city, having both cues can mean the difference between life and death.

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UNIT 12-Practice 01)

Sometimes traditions may change or appear to end because of convenience or changes
in taste. For example, to make a pumpkin pie, a cook used to have to first find a
pumpkin of suitable size, cut it, peel it, cook it, and mash it, all before combining it
with other ingredients and pouring the mixture into a crust. Now, cooks may choose to
use canned pumpkin from the supermarket and cut out a great deal of labor and time.
Another changing food tradition is that many families no longer make refried beans by
cooking them in lard and choose instead to use vegetable shortening. Perhaps this
change came about because the family has come to prefer the taste of beans without
lard, because concepts of healthy cooking have changed, or because someone in the
family has heart disease or high cholesterol.

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UNIT 12-Practice 02)

Forecasters who predict resource depletion often ignore or underestimate the power of
markets. For example, some forecasters use a current reserve index to estimate how
long a resource would last. The current reserve index divides the current known reserve
of a resource by the amount currently used each period. So, if we know of 445 billion
barrels of oil, and we are currently using 15 billion barrels per year, the index indicates
that we will run out of oil in about 30 years. Some studies, like the limits to Growth,
further assume that demand will increase each year, thus depleting resources even
faster. But what they fail to see is that if markets are allowed to do their usual duty,
that is, prices rise as depletion occurs, resources will last much longer.

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UNIT 12-Practice 03)

Project leaders should not be surprised when disagreements emerge within the team. In
fact, they should expect them. If they remain hidden. the leader may even want to seek
them out for at least two reasons. First, different views can bring with them good ideas
about the project and how it might be run. Although snap decisions about project
changes should be avoided, leaders should be open to new and better ways to run the
project. Second, when conflicting viewpoints are found, they are more easily resolved
earlier rather than later in the project. Although team members may disagree about one
or another aspect of the project, most simply want their ideas considered and resolved.
The team tends to look to the project leader to play the lead role in resolving
differences, and members will generally defer to the leader if they believe their views
have been given due consideration.

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Chapter 04-서술형 Practice)

There is no question that learning to sing or play a musical instrument changes the
structure of your brain. If you enjoy music but have no special training, then your brain
processes it mostly through its right hemisphere, the side of the brain that deals with
emotion. In the face of music, you are ‘right-lateralised’. Many studies show that
musical training shifts the brain’s processing of music to its left hemisphere; musicians
are left-brained. There are several guesses about why this happens. One explanation is
that they have learned to hear music more like language, discerning a level of structural
complexity beyond the grasp of ordinary listeners. When trained musicians hear music, it
activates the part of the brain associated with language comprehension.

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Chapter 04-논술형 Practice)

A group of researchers at the University of Twente in the Netherlands recently
3D-printed two identically shaped mugs with different textures to test the effects on
taste. One was covered in a rounded bobbly texture, and the other had a blocky,
angular texture. In a supermarket taste test for a fictitious new brand made by the study
team, the researchers offered shoppers a sample of coffee from one of the mugs and
asked them to evaluate the taste for qualities including sweetness, bitterness, intensity
and pleasantness. Drinks in the round bobbly mug tasted on average around 18 percent
sweeter, while in the angular-textured mug the same drinks tasted up to 27 percent
more bitter and much more intense. If you’re trying to cut down on your sugar, avoid
drinking from a mug with a rough or angular texture – go for a round bowl and mug,
and if possible ones with a smooth rounded texture too.

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UNIT 13-수능 대비 ANALYSIS)

One of the biggest reasons people are concerned about making a mistake in a speech
is that they view speechmaking as a performance rather than an act of communication.
They feel the audience is judging them against a scale of absolute perfection in which
every misstated word or awkward gesture will count against them. But speech audiences
are not like judges in a violin recital or an ice-skating contest. They are not looking for
a virtuoso performance, but for a well-thought-out address that communicates the
speaker’s ideas clearly and directly. Sometimes an error or two can actually enhance a
speaker’s appeal by making her or him seem more human.

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UNIT 13-Practice 01)

Some ecosystems, over a wide range of sites and purposes, are constructed by
humans. For example, we may construct shallow ponds or a series of canals known as
bioswales that collect runoff of surface water. Marsh plants, such as cattails, when
planted in ponds or canals, use and remove nutrients in water that’s delivered to them
as a waste or pollutant, helping clean the water. Specially designed wetland ecosystems
have been constructed where bacteria and plants process mine wastewater and help
remove toxins from water. Other large-scale ecosystems are constructed to partially
treat urban wastewater. Human-constructed ecosystems are part of what is known as
biological engineering.

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UNIT 13-Practice 02)

Mobile communications have changed the way we interact with our computers and, as
more time is spent on mobile devices, emoticon use has followed. Cellular phones,
smartphones, tablets, and similar technologies have penetrated the world at an
enormous rate and non-voice communications have become the norm rather than the
rule. In 2013, the number of mobile subscriptions almost equaled the estimated number
of individuals that made up the global population in the same year. Users of these
technologies have posted, pinned, tweeted, sent and/or received billions of electronic
messages through public or private (text messages, emails, etc.) means. These
communications media have become so prolific, researchers have worried that
face-to-face communications could become extinct.

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UNIT 13-Practice 03)

When a region of the emotional brain is overexcited due to frustration, sadness or any
other intense emotion, the child is not able to contain their mood. This is when the
tantrums occur – situations in which the child closes in on themselves and is not able
to do what they are told – or comments are made which the parents find hard to deal
with. Literally, the child is outside themselves, outside their rational part. To help them
calm down, and to see reason, the best strategy is a hug and an empathic reflection of
the situation to defuse the intensity of the emotion. A spoken word will form a bridge
between the two worlds, allowing the child’s rational brain to help soothe their emotions,
or at least give them the ability to listen to what their parents are saying.

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UNIT 14-수능 대비 ANALYSIS)

Social psychology tells us that bystanders in emergency situations are acting normally
when they fail to respond. We would fail to respond as well. That social psychological
insight makes us uncomfortable. We like to feel we would behave differently, better. The
problem with bystanders, however, does not stem from defects in their character that
prevent them from helping. Rather, the situation that bystanders find themselves in
constrains their behavior more than we realize. For example, the more bystanders there
are, the less likely any one of them will intervene. A single bystander at the scene of an
emergency would usually respond, just as we hope we would. But when a number of
bystanders witness an emergency, responsibility apparently diffuses among them, getting
weaker. No one bystander feels enough personal responsibility to respond.

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UNIT 14-Practice 01)

Personal branding is not something that you have to do behind the scene. For many it
does not always feel comfortable to deliberately plan how we are going to promote
ourselves and our accomplishments to others. Personal branding, however, is essential
to achieving success. The key takeaway from this concept is awareness and
anticipation. If you are not aware of the opportunities to brand yourself, you may not be
directed to leave a favorable impression. If you cannot anticipate the opportunities that
will present themselves to favorably demonstrate your brand through capability, you may
not be prepared when they occur. So as you begin to think about what you want to be
known for, begin to be more aware of what you want people to say about you when
you are not in the room as an effective way to guide your personal brand.

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UNIT 14-Practice 02)

The ability to detect visual movement played an interesting role in the history of
astronomy. In 1930, Clyde Tombaugh was searching the skies for a possible
undiscovered planet beyond Neptune. He photographed each region of the sky twice,
several days apart. Stars essentially remain unmoving in photos, while a planet moves
from one photo to the next. However, how would he find a small dot that moved
among all the countless unmoving dots in the sky? He put each pair of photos, on a
machine that would flip back and forth between one photo and the other. When he
came to one pair of photos, he immediately noticed one dot moving as the machine
flipped back and forth. He identified that dot as Pluto, which astronomers now list as a
dwarf planet.

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UNIT 14-Practice 03)

People are cutting down forests much faster than the rate at which forests can regrow.
We need to dramatically reduce our use of wood, not just because the supply is
decreasing, and not just because entire species of flora and fauna that live in forests
are vanishing, but because the forest performs an important function. Forests control
global warming by absorbing carbon from the atmosphere and reducing greenhouse
gases. They also provide oxygen for us to breathe. There are too many trivial and
shortsighted uses of wood. When a hurricane advances on a city, people board up their
windows with plywood. After the storm has passed, they discard the plywood. It’s ironic
to think that for purposes such as these, forests are cut down which otherwise would
aid in controlling such storms.

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UNIT 15-수능 대비 ANALYSIS)

Money loses value when inflation takes place; hence, those with large amounts of
money encourage a strong government response to inflation. Governments respond by
raising interest rates to discourage the creation of additional money through loans. As
other loans are paid back, with fewer people taking out new loans, money disappears
from circulation, reducing the ability of people to buy things and, thereby, reducing the
inflationary pressure. For people and businesses with outstanding loans, the increased
cost that results can be disastrous. Increased expenses and bankruptcies lead to job
loss, and consequently, more people unable to pay for their homes, cars and other
loans. This leads to another round of defaults and subsequent contraction in the money
supply. This cure for inflation may bring as much or more hardship than the inflation,
but the hardship falls on people with little power to influence policy.

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UNIT 15-Practice 01)

Knowledge about a product’s country of origin can affect the way consumers think
about it. Just as we stereotype people based on where they were born, we stereotype
products based on where they were made. Consumers in developing countries, for
instance, often infer higher quality for brands perceived as foreign. Conversely,
consumers in some nations believe their country’s products are superior to those made
elsewhere. Japanese consumers, for example, tend to infer that made-in-Japan
products are higher quality than made-in-America products. Therefore, a luggage
company markets its pricier luggage in Japan by stressing that the products are
designed and made in Japan. Consumers are more likely to make inferences about a
brand based on its country of origin when they are unmotivated to process brand
information or when their processing goal guides attention towards origin information. If
consumers dislike a country’s political or social policies, they may respond negatively to
its products.

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UNIT 15-Practice 02)

Many people excuse perfectionism at work by claiming it is professionalism.
Differentiating between the two is useful. Managing perfectionism does not mean
dropping critical standards. It becomes a problem when your personal expectations
become unmanageable, self-imposed demands that create more pressure than is
needed. It is not permission for work sloppiness or low standards; rather it means
spending less time on tasks that do not need the level of input you are providing. What
are the acceptable standards of professionalism in your work and how do these
compare with your own? With the busyness of workplaces these days, trying to achieve
a benchmark of 110% perfect on everything can be a recipe for burnout. If you are a
manager expecting this of others, you may be setting yourself up for failure.

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UNIT 15-Practice 03)

Carbohydrates are the most important source of energy in a balanced daily diet.
Carbohydrate intake must be balanced with adequate amounts of protein, fat, and water
intake. In athletes, carbohydrates are the primary fuel source to maintain blood glucose
for energy during exercise. Adequate carbohydrate intake also helps spare muscle from
catabolic activity and muscle breakdown. After carbohydrates are consumed, they are
broken down into smaller sugars that get absorbed and used as energy. The body is
capable of storing excess carbohydrates in the form of glycogen in the muscles and
liver. The body’s glycogen capacity is approximately 300 to 400 grams. Subsequent
excesses are then converted to fat and stored. Conversely, in the setting of inadequate
intake, an energy imbalance can result in adverse effects on athletic performance as
well as overall health.

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UNIT 16-수능 대비 ANALYSIS)

Many of us tend to have too much invested in our opinions of ourselves to see the
world’s feedback – the feedback we need to update our beliefs about reality. This
creates a profound ignorance that keeps us banging our head against the wall over and
over again. Our inability to learn from the world because of our ego happens for many
reasons, but two are worth mentioning here. First, we’re so afraid about what others will
say about us that we fail to put our ideas out there and subject them to criticism. This
way we can always be right. Second, if we do put our ideas out there and they are
criticized, our ego steps in to protect us. We become invested in defending instead of
upgrading our ideas.
→ Our ego’s fear of being judged and desire to defend ourselves often blind us from
valuable feedback, hindering our ability to learn and grow.

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UNIT 16-Practice 01)

Emotional differences exist across ages, and there are ideal emotional paradigms for a
given age (i.e., some emotions are reasonable at a given age), and these paradigms
are realized and solidified with the help of normative group behaviors. For example,
loudness, rudeness, and outbursts are associated with loss of self-control, and these
emotions are often expressed among children. In childhood, crying is criticized but
forgiven because it is consistent with the child’s emotional profile, whereas in youth,
crying is considered childish behavior. As individuals mature intellectually and increase
self-control and social sensitivity, they gradually form emotions such as melancholy,
sadness, etc. This shows the fact that some emotions can only be experienced at a
certain age, and virtues such as integrity and wisdom are associated with certain stages
of life (e.g., adulthood).
→ Emotions are associated with levels of maturity, which are influenced by social
norms, leading individuals to experience different emotions at various ages.

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UNIT 16-Practice 02)

The discovery that identities change the way we seek information raises interesting
questions. For example, there is ample evidence that people try to make themselves
look good in may situations. In contrast, researchers also found that people seek out
negative information about themselves if it supports a negative identity. How is it that a
person wants to make herself look good, while at the same time she wants to make
herself look bad? Some researchers proposed that people try to obtain information that
is consistent with their identities, whether they think of themselves positively or
negatively. That is, people seek information that seems to them to be true, even if that
information is negative about themselves. In contrast, positive information makes people
feel good, whether it is consistent with their identity or not. Emotionally, people want to
look as good as possible.
→ We seek information that matches our identity, yet overall our emotions pushes us
toward positive information.

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UNIT 16-Practice 03)

One common misunderstanding of evolution is that it leads inexorably to organisms that
are ever better designed. But Darwinian evolution is not a process of perfection. In
contrast to the Lamarckian and Great Chain of Being theories of evolution, natural
selection does not inexorably drive species up some kind of ladder of perfection.
Rather, natural selection is, to borrow a term from economics, a process that leads to
satisficing (just being “good enough for now”). In other words, so long as you survive
and do better than your rivals, that is good enough. An antelope does not have to
become the fastest animal on earth; it simply has to be faster than the lions that try to
catch it. By the same token, lions and other predators do not have to be able to run
marathons at top speed; nor do they have to be able to catch every prey animal. They
just have to be fast enough to catch sufficient prey animals to survive.
→ While natural selection is often thought of as a process toward seeing flawlessness,
its goal is to equip organisms with just enough ability to outperform their rivals for
survival.

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Chapter 05-서술형 Practice)

We can make literal statements about the past, but without metaphors, we cannot
present interpretations of historical facts. Unconsciously, we categorize the data we
observe in the world and seek patterns that can be expressed as metaphors. Lakoff and
Johnson explain that “We acquire a large system of primary metaphors automatically
and unconsciously simply by functioning in the most ordinary of ways in the everyday
world from our earliest days.” In our common language and common culture, we agree
on hundreds of primary metaphors such as “important is big,” “happy is up,” “similarity
is closeness,” “difficulties are burdens,” “change is motion,” “knowing is seeing,”
“causes are physical forces,” and “time is motion.” We then blend these primary
metaphors to create conceptual metaphors. Working from our sensorimotor domains, we
create mental imagery that can be used to interpret subjective experiences, like history.

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Chapter 05-논술형 Practice)

With technology came the idea that innovation and novelty are intrinsic components of
civilization. Constant changes in technologies, society, and economics are so ingrained
in our daily lives that it is hard to understand that this state of affairs wasn’t the rule in
the ancient days. A few hundred years ago, change was so slow that most people
expected the future to be much like the past. The concept that the future would bring
improvements in people’s lives was never common, much less popular. All that changed
when changes began to occur so often that they were not only perceptible but
expected. Since the advent of technology, people expect the future to bring new things
that will improve their daily lives. However, many of us now fear that the changes may
come too fast, and may be too profound, for normal people to assimilate them.
→ Technological progress has shifted expectations, making constant change normal and
future improvements anticipated, but now there’s concern that the speed and
profoundness of the changes may make it difficult for normal people to assimilate them.

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UNIT 17-수능 대비 ANALYSIS)

People tend to assume that positive emotions are sources of simplistic or lazy thinking.
Think of any highly creative person – such as Vincent van Gogh, Virginia Woolf, T. S.
Eliot, or Charles Darwin – and you imagine their creative acts were produced during
moments of struggle, tension, gloominess, and even despair.
Alice Isen suggested that this view of creativity is wrong – that happiness instead
prompts people to reason in ways that are flexible and creative. In her studies, Isen
induced positive emotion in her participants with small events. She gave them little bags
of candy, or they found a dime she had placed in their path. They watched amusing
film clips. These subtle ways of making participants feel good produced striking
changes in their reasoning. When given one word (such as carpet) and asked to
generate a related word, people feeling positive emotions came up with more novel
associations (fresh or texture) than people in a neutral state, who tended to produce
more common responses (such as rug). People feeling positive categorized objects in
more inclusive ways, rating fringe members of categories (like cane or purse as an
example of clothing) as better members of that category than people in a neutral state,
whose categories tended to be more narrowly defined.

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UNIT 17-Practice 01~02)

We likely evolved color perception, in part, to better figure out whether or not food is
good to eat. In ordinary sun-light, for example, a ripe tomato reflects a certain portion
of the light and looks red and edible; a rotten tomato reflects the light differently and
looks brown and disgusting. It is these light-reflecting properties (reflectance) of the
tomato – its redness or brownness – that are important, not the fact that the tomato is
illuminated by the sun; a red tomato under a blue lamp is just as edible. It so happens,
however, that a red tomato absorbs blue light and does not reflect it. Consequently, a
ripe tomato under a blue lamp does not look red but black, and rather unappetizing.
This example illustrates the fundamental problem of color perception: it is impossible to
separate a region’s reflectance (color) from its illumination. Many animals take
advantage of the confusion between color and illumination in their camouflage. These
animals have darker backs than bellies (or the converse if they usually hang upside
down, like some caterpillars). This countershading, whose traces can be seen in dogs,
offsets the body-shape revealing effects of light and shadow, rendering the animal less
visible from a distance.

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UNIT 17-Practice 03~04)

Most consumers would not much like it if, at the time of purchase, they had to choose
every feature of their cell phone plan or all of their computer’s initial settings. The
existence of defaults saves people a lot of time, and most of those defaults may well
be sensible and suitable. Few consumers would like to spend the time required to
obtain relevant information and to decide what choice to make. As compared with a
default rule, active choosing increases the costs of decisions, sometimes significantly.
In the process, active choosing can increase “decision fatigue,” creating problems for
other, potentially more important decisions. Decision fatigue might make it difficult for
people to focus on the central questions that affect their lives – tasks associated with
their families, their jobs, their health, the well-being of their loved ones. The state of
being poor, and focusing constantly on how to make ends meet, has a significant
adverse effect on IQ, roughly equivalent to that of having no sleep the night before.
Because people have limited bandwidth, it is no light thing to force them to pay
attention to questions in which they have little interest, because that very requirement
diverts scarce cognitive (and perhaps emotional) resources from other endeavors. It is in
part because of cognitive scarcity that people choose not to choose. For the same
reason, active choosing can be a serious burden.

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UNIT 18-수능 대비 ANALYSIS)

(A) As a young, struggling lawyer, Abraham Lincoln felt honored to be employed on an
important legal case. The other lawyers chosen to represent the case were well known
for their legal and persuasive expertise. However, one lawyer, upon seeing Lincoln,
remarked, “What is that tall idiot doing here? I refuse to work with him. Get rid of him.”

(D) Lincoln remained calm and pretended not to hear the deliberate insult. As the trial
proceeded, Lincoln was ostracized by the other lawyers. In fact, he was never
recognized as one of the representing lawyers. He listened carefully to the court
proceedings and observed his insulter’s masterful handling of the case. The lawyer who
insulted Lincoln easily won the case.

(B) The next day, Lincoln was quoted as saying, “His brilliant argument was a revelation
to me. He was expertly prepared, fluent in his presentation, and demonstrated
undoubtedly the most professional questioning I have ever witnessed. I'm nowhere near
as talented as he is. I am going home to study law all over again.” Years later,
Abraham Lincoln became president of the United States. That same lawyer who had
rudely insulted Lincoln became his most outspoken critic.

(C) However, Lincoln never forgot the brilliance of this man. When an appointment was
needed for secretary of war, Lincoln chose Edwin M. Stanton, the very man who had
wounded and insulted him. Lincoln proved his character by offering a forgiving spirit
rather than a lifetime grudge. Shortly thereafter, Lincoln was shot and killed. Stanton,
filled with sorrow and grief, sobbed, “Now he belongs to the ages!”

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UNIT 18-Practice 01~03)

(A) Nathan Saavedra, a toddler who was almost two years old, needed a kidney
transplant. Two articles were written about the toddler after Nathan’s mother, Tina,
contacted a local newspaper in Illinois. Chris Doing, a 38-year-old Information
Technology specialist who did not know the boy or the boy’s family, read the articles
and decided to donate his kidney if it were a good match for Nathan’s boy.

(D) Soon Mr. Doing got his kidney tested. He did not let the family know that he was
being tested to see if he would be a suitable donor. He said, “I was really motivated
and touched by the story and picture of Nathan. It prompted me to keep pushing
forward. But I didn’t want to give the family the play-by-play, in case I was
disqualified, I didn’t want to give them false hope.”

(C) His kidney was a good match, and on October 25, 2010, the successful transplant
took place. Mr. Doing did not meet Nathan and his family until after Nathan was
released from the hospital. Nathan’s mother, Tina, said about Mr. Doing, “He is very
heroic. I will always feel so happy to have met him and for him to have saved my son.”

(B) In response, Mr. Doing said, “I don’t think of it as an act of heroism. Help was
needed, and I was able to help.” Mr. Doing said that he was influenced by the donation
of his grandmother’s organs after her death 17 years previously. He said, “I remember
how rewarding it was to get letters from recipients and for something good to come of
it. I always hoped that if someone was in need in that way, I’d be man enough to
assist them.”

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UNIT 18-Practice 04~06)

(A) Mr. Spector was on his way home after a business meeting in Hong Kong. It was a
long flight from Hong Kong to New York, and he was tired but excited about the
thought of going home and the positive outcome of the meeting. About halfway through
the flight, an announcement from a flight attendant filled the cabin.

(D) The announcement instructed passengers to remain seated due to expected

turbulence. The attendant’s voice was calm and casual, but Mr. Spector began to feel
uneasy. The plane soon found itself in a fierce storm, with thunder roaring and lightning
flashing against the dark skies, making him very nervous. Some younger children started
crying, and things were falling.

(B) In the midst of this chaos, Mr. Spector was gripped by panic as the seemingly
endless turbulence worsened his fear. As he struggled with his anxiety, he noticed the
boy sitting next to him was calmly reading a book, unaffected by the storm. The boy
occasionally made irritated noises, not out of fear of the turbulence but because the
shaking cabin made it difficult for him to read.

(C) Astonished, Mr. Spector asked the boy how he could remain so calm. The boy
looked up from his book with a smile and said, “Don’t be afraid, Mister.” His voice was
confident. “The pilot is my dad, and I know he is taking me home safe and sound.”
The boy’s unshakable trust in his father gave him a sense of calm in this chaos. His
confidence was contagious and provided Mr. Spector with an inner peace. He could feel
his panic fade away.

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Chapter 06-서술형 Practice)

It is often assumed that most of the hunting is done by the lionesses rather than the
males. In part this is true: it makes sense in a pride to have a division of labour, with
the males defending their turf, meals, pride and offspring, while the lionesses bring
home the bacon. But it may also be because almost all lion hunts ever filmed take
place during the day, when a hunting male would stand out like a sore thumb because
of his huge mane, which might show above even the longest grass. At night, when this
is no longer an issue, males hunt more frequently; and they will also join forces with
the females when they are pursuing a particularly large animal such as a buffalo, which
may weigh more than a tonne.
Lions can and do hunt large grazing animals including wildebeest, giraffes and even, on
occasion, baby elephants that have become separated from their herd. Yet they are also
opportunists, taking prey as diverse as brown fur seals on the coast of Namibia,
ostriches on the African plains, and a wide range of smaller items including mice, fish
and even insects.

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Chapter 06-논술형 Practice)

Under the starry sky, a father and his son set sail on their beloved yacht. Jack, the
father, a well-experienced sailor and marine biologist, had often shared tales of the
ocean’s wonders with his son, Tom. As the boat sailed through the ocean, Tom’s eyes
caught sight of a bright path of light behind them.
“Dad, what’s that?” he asked, his voice filled with curiosity. Jack smiled warmly,
recognizing his son’s fascination. “That, Tom, is the migration of plankton,” he
explained. “Every night, these tiny organisms rise from the depths, creating this
breathtaking display.” “Dad, why do they come up to the surface?”
“They’re like tiny travelers, Tom,” Jack continued with enthusiasm. “starting their journey
deep in the ocean at sunset, these plankton feed on plant plankton and other various
treats as they rise. Some even feast on each other until just before dawn, when they
return back into the depths to hide during the day.”
Tom leaned over the side of the boat, captivated by the mystical phenomenon. “I never
knew the ocean could be so magical,” he wondered, with his gaze fixed on the glowing
trail. For Jack, witnessing his son’s fascination reminded him of his own deep affection
for the sea. Together, they sailed on, surrounded by the magical glow of the plankton.

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