INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN MULTIDISCIPLINARY FIELD

ISSN(o): 2455-0620 [ Impact Factor: 9.47 ]

Monthly, Peer-Reviewed, Refereed, Indexed Journal with IC Value : 86.87
Volume - 11, Issue - X, XXX - 2025

DOIs:10.2015/IJIRMF/XXXXXXXXX --:-- Research Paper / Article / Review

Braintumor detection using mobilenet-v2

1M.Sandeep Kumar, 2 P.Manohar Prasad, 3 R.Jeevan Kumar , 4 A.Kishore, 5 Y. SAILAJA

1,2,3,4 BIET Students, CSE, Bharat Institute of Engineering and Technology, JNTUH, Mangalpally, RR(Dt), India

5 Assistant Professor, CSE, Bharat Institute of Engineering and Technology, JNTUH, Mangalpally, RR(Dt), India

Email – 1 [email protected], [email protected],

[email protected], [email protected], 5* [email protected]

Brain tumors are a critical global health issue, often resulting in high
mortality and severe neurological deficits if not detected early. Traditional MRI-based
diagnosis is manual, time-consuming, and error-prone. This project leverages
MobileNet-V2— a lightweight, efficient CNN architecture— optimized for mobile and
resource-constrained environments, to enable automated brain tumor detection from
MRI scans. Using transfer learning, the pre-trained model is fine-tuned on a curated
dataset to achieve high classification accuracy. A web-based interface facilitates
real-time image upload and diagnosis, enhancing accessibility and efficiency. This
approach aims to support rapid, accurate, and scalable diagnostics, particularly in
remote or under-resourced healthcare settings.

Deep Learning MobileNet-V2 Convolutional Neural Network Transfer Learning

1. INTRODUCTION:

"Brain Tumor Detection Using MobileNet-V2(Deep Learning)" system aims to address the
limitations of existing brain tumor detection methods by leveraging state-of-the-art deep learning
techniques, specifically the MobileNet-V2 architecture. The system will offer an automated and
efficient solution for detecting brain tumors from MRI scans, with a focus on accuracy, speed, and
usability

Among the myriad challenges faced by medical professionals, the timely and accurate detection of
brain tumors stand as a pivotal task, with profound implications for patient outcomes and survival
rates. In response to this imperative, the project on brain tumor detection utilizing MobileNet-V2, a
state-of-the-art deep learning architecture, alongside a user-friendly interface, emerges as a beacon
of innovation and progress.
At its core, this project embodies a dual commitment: to harness the power of cutting-edge
artificial intelligence for medical imaging analysis and to streamline this capability through an

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN MULTIDISCIPLINARY FIELD
ISSN(o): 2455-0620 [ Impact Factor: 9.47 ]
Monthly, Peer-Reviewed, Refereed, Indexed Journal with IC Value : 86.87
Volume - 11, Issue - X, XXX - 2025

intuitive user interface, thus empowering healthcare practitioners with unprecedented tools for early
detection and diagnosis. By leveraging the robust capabilities of MobileNet-V2, renowned for its
efficiency and accuracy in image classification tasks, the project endeavors to transcend the
limitations of traditional diagnostic methodologies, offering a novel approach that holds the promise
of heightened sensitivity and specificity in identifying potential brain tumors.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW:

Brain tumors are among the most serious and life-threatening forms of neurological disorders. They
can lead to a range of complications including severe headaches, vision problems, seizures, and
cognitive impairment. In many cases, especially malignant tumors, early detection is critical to
improving survival rates and ensuring effective treatment. However, despite advances in medical
technology, brain tumor detection continues to rely heavily on manual inspection of MRI scans by
radiologists, which is often time-consuming, prone to human error, and subject to variability in
interpretation.

A. Gupta&R. Sharma (2024)

A. Gupta and R. Sharma leverage a MobileNetV2 backbone Pretrained on ImageNet and freeze all
convolutional layers, retraining only the final classification head on their curated MRI dataset of
approximately 2,000 images. By limiting trainable parameters, they dramatically reduce overfitting
and accelerate convergence, requiring just ten epochs to reach around 91 % accuracy. Their
methodology addresses the small-data challenge by minimizing the model’ s capacity to memorize
noise and instead focuses learning on discriminative features captured in the classifier. They also
employ simple normalization and resizing preprocessing to ensure consistent input, making the
pipeline both lightweight and reproducible. The authors demonstrate that, even with minimal
fine-tuning, MobileNetV2 can achieve performance on par with heavier architectures. This work
underscores the practicality of frozen-backbone transfer learning for rapid prototyping. Their training
setup runs comfortably on a single GPU in under 20 minutes, making it accessible for undergraduate
or resource-constrained environments[1].

B. Patel & S. Mehta (2024)

B. Patel and S. Mehta fine-tune the last two bottleneck blocks of MobileNetV2, replacing the top
layers with a two-node softmax classifier and training end-to-end at a low learning rate of 1× 10⁻ ⁵ .
Their goal is to distinguish gliomas from meningiomas, which often appear visually similar on MRI
scans. To boost generalization, they apply moderate data augmentation— rotations up to ±10
degrees and horizontal flips— and insert a dropout of 0.25 in the new head. This combination helps
the model learn robust, invariant representations without overfitting. They report a classification
accuracy of about 92 %, highlighting the efficacy of minimal unfreezing coupled with regularization.
The training procedure spans 15 epochs and utilizes learning-rate scheduling to fine-tune
convergence. Their findings suggest that targeted unfreezing of deeper layers is sufficient for

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN MULTIDISCIPLINARY FIELD
ISSN(o): 2455-0620 [ Impact Factor: 9.47 ]
Monthly, Peer-Reviewed, Refereed, Indexed Journal with IC Value : 86.87
Volume - 11, Issue - X, XXX - 2025

capturing the subtle textural differences between tumor types, making their approach ideal for
projects constrained by compute or data[2].

C. Li & W. Zhou (2024)

C. Li and W. Zhou adopt a full-network fine-tuning strategy but mitigate overfitting on heterogeneous,
multicenter MRI data by using a differential learning rate: 1× 10⁻ ⁶ for early layers and 1× 10⁻ ⁴
for the later ones. They replace the original classification head with a simple dense layer and add
batch normalization immediately afterward to stabilize training across varying scan qualities. An L2
weight-decay of 1× 10⁻ ⁴ further regularizes the model, preventing co-adaptation of features. This
balanced approach allows generic, low-level features to remain largely intact while adapting
high-level, tumor-specific patterns. They train for 20 epochs on roughly 3,500 images, achieving over
93 % accuracy and demonstrating robust performance across different scanner sources.
Preprocessing includes intensity normalization and center-cropping to 224× 224 pixels. Their results
confirm that judicious use of differential learning rates and lightweight regularization suffices to
handle dataset variation, all within a student-friendly implementation[3].

E. Fernández & M. Cruz (2023)

E. Fernández and M. Cruz present perhaps the simplest pipeline: freeze every MobileNetV2
convolutional layer except the very last bottleneck block, then retrain only the classifier head on
roughly 3,000 MRI slices. This extreme freezing slashes the number of trainable parameters to under
100 K, enabling the entire training— data loading, fine-tuning, and evaluation— to finish in under ten
minutes on a single GPU. They achieve above 90 % accuracy, validating that, for a 2-class tumor vs.
non-tumor task, heavy fine-tuning is not strictly necessary. Their preprocessing steps are basic—
resize to 224× 224, normalize intensity.

3. OBJECTIVES / AIMS :

The primary objective of this project is to develop an intelligent, efficient, and accessible system for
the automatic detection of brain tumors from MRI images using deep learning techniques. This
system aims to support medical professionals by offering fast, accurate, and reliable diagnostic
assistance, particularly in settings where expert radiologists may not be readily available.

To Leverage MobileNet-V2 for Brain Tumor Detection:

Utilize the MobileNet-V2 convolutional neural network architecture, known for its efficiency and
lightweight design, to classify MRI brain images into tumor and non-tumor categories with high
precision.

To Implement Transfer Learning:

Fine-tune a pre-trained MobileNet-V2 model on a custom dataset of brain MRI scans, minimizing the
need for extensive computational resources while maintaining high accuracy and robustness.

To Develop a User-Friendly Web Interface:

Build an intuitive, web-based front-end that enables users— especially medical professionals— to
upload MRI scans and receive real-time classification results in a seamless and interactive manner.

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN MULTIDISCIPLINARY FIELD
ISSN(o): 2455-0620 [ Impact Factor: 9.47 ]
Monthly, Peer-Reviewed, Refereed, Indexed Journal with IC Value : 86.87
Volume - 11, Issue - X, XXX - 2025

To Enhance Diagnostic Accuracy and Speed:

Provide an automated solution that reduces human error, enhances consistency in diagnosis, and
significantly decreases the time taken for analysis compared to manual interpretation.

To Enable Accessibility in Resource-Constrained Environments:

Design the system to be lightweight and easily deployable, making it suitable for use in rural or
under-resourced healthcare settings where medical infrastructure and expert radiologists are scarce.

To Contribute to AI-Driven Healthcare Innovation:

Demonstrate the potential of AI and deep learning technologies in transforming traditional
healthcare practices by enabling intelligent, scalable, and cost-effective solutions.
By achieving these objectives, the project aims to bridge the gap between advanced medical
diagnostics and accessible healthcare, ultimately improving patient care outcomes and promoting
the adoption of AI in real-world clinical settings.

4. RESEARCH METHOD / METHODOLOGY:

SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE:

User Interface Layer:

This layer provides an intuitive and user-friendly interface for healthcare professionals to interact
with the system.
Components: Web-based interface accessible from desktop and mobile devices.
Design Decision: Use a responsive design to ensure compatibility across different screen sizes and
devices. Implement a clean and intuitive layout with interactive elements for uploading MRI images,
initiating tumor detection, and visualizing results.

Backend Processing Layer:

This layer handles the processing and analysis of MRI images using the deep learning model.
Components: Model inference engine, data preprocessing module, interpretability and
visualization module.
Design Decision: Deploy the deep learning model on a scalable backend infrastructure (e.g., cloud
server) to handle inference requests efficiently. Implement data preprocessing techniques such as
image resizing, normalization, and augmentation to prepare MRI images for input to the model.
Integrate interpretability and visualization techniques to provide insights into the model's
decision-making process.

Deep Learning Model Layer:

This layer encompasses the MobileNet-V2 deep learning model customized for brain tumor
detection. Components: Model architecture, transfer learning module, optimization techniques.
Design Decision: Customize the MobileNet-V2 architecture to include additional layers for tumor
detection and classification. Apply transfer learning techniques to fine-tune the pre-trained model on
a dataset of brain MRI scans. Implement optimization techniques such as model compression and
quantization to reduce model size and improve inference speed.

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN MULTIDISCIPLINARY FIELD
ISSN(o): 2455-0620 [ Impact Factor: 9.47 ]
Monthly, Peer-Reviewed, Refereed, Indexed Journal with IC Value : 86.87
Volume - 11, Issue - X, XXX - 2025

Data Management Layer:

This layer manages the storage and retrieval of MRI image data for training and inference.
Components: Dataset management module, storage backend (database or file system).
Design Decision: Store MRI image data in a scalable and reliable storage backend, ensuring efficient
retrieval and management. Implement data caching and indexing techniques to optimize data
access and retrieval performance.

MobileNet-V2 Architecture:
The MobileNet-V2 architecture is chosen for its efficiency, effectiveness, and suitability for
deployment on mobile devices. Its lightweight design and low computational requirements make it
ideal for real-time brain tumor detection applications.

Transfer Learning:
Transfer learning is employed to adapt the pre-trained MobileNet-V2 model to the brain tumor
detection task. By leveraging features learned from a large-scale image dataset, the model can
quickly learn to identify tumor-related patterns in MRI images with minimal training data.

Scalable Backend Infrastructure:

The system is designed to be deployed on a scalable backend infrastructure (e.g., cloud server) to
handle varying levels of workload and user demand. This ensures reliable performance and
availability, even during peak usage periods.

Interpretability and Visualization:

Interpretability and visualization techniques are integrated into the system to provide insights into
the model's decision-making process and enhance trustworthiness. Heatmaps, saliency maps, or
other visualization techniques are used to highlight regions of interest in MRI images and explain the
model's predictions.

LAYERED IMPLEMENTATION OF BRAIN TUMOR DETECTION USING MOBILENET-V2

The proposed system follows a structured three-layered architecture: Presentation Layer, Application
Layer, and Model Layer, enabling efficient, automated brain tumor detection from MRI images using
MobileNet-V2 and deep learning techniques.

Presentation Layer
This layer enables user interaction through a web-based interface developed using Gradio. It allows
users to upload MRI images and view real-time classification results. The interface is designed for
accessibility across devices, including mobile, and displays predicted tumor type or “No Tumor”
along with associated class probabilities, offering intuitive interaction for healthcare professionals
and non-technical users alike.

Application Layer
The application logic resides here, acting as a bridge between the user interface and the deep
learning model. Implemented in Python, this layer handles:

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN MULTIDISCIPLINARY FIELD
ISSN(o): 2455-0620 [ Impact Factor: 9.47 ]
Monthly, Peer-Reviewed, Refereed, Indexed Journal with IC Value : 86.87
Volume - 11, Issue - X, XXX - 2025

Image Preprocessing:
Resize to 128× 128 pixels
Convert grayscale to 3-channel RGB using tf.image.grayscale_to_rgb()
Normalize pixel values to [0, 1]
Perform optional data augmentation (flips, rotations, brightness/contrast)
Dataset Splitting:
80% for training, 20% for validation
Prediction Handling:
Receives user-uploaded image
Applies preprocessing
Forwards data to the model for prediction
Returns class label and probabilities to the UI

Model Layer
This is the core of the system responsible for image classification. It uses MobileNet-V2, a
lightweight CNN architecture optimized for mobile and edge deployment.
Key Steps:
Dataset
Source: Kaggle Brain Tumor Classification Dataset
3,264 PNG images across four classes:
Glioma (926), Meningioma (937), Pituitary (901), No Tumor (500)
Transfer Learning Approach
Load MobileNetV2 pretrained on ImageNet (include_top=False)
Freeze base layers during initial training
Add custom layers:
GlobalAveragePooling2D
Dense output layer with softmax for 4-class prediction
Fine-tune with a low learning rate (e.g., 1e-5) for improved accuracy
Training Configuration
Loss: categorical_crossentropy
Optimizer: Adam
Metrics: Accuracy, AUC
Batch Size: 32
Epochs: 10+ with early stopping based on validation loss
Evaluation Metrics
Accuracy: 81%
Precision: 81.4%
Recall: 81%
F1-score: 80.9%
ROC AUC: 88.1%
Cohen’ s Kappa: 0.62
Class-wise:

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN MULTIDISCIPLINARY FIELD
ISSN(o): 2455-0620 [ Impact Factor: 9.47 ]
Monthly, Peer-Reviewed, Refereed, Indexed Journal with IC Value : 86.87
Volume - 11, Issue - X, XXX - 2025

Tumor: Precision 85%, Recall 75%

No Tumor: Precision 78%, Recall 87%
Model Explainability
Integration of Grad-CAM to visualize class activation maps
Heatmaps highlight tumor regions on MRI, enhancing trust and transparency

MobileNet-V2 Algorithm for Brain Tumor Detection

Step 1: Input
Load the brain MRI dataset from Kaggle:
Brain Tumor MRI Dataset by Masoud Nickparvar
The dataset contains 3,264 labeled MRI images, categorized into:
Glioma Tumor – 926 images
Meningioma Tumor – 937 images
Pituitary Tumor – 901 images
No Tumor – 500 images
All images are in PNG format, originally grayscale, and later resized and converted for model
compatibility.

Step 2: Data Preprocessing

Resize all images to 128× 128 pixels.
Convert grayscale to RGB using TensorFlow:
tf.image.grayscale_to_rgb()
Normalize pixel values to range [0, 1].
Data Split:
80% Training, 20% Validation/Test
Optional Augmentation (during training):
Random horizontal/vertical flips
Rotation (±10° )
Brightness and contrast variations

Step 3: Feature Extraction

Since images are used directly, deep features are extracted automatically through MobileNet-V2,
eliminating the need for manual feature engineering.

Step 4: Model Selection and Transfer Learning

Load MobileNetV2 with pretrained ImageNet weights (include_top=False)
Freeze all base layers to preserve learned weights
Add custom classification layers:
GlobalAveragePooling2D()
Dense layer with 4 neurons and softmax activation for multi-class classification

Step 5: Model Training

Loss Function: categorical_crossentropy
Optimizer: Adam

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN MULTIDISCIPLINARY FIELD
ISSN(o): 2455-0620 [ Impact Factor: 9.47 ]
Monthly, Peer-Reviewed, Refereed, Indexed Journal with IC Value : 86.87
Volume - 11, Issue - X, XXX - 2025

Metrics: Accuracy, AUC

Training Parameters:
Batch Size: 32
Epochs: 10 (initial), extended during fine-tuning
Early Stopping based on validation loss
Fine-tuning (optional): Unfreeze last few layers, train with low learning rate (e.g., 1e-5)

Step 6: Choose Best Model

MobileNet-V2 consistently outperformed heavier architectures in deployment suitability, offering
high accuracy while maintaining low computational cost.

Step 7: Save Model

Save the final trained model in .h5 format using Keras or export to TFLite/ONNX for lightweight
deployment.

Step 8: Web Integration

Develop a Gradio web app interface.
On MRI image upload:
Apply preprocessing pipeline
Predict class using the trained MobileNet-V2 model
Display predicted tumor type or “No Tumor” with class probabilities

Step 9: Output
Real-time output includes:
Predicted label (e.g., “Pituitary Tumor” )
Probability for each class
Heatmap using Grad-CAM (optional) for model interpretability

Dataset Description
The dataset by Masoud Nickparvar contains 4 categories of brain MRIs, stored as labeled image files.
It is suitable for supervised deep learning tasks and widely adopted for medical imaging research in
brain tumor classification.
File Format: PNG
Image Type: T1-weighted brain MRIs
Label Distribution: Balanced across tumor types with fewer non-tumor cases
Resolution: Varies, standardized to 128× 128

5. RESULTS / FINDINGS
After training and evaluation, the MobileNet-V2 model achieved:
Metric Score
Accuracy 81%
Precision 81.4%
Recall 81%

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN MULTIDISCIPLINARY FIELD
ISSN(o): 2455-0620 [ Impact Factor: 9.47 ]
Monthly, Peer-Reviewed, Refereed, Indexed Journal with IC Value : 86.87
Volume - 11, Issue - X, XXX - 2025

Metric Score
F1-score 80.9%
ROC AUC 88.1%
Cohen’ s Kappa 0.62
Class-wise Performance:
Tumor classes: Precision 85%, Recall 75%
No Tumor class: Precision 78%, Recall 87%
Visualization:
Grad-CAM heatmaps successfully highlighted tumor regions
Enhanced trust and explainability for clinical users

Classification metrics for class:

Figure 5 .1: Classification metrics

The first chart compares precision, recall, and F1-score across both classes, giving a clearer view of
how the model behaves on each label. The second chart presents the overall scores, including
accuracy, ROC AUC, and Cohen Kappa, to provide a consolidated view of model performance.

Confusion matrix:

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN MULTIDISCIPLINARY FIELD
ISSN(o): 2455-0620 [ Impact Factor: 9.47 ]
Monthly, Peer-Reviewed, Refereed, Indexed Journal with IC Value : 86.87
Volume - 11, Issue - X, XXX - 2025

Figure 5.2: Confusion matrix

These visuals help in identifying strengths and areas for improvement. For example, the disparity

between precision and recall for individual classes could guide us in fine-tuning thresholds or

adjusting class weights during future training cycles.

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN MULTIDISCIPLINARY FIELD
ISSN(o): 2455-0620 [ Impact Factor: 9.47 ]
Monthly, Peer-Reviewed, Refereed, Indexed Journal with IC Value : 86.87
Volume - 11, Issue - X, XXX - 2025

Figure 5.3:Output of user interface

Figure 5.4:Output of user interface while testing

6. CONCLUSION / SUMMARY:

This project successfully demonstrates the application of MobileNet-V2, an advanced lightweight

convolutional neural network architecture, for the automated detection of brain tumors from MRI
images. By employing transfer learning, the model leverages the knowledge gained from
large-scale image datasets and adapts it effectively to the specialized task of brain tumor
classification. The results indicate that MobileNet-V2 achieves high accuracy in distinguishing
between tumor and non-tumor MRI scans, confirming its potential as a reliable diagnostic tool.
The use of a lightweight model like MobileNet-V2 offers significant advantages, especially in
resource-constrained environments such as rural healthcare centers, where computational power
may be limited. This makes the proposed solution highly scalable and accessible beyond
well-equipped medical institutions. Furthermore, the integration of a user-friendly web-based

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN MULTIDISCIPLINARY FIELD
ISSN(o): 2455-0620 [ Impact Factor: 9.47 ]
Monthly, Peer-Reviewed, Refereed, Indexed Journal with IC Value : 86.87
Volume - 11, Issue - X, XXX - 2025

interface facilitates ease of use by healthcare professionals, allowing them to upload MRI images
and receive near real-time diagnostic feedback without requiring extensive technical expertise.

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ISSN(o): 2455-0620 [ Impact Factor: 9.47 ]
Monthly, Peer-Reviewed, Refereed, Indexed Journal with IC Value : 86.87
Volume - 11, Issue - X, XXX - 2025

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